Evangelia C. Panou | University of West Attica / Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Αττικής (original) (raw)
Talks by Evangelia C. Panou
Papers by Evangelia C. Panou
According to the unknown author of Argonautica Orphica, the return of the Argonauts begins with t... more According to the unknown author of Argonautica Orphica, the return of the Argonauts begins with the murder of Absyrtus. The Argonauts sailed the Phasis River upstream, reaching Lake Maeotis. After ten days of wandering, Argo reached the Riphean Mountains, where the sources of Danube are, and then the Argonauts, passing through a narrow channel, made their way to the Ocean, called " Cronian Sea ". There they met the Cimmerians and, bypassing the island of Ierne, they went far from the shore, in the open Atlantic Ocean, as it is explicitly called in the text. After a 15-day travel, they reached Aeaea, the island of Circe, then Tartessus, and then they approached the Pillars of Heracles. Their subsequent course was inside the Mediterranean Sea: They sailed by Sardinia, the Ausonian (Italian) islands, the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and through the Lilybaeum strait to Sicily, where they met Charybdis and then the Sirens. After that, they arrived at Corcyra (Corfu), where the Phaecians (Phaiacians) lived. Leaving Corcyra, they were carried by the winds towards Africa, they reached Crete and then Anaphe. Finally, by rowing, they passed by Cape Maleia and arrived at Iolcos. In the present study, we examine the feasibility of such a voyage and identify certain problematic points in the description of the voyage. The itinerary from Phasis to Maeotis through the Western Caucasus. Highlighted is the distance between the rivers Phasis and Hypanis. The itinerary from Danube to the Riphean Mountains and the Black Forest, and then, through the Rhine, to the Atlantic Ocean (Cronian Sea). The Dreisam River (arrowed) lies between Danube and the Rhine (30 km distance) Χάρυβδη El Hiero According to the text in the house of Circe live deers, wolves and lions. Indeed in this region live the following animals: Barbary stag (left), African golden wolf (Canis anthus) (in the middle), Barbary lion (Panthera leo-Atlas lion) (right) The Essaouira city and peninsula in Morocco; the Qued Ksob River is indicated in the lower left (light blue line). It is also noted that the mountains near Essaouira are the foot of Atlas Mountains. After crossing the coastline for 6 days they reached the Macrobians, the Cimmerians, the " Acheron River " near a " rough prominent turn and a shore protected from the wind " , a region characterized as " cold ". They also reached the " low " (flat) Hermionia with its many " pastures ". These descriptions fit to the region of the Netherlands, the northern shore of Germany and the Jutland peninsula (Denmark) and especially the region of Ho Bugt where is also marked the Varde River. (light blue line). Madera, the island of Demeter They would follow the southern route of the ocean current of Canary Islands and be led to Gibraltar. However, they saw " from very far away " an island with a " great cloud forming a circle around it ". Indeed, the southernmost tip of that route is a few tens of km from Madeira, so that it could be barely visible, mostly thanks to the orographic clouds that covered the peaks of its mountains The identification of the specific island, known as the " Island of Demeter " , the goddess of agriculture, was a sign that they had overshot Gibraltar, so they had to change their route. The itinerary of the Argonauts according to Argonautica Orphica (thick blue line) and their direction (black arrows on the blue line). The other arrows indicate the direction of the ocean currents. Essaouira, house of Circe Λυκαίον χέρσον Argonauts reached the Lilybeum Strait. In this region (Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia) there are submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands where the Argonauts met Charybdis which is a result of a vortex emerging from the eruption. A similar phenomenon took place in the El Hierro submarine volcanic eruption in Canary Islands in 2011 (Spain). Argo headed towards the Sirens, who were sitting on a " προβλήτα κολωνόν " , that is a protruding " hill " .Τhe emergence of islets is called " Sirens " because of the muffled sound of explosions. From a " snow-covered " (νιφόεντα) rock, the Sirens emitted a terrible sigh and committed suicide by falling to the sea from the edge of the precipitous rock, being transformed to small rocks. A similar phenomenon of " snow-covered " rock is shown in a volcanic islet emerging from an eruption of a submarine volcano in Santorini (Greece).
The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and disc... more The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and discuss the significance and importance of time measurements in antiquity. The time measuring marble devices have been found in Attica, Greece (at National Archaeological Museum, Piraeus Museum, Stoa of Attalos at the Athens Agora, Epigraphical Museum of Athens). These sundials date from the Hellenistic and Roman period. Two of them still have the original gnomons. Six out of fourteen are preserved in good condition; the others are fragments of the original sundials. Detailed in-situ measurements along their present-day hour lines and curves (solstices and equinoxes) are taken. The methodology followed is based on Gibbs' methodology for south-facing conical sundials with slightly modifications/alterations depending on the present-day grid of lines and curves of the sundials. Conclusions about their geographical latitude of operation and their accuracy construction are drawn.
Binary data on 12 items for Rasch analysis for the evaluation of an astronomy course.
INTED proceedings, 2017
This article presents an approach to STEM education for secondary and high school students propos... more This article presents an approach to STEM education for secondary and high school students proposed by currently ongoing STEM4youth project (SWAFT, H2020, www.stem4youth.eu). The approach is a result of cooperation and a joint research of 10 European organizations, having deep expertise in science education and science promotion. The ultimate project ambition is to develop educational content and teaching scenarios which in effect will make science education and scientific career more attractive for young peoples. To meet this goal, the project places the STEM education in a broader societal and economy context claiming that education should primarily response to the labor market demands and address concrete societal challenges not directly associated with science. The project seeks to produce a comprehensive, multidisciplinary series of educational content-courses presenting key STEM disciplines' topics to support young people formal and informal education (extracurriculum activities, science festivals, university organized lectures and open, web-accessible selfstudy materials). The content is organized around 6 STEM disciplines: Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine. For each discipline 7-9 challenges (1-2 hours lessons/lectures/ demonstrations / hands-on activities) are being developed, which were identified as the most important to boost the creativity, competitiveness and innovativeness. The challenges will be largely presented through their practical applications and their impact on our everyday life and work. A range of formal and informal methodologies and tools are being employed to present the scientific challenges in an attractive way (learning by experiment, gaming, citizen science at schools) Also it will be shown which specific skills and competence STEM education develops and how these skills address the current and future European labour market needs. In the effect, the project provides a helicopter view of STEM disciplines and job characteristics associated with these disciplines to help young people in taking conscious decisions on their future (a subject of interest, field of study and finally career path to pursue). The article presents how the abovementioned general ideas could be practically implemented in STEM education proposing how to harmonize educational content from different areas, how to structure the courses and finally how to provide practical guidelines for teachers to help them to conduct multidisciplinary lessons in a responsive, interactive manner.
This paper presents ten teaching scenarios based on Astronomy subjects, focusing on middle formal... more This paper presents ten teaching scenarios based on Astronomy subjects, focusing on middle formal and informal education in the framework of European STEM4you(th) Project (Horizon 2020). Each scenario follows the STEM approach and has been formulated by combining the inquiry - based learning method with constructivism. The teaching material contains hands on activities, constructions, simulations, storytelling and creates a link between science and the labor market related to Astronomy and Space Science. Through these courses students learn astronomical subjects and through astronomy the processes of science. This course aims to motivate 14-16 year-old students to STEM disciplines, and enhance their scientific skills and their creativity. The final outcome of the project is an interactive platform where the produced educational material may be adopted by teachers throughout Europe.
De Gruyter Proceedings in Mathematics of the First Congress of Greek Mathematicians FCGM, 2018
Η συχνή παρατήρηση των ουράνιων σωμάτων στην αρχαιότητα συνέβαλε στην ανάπτυξη της αστρονομίας κα... more Η συχνή παρατήρηση των ουράνιων σωμάτων στην αρχαιότητα συνέβαλε στην ανάπτυξη της αστρονομίας και των μαθηματικών. Γι’ αυτό και επινοήθηκαν μονάδες μέτρησης χρόνου και κατασκευάστηκαν αστρονομικά όργανα. Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζεται μια συγκριτική μελέτη βασιζόμενη στον σχολιασμό των έργων του Αράτου του Σολέως (Φαινόμενα και Διοσημεία), του Ιππάρχου του Νικαέως (Των Αράτου και Ευδόξου Φαινομένων Εξηγήσεως) και του Κλαύδιου Πτολεμαίου (Μαθηματική Σύνταξις) σχετικά με τη συμβολή των μαθηματικών στην ανάπτυξη της αρχαίας αστρονομίας από τον 4ο αιώνα π.Χ. έως τον 2ο αιώνα. Η μελέτη αυτή επικεντρώνεται στον ρόλο των μαθηματικών στις αστρονομικές παρατηρήσεις, στην κατασκευή αστρονομικών οργάνων, σε μετρήσεις χρόνου και σε ακρίβεια υπολογισμών.
Proceedings of the conference Development of astronomy among Serbs VIII , 2014
Размотрили смо Анаксименова схватања о формирању Земље и звезда, која се заснивају на акумулацији... more Размотрили смо Анаксименова схватања о формирању Земље и звезда, која се заснивају на акумулацији и "разређивању" првобитне супстанце, и дискутујемо неке сличне карактеристике са данашњом научном теоријом формирања звезда, посебно философово мишљење о ватреној природи звезда, које одражава теорије о производњи енергије у њиховој унутрашњости.
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 2020
The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and disc... more The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and discuss the significance and importance of time measurements in antiquity. The time measuring marble devices have been found in Attica, Greece (at National Archaeological Museum, Piraeus Museum, Stoa of Attalos at the Athens Agora, Epigraphical Museum of Athens). These sundials date from the Hellenistic and Roman period. Two of them still have the original gnomons. Six out of fourteen are preserved in good condition; the others are fragments of the original sundials. Detailed in-situ measurements along their present-day hour lines and curves (solstices and equinoxes) are taken. The methodology followed is based on Gibbs' methodology for south-facing conical sundials with slightly modifications/alterations depending on the present-day grid of lines and curves of the sundials. Conclusions about their geographical latitude of operation and their accuracy construction are drawn.
Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management (REHABEND) Congress Proceedings, 2022
The purpose the present work is to reveal the connections arising from understanding cultural her... more The purpose the present work is to reveal the connections arising from understanding cultural heritage issues and draw conclusions concerning the historical use of the Horologion of Andronikos of Kyrros throughout centuries. The Horologion of Andronikos, also known as the Tower of the Winds, is an important well-preserved monument of the early 1st century B.C. which dominates in the historical centre of Athens, Greece, under the north slope of the Acropolis of Athens. The stone surfaces of the monument have been systematically and thoroughly recorded using modern imaging techniques and new evidence on the stone surfaces such as drawings, engravings, ship graffiti, decoration details detected. Moreover, micro-samples were taken from the internal stone surfaces of north and southeast-facing walls using scanning electron microanalysis and new evidence concerning the colors and the pigments on stones surfaces revealed. The obtained results are presented and discussed in the present work and the documentation of the uses of the monument follows.
Sustainability MDPI, 2022
The paper contributes new information about the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrristos of the Roman A... more The paper contributes new information about the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrristos of the Roman Agora of Athens, Greece and its continuous presence in Athens from antiquity until now. The monument is of cultural, historical and astronomical importance. It has undergone conservation work and non-destructive documentation which contribute to its sustainability. The spectral imaging technique, which allows the acquisition of high-resolution images, was applied on the stone surfaces of the monument. The acquisition of images in the visible and infrared regions, combined with the digital tracing reproduction of the graffiti and image processing, is used for the first time in this particularly interesting case study of the aforementioned monument, of which a complete description is provided. New evidence with a clearer recording of the vessels already mentioned in the literature, as well as the detection of new historical data and graffiti, is discussed in comparison with the results of previous studies
The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issue... more The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issues through STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) education. Further aim is to motivate Greek teachers to combine cultural issues teaching integrated with STEM disciplines so as to give a boost to the reform of the curriculums of subjects taught in Greek schools of secondary education in the direction of in-terdisciplinarity. To this direction, arts and cultural heritage should be integrated in the educational process and subject such as Mathematics, Physics and History should be taught in a STEAM educational approach so that stu-dents' creativity and innovativeness may be boosted. A very good example of the role that cultural heritage may play is the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes, an ancient building in the Roman Agora of Athens which has recently recorded as an astronomical monument of cultural heritage by UNESCO. This monu-ment can be used in the educatio...
Applied Science Reports, 2014
Ancient Greek astronomers invented and constructed a variety of astronomical instruments for the ... more Ancient Greek astronomers invented and constructed a variety of astronomical instruments for the measurement of time; among them we find sundials of different types. Nowadays, in Athens, there are seven ancient sundials of marble construction, which type differs due to the different shape of their dials’ surface. They are kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The one of them is located in the Museum’s yard and the other six in the Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities Collection of the Museum. Another sundial is located in the cliff of the Acropolis.
The ancient Greek sundial described in this work is part of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui... more The ancient Greek sundial described in this work is part of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens with index catalog No. 3158. The sundial, which was recovered from the ruins of the ancient Dionysus Theater nearby Acropolis, is a marble construction of conical type with a gnomon. On the dial surface a few points of obvious damage can be observed. The geometrical dimensions of this sundial are elaborately measured and calculations of its characteristic parameters, such as the angle formed between the cone’s axis and the generatrix, the gnomon’s length and the geographical latitude of operation, have been made. "
Humans perceived the fundamental concept of time by observing the periodic motion of celestial bo... more Humans perceived the fundamental concept of time by observing the periodic motion of celestial bodies, the alternation between day and night and the regular return of the seasons of the year. Significant philosophical theories concerning the origin of time were formulated and many time measurement units were invented. The observation of the movements of specific celestial bodies, such as the Sun and the Moon, contributed to the construction of many astronomical instruments for the purpose of measuring time intervals. The great astronomer and natural philosopher Claudius Ptolemy in his treatise, Almagest, introduced the “first” and “second small parts” as time units for small time intervals, without naming them “minutes” and “seconds”. His time calculations derived from the geometric data of the dimension of space. However, the accuracy of ancient astronomical instruments was not more than 1 minute. "
Romanian Astronomical Journal, 2020
Here are discussed ideas and philosophical views of Anaximander of Miletus (611/610-547/546 B.C.)... more Here are discussed ideas and philosophical views of Anaximander of Miletus (611/610-547/546 B.C.), one of the most important Pre-Socratic philosophers, the first who tried to give a scientific view of the World, free from mythology, about the nature of celestial bodies and Earth's position in the Universe, and his contribution to practical astronomy and introduction of sundials in Greek world.
This paper examines how Rasch analysis and Principal Components Analysis have been used complemen... more This paper examines how Rasch analysis and Principal Components Analysis have been used complementarily in the evaluation of an astronomy course. Twelve dichotomous items were presented to 134 secondary school students in Greece. The items evaluated a STEM project, with emphasis on its Astronomy component. Nonlinear Principal Components analysis and Rasch analysis are compared regarding the issue of unidimensionality. It is argued that non-linear Principal Component Analysis offers safer criteria for suggesting unidimensionality but at the same time Rasch analysis provides more information regarding items’ difficulty and participants’ ability. (https://zenodo.org/record/1469846#.W9BLLdczbcs)
SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, 2018
The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issue... more The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issues through STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) education. Further aim is to motivate Greek teachers to combine cultural issues teaching integrated with STEM disciplines so as to give a boost to the reform of the curriculums of subjects taught in Greek schools of secondary education in the direction of in-terdisciplinarity. To this direction, arts and cultural heritage should be integrated in the educational process and subject such as Mathematics, Physics and History should be taught in a STEAM educational approach so that stu-dents' creativity and innovativeness may be boosted. A very good example of the role that cultural heritage may play is the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes, an ancient building in the Roman Agora of Athens which has recently recorded as an astronomical monument of cultural heritage by UNESCO. This monument can be used in the educational process for teaching subjects through STEAM activities, due to the in-terdisciplinary nature of knowledge (e.g. astronomy, geometry, architecture, sculpture, engineering) that was needed for both its construction and function. In this respect, a purposive sample of teachers who teach different subjects in public schools of secondary education in Greece was selected and semi structured interviews were designed recording teachers' opinions about STEAM education using as example the " Horologi-on of Andronikos Kyrrhestes " monument. The results of this research are presented here.
According to the unknown author of Argonautica Orphica, the return of the Argonauts begins with t... more According to the unknown author of Argonautica Orphica, the return of the Argonauts begins with the murder of Absyrtus. The Argonauts sailed the Phasis River upstream, reaching Lake Maeotis. After ten days of wandering, Argo reached the Riphean Mountains, where the sources of Danube are, and then the Argonauts, passing through a narrow channel, made their way to the Ocean, called " Cronian Sea ". There they met the Cimmerians and, bypassing the island of Ierne, they went far from the shore, in the open Atlantic Ocean, as it is explicitly called in the text. After a 15-day travel, they reached Aeaea, the island of Circe, then Tartessus, and then they approached the Pillars of Heracles. Their subsequent course was inside the Mediterranean Sea: They sailed by Sardinia, the Ausonian (Italian) islands, the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and through the Lilybaeum strait to Sicily, where they met Charybdis and then the Sirens. After that, they arrived at Corcyra (Corfu), where the Phaecians (Phaiacians) lived. Leaving Corcyra, they were carried by the winds towards Africa, they reached Crete and then Anaphe. Finally, by rowing, they passed by Cape Maleia and arrived at Iolcos. In the present study, we examine the feasibility of such a voyage and identify certain problematic points in the description of the voyage. The itinerary from Phasis to Maeotis through the Western Caucasus. Highlighted is the distance between the rivers Phasis and Hypanis. The itinerary from Danube to the Riphean Mountains and the Black Forest, and then, through the Rhine, to the Atlantic Ocean (Cronian Sea). The Dreisam River (arrowed) lies between Danube and the Rhine (30 km distance) Χάρυβδη El Hiero According to the text in the house of Circe live deers, wolves and lions. Indeed in this region live the following animals: Barbary stag (left), African golden wolf (Canis anthus) (in the middle), Barbary lion (Panthera leo-Atlas lion) (right) The Essaouira city and peninsula in Morocco; the Qued Ksob River is indicated in the lower left (light blue line). It is also noted that the mountains near Essaouira are the foot of Atlas Mountains. After crossing the coastline for 6 days they reached the Macrobians, the Cimmerians, the " Acheron River " near a " rough prominent turn and a shore protected from the wind " , a region characterized as " cold ". They also reached the " low " (flat) Hermionia with its many " pastures ". These descriptions fit to the region of the Netherlands, the northern shore of Germany and the Jutland peninsula (Denmark) and especially the region of Ho Bugt where is also marked the Varde River. (light blue line). Madera, the island of Demeter They would follow the southern route of the ocean current of Canary Islands and be led to Gibraltar. However, they saw " from very far away " an island with a " great cloud forming a circle around it ". Indeed, the southernmost tip of that route is a few tens of km from Madeira, so that it could be barely visible, mostly thanks to the orographic clouds that covered the peaks of its mountains The identification of the specific island, known as the " Island of Demeter " , the goddess of agriculture, was a sign that they had overshot Gibraltar, so they had to change their route. The itinerary of the Argonauts according to Argonautica Orphica (thick blue line) and their direction (black arrows on the blue line). The other arrows indicate the direction of the ocean currents. Essaouira, house of Circe Λυκαίον χέρσον Argonauts reached the Lilybeum Strait. In this region (Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia) there are submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands where the Argonauts met Charybdis which is a result of a vortex emerging from the eruption. A similar phenomenon took place in the El Hierro submarine volcanic eruption in Canary Islands in 2011 (Spain). Argo headed towards the Sirens, who were sitting on a " προβλήτα κολωνόν " , that is a protruding " hill " .Τhe emergence of islets is called " Sirens " because of the muffled sound of explosions. From a " snow-covered " (νιφόεντα) rock, the Sirens emitted a terrible sigh and committed suicide by falling to the sea from the edge of the precipitous rock, being transformed to small rocks. A similar phenomenon of " snow-covered " rock is shown in a volcanic islet emerging from an eruption of a submarine volcano in Santorini (Greece).
The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and disc... more The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and discuss the significance and importance of time measurements in antiquity. The time measuring marble devices have been found in Attica, Greece (at National Archaeological Museum, Piraeus Museum, Stoa of Attalos at the Athens Agora, Epigraphical Museum of Athens). These sundials date from the Hellenistic and Roman period. Two of them still have the original gnomons. Six out of fourteen are preserved in good condition; the others are fragments of the original sundials. Detailed in-situ measurements along their present-day hour lines and curves (solstices and equinoxes) are taken. The methodology followed is based on Gibbs' methodology for south-facing conical sundials with slightly modifications/alterations depending on the present-day grid of lines and curves of the sundials. Conclusions about their geographical latitude of operation and their accuracy construction are drawn.
Binary data on 12 items for Rasch analysis for the evaluation of an astronomy course.
INTED proceedings, 2017
This article presents an approach to STEM education for secondary and high school students propos... more This article presents an approach to STEM education for secondary and high school students proposed by currently ongoing STEM4youth project (SWAFT, H2020, www.stem4youth.eu). The approach is a result of cooperation and a joint research of 10 European organizations, having deep expertise in science education and science promotion. The ultimate project ambition is to develop educational content and teaching scenarios which in effect will make science education and scientific career more attractive for young peoples. To meet this goal, the project places the STEM education in a broader societal and economy context claiming that education should primarily response to the labor market demands and address concrete societal challenges not directly associated with science. The project seeks to produce a comprehensive, multidisciplinary series of educational content-courses presenting key STEM disciplines' topics to support young people formal and informal education (extracurriculum activities, science festivals, university organized lectures and open, web-accessible selfstudy materials). The content is organized around 6 STEM disciplines: Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine. For each discipline 7-9 challenges (1-2 hours lessons/lectures/ demonstrations / hands-on activities) are being developed, which were identified as the most important to boost the creativity, competitiveness and innovativeness. The challenges will be largely presented through their practical applications and their impact on our everyday life and work. A range of formal and informal methodologies and tools are being employed to present the scientific challenges in an attractive way (learning by experiment, gaming, citizen science at schools) Also it will be shown which specific skills and competence STEM education develops and how these skills address the current and future European labour market needs. In the effect, the project provides a helicopter view of STEM disciplines and job characteristics associated with these disciplines to help young people in taking conscious decisions on their future (a subject of interest, field of study and finally career path to pursue). The article presents how the abovementioned general ideas could be practically implemented in STEM education proposing how to harmonize educational content from different areas, how to structure the courses and finally how to provide practical guidelines for teachers to help them to conduct multidisciplinary lessons in a responsive, interactive manner.
This paper presents ten teaching scenarios based on Astronomy subjects, focusing on middle formal... more This paper presents ten teaching scenarios based on Astronomy subjects, focusing on middle formal and informal education in the framework of European STEM4you(th) Project (Horizon 2020). Each scenario follows the STEM approach and has been formulated by combining the inquiry - based learning method with constructivism. The teaching material contains hands on activities, constructions, simulations, storytelling and creates a link between science and the labor market related to Astronomy and Space Science. Through these courses students learn astronomical subjects and through astronomy the processes of science. This course aims to motivate 14-16 year-old students to STEM disciplines, and enhance their scientific skills and their creativity. The final outcome of the project is an interactive platform where the produced educational material may be adopted by teachers throughout Europe.
De Gruyter Proceedings in Mathematics of the First Congress of Greek Mathematicians FCGM, 2018
Η συχνή παρατήρηση των ουράνιων σωμάτων στην αρχαιότητα συνέβαλε στην ανάπτυξη της αστρονομίας κα... more Η συχνή παρατήρηση των ουράνιων σωμάτων στην αρχαιότητα συνέβαλε στην ανάπτυξη της αστρονομίας και των μαθηματικών. Γι’ αυτό και επινοήθηκαν μονάδες μέτρησης χρόνου και κατασκευάστηκαν αστρονομικά όργανα. Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζεται μια συγκριτική μελέτη βασιζόμενη στον σχολιασμό των έργων του Αράτου του Σολέως (Φαινόμενα και Διοσημεία), του Ιππάρχου του Νικαέως (Των Αράτου και Ευδόξου Φαινομένων Εξηγήσεως) και του Κλαύδιου Πτολεμαίου (Μαθηματική Σύνταξις) σχετικά με τη συμβολή των μαθηματικών στην ανάπτυξη της αρχαίας αστρονομίας από τον 4ο αιώνα π.Χ. έως τον 2ο αιώνα. Η μελέτη αυτή επικεντρώνεται στον ρόλο των μαθηματικών στις αστρονομικές παρατηρήσεις, στην κατασκευή αστρονομικών οργάνων, σε μετρήσεις χρόνου και σε ακρίβεια υπολογισμών.
Proceedings of the conference Development of astronomy among Serbs VIII , 2014
Размотрили смо Анаксименова схватања о формирању Земље и звезда, која се заснивају на акумулацији... more Размотрили смо Анаксименова схватања о формирању Земље и звезда, која се заснивају на акумулацији и "разређивању" првобитне супстанце, и дискутујемо неке сличне карактеристике са данашњом научном теоријом формирања звезда, посебно философово мишљење о ватреној природи звезда, које одражава теорије о производњи енергије у њиховој унутрашњости.
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 2020
The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and disc... more The purpose of this work is to study fourteen ancient sundials from in-situ measurements and discuss the significance and importance of time measurements in antiquity. The time measuring marble devices have been found in Attica, Greece (at National Archaeological Museum, Piraeus Museum, Stoa of Attalos at the Athens Agora, Epigraphical Museum of Athens). These sundials date from the Hellenistic and Roman period. Two of them still have the original gnomons. Six out of fourteen are preserved in good condition; the others are fragments of the original sundials. Detailed in-situ measurements along their present-day hour lines and curves (solstices and equinoxes) are taken. The methodology followed is based on Gibbs' methodology for south-facing conical sundials with slightly modifications/alterations depending on the present-day grid of lines and curves of the sundials. Conclusions about their geographical latitude of operation and their accuracy construction are drawn.
Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management (REHABEND) Congress Proceedings, 2022
The purpose the present work is to reveal the connections arising from understanding cultural her... more The purpose the present work is to reveal the connections arising from understanding cultural heritage issues and draw conclusions concerning the historical use of the Horologion of Andronikos of Kyrros throughout centuries. The Horologion of Andronikos, also known as the Tower of the Winds, is an important well-preserved monument of the early 1st century B.C. which dominates in the historical centre of Athens, Greece, under the north slope of the Acropolis of Athens. The stone surfaces of the monument have been systematically and thoroughly recorded using modern imaging techniques and new evidence on the stone surfaces such as drawings, engravings, ship graffiti, decoration details detected. Moreover, micro-samples were taken from the internal stone surfaces of north and southeast-facing walls using scanning electron microanalysis and new evidence concerning the colors and the pigments on stones surfaces revealed. The obtained results are presented and discussed in the present work and the documentation of the uses of the monument follows.
Sustainability MDPI, 2022
The paper contributes new information about the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrristos of the Roman A... more The paper contributes new information about the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrristos of the Roman Agora of Athens, Greece and its continuous presence in Athens from antiquity until now. The monument is of cultural, historical and astronomical importance. It has undergone conservation work and non-destructive documentation which contribute to its sustainability. The spectral imaging technique, which allows the acquisition of high-resolution images, was applied on the stone surfaces of the monument. The acquisition of images in the visible and infrared regions, combined with the digital tracing reproduction of the graffiti and image processing, is used for the first time in this particularly interesting case study of the aforementioned monument, of which a complete description is provided. New evidence with a clearer recording of the vessels already mentioned in the literature, as well as the detection of new historical data and graffiti, is discussed in comparison with the results of previous studies
The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issue... more The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issues through STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) education. Further aim is to motivate Greek teachers to combine cultural issues teaching integrated with STEM disciplines so as to give a boost to the reform of the curriculums of subjects taught in Greek schools of secondary education in the direction of in-terdisciplinarity. To this direction, arts and cultural heritage should be integrated in the educational process and subject such as Mathematics, Physics and History should be taught in a STEAM educational approach so that stu-dents' creativity and innovativeness may be boosted. A very good example of the role that cultural heritage may play is the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes, an ancient building in the Roman Agora of Athens which has recently recorded as an astronomical monument of cultural heritage by UNESCO. This monu-ment can be used in the educatio...
Applied Science Reports, 2014
Ancient Greek astronomers invented and constructed a variety of astronomical instruments for the ... more Ancient Greek astronomers invented and constructed a variety of astronomical instruments for the measurement of time; among them we find sundials of different types. Nowadays, in Athens, there are seven ancient sundials of marble construction, which type differs due to the different shape of their dials’ surface. They are kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The one of them is located in the Museum’s yard and the other six in the Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities Collection of the Museum. Another sundial is located in the cliff of the Acropolis.
The ancient Greek sundial described in this work is part of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui... more The ancient Greek sundial described in this work is part of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens with index catalog No. 3158. The sundial, which was recovered from the ruins of the ancient Dionysus Theater nearby Acropolis, is a marble construction of conical type with a gnomon. On the dial surface a few points of obvious damage can be observed. The geometrical dimensions of this sundial are elaborately measured and calculations of its characteristic parameters, such as the angle formed between the cone’s axis and the generatrix, the gnomon’s length and the geographical latitude of operation, have been made. "
Humans perceived the fundamental concept of time by observing the periodic motion of celestial bo... more Humans perceived the fundamental concept of time by observing the periodic motion of celestial bodies, the alternation between day and night and the regular return of the seasons of the year. Significant philosophical theories concerning the origin of time were formulated and many time measurement units were invented. The observation of the movements of specific celestial bodies, such as the Sun and the Moon, contributed to the construction of many astronomical instruments for the purpose of measuring time intervals. The great astronomer and natural philosopher Claudius Ptolemy in his treatise, Almagest, introduced the “first” and “second small parts” as time units for small time intervals, without naming them “minutes” and “seconds”. His time calculations derived from the geometric data of the dimension of space. However, the accuracy of ancient astronomical instruments was not more than 1 minute. "
Romanian Astronomical Journal, 2020
Here are discussed ideas and philosophical views of Anaximander of Miletus (611/610-547/546 B.C.)... more Here are discussed ideas and philosophical views of Anaximander of Miletus (611/610-547/546 B.C.), one of the most important Pre-Socratic philosophers, the first who tried to give a scientific view of the World, free from mythology, about the nature of celestial bodies and Earth's position in the Universe, and his contribution to practical astronomy and introduction of sundials in Greek world.
This paper examines how Rasch analysis and Principal Components Analysis have been used complemen... more This paper examines how Rasch analysis and Principal Components Analysis have been used complementarily in the evaluation of an astronomy course. Twelve dichotomous items were presented to 134 secondary school students in Greece. The items evaluated a STEM project, with emphasis on its Astronomy component. Nonlinear Principal Components analysis and Rasch analysis are compared regarding the issue of unidimensionality. It is argued that non-linear Principal Component Analysis offers safer criteria for suggesting unidimensionality but at the same time Rasch analysis provides more information regarding items’ difficulty and participants’ ability. (https://zenodo.org/record/1469846#.W9BLLdczbcs)
SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, 2018
The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issue... more The aim of this work is to reveal the benefits arising from understanding cultural heritage issues through STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) education. Further aim is to motivate Greek teachers to combine cultural issues teaching integrated with STEM disciplines so as to give a boost to the reform of the curriculums of subjects taught in Greek schools of secondary education in the direction of in-terdisciplinarity. To this direction, arts and cultural heritage should be integrated in the educational process and subject such as Mathematics, Physics and History should be taught in a STEAM educational approach so that stu-dents' creativity and innovativeness may be boosted. A very good example of the role that cultural heritage may play is the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes, an ancient building in the Roman Agora of Athens which has recently recorded as an astronomical monument of cultural heritage by UNESCO. This monument can be used in the educational process for teaching subjects through STEAM activities, due to the in-terdisciplinary nature of knowledge (e.g. astronomy, geometry, architecture, sculpture, engineering) that was needed for both its construction and function. In this respect, a purposive sample of teachers who teach different subjects in public schools of secondary education in Greece was selected and semi structured interviews were designed recording teachers' opinions about STEAM education using as example the " Horologi-on of Andronikos Kyrrhestes " monument. The results of this research are presented here.
The Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes (official name of the monument), is a structure about 14 ... more The Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes (official name of the monument), is a structure about 14 m tall and 8 m in diameter. It is an octagonal building, which incorporates a cylindrical structure on the south side. At the top of the eight vertical walls is a vaulted ceiling depicting the sky. Incised lines on the exterior of the eight sides of the edifice show that there once existed this number of sundials. Τhe building has two propyla (gate buildings) and rests on a three-stepped base (crepidoma). It is a particularly remarkable and unusual ancient Greek building, made of Pentelic marble. The name of this, the most important architectural masterpiece of the late Hellenistic period, is derived from the name of its manufacturer, Andronikos Kyrrhestes. It is supposed that this great Greek astronomer, engineer and architect was also the sponsor for the construction of the monument. The octagonal tower served as an astronomical and weather forecasting station. The astronomical monument is also called The Tower of the Winds or Aerides (from the Greek word Αέρηδες which means winds) or Temple of Aeolus (Aeolus is the ancient Greek god of winds).
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 2017
Auroral reports from ancient Chinese records and from Greece and Italy, from historical sources (... more Auroral reports from ancient Chinese records and from Greece and Italy, from historical sources (Bamboo Annals, Tai ping yu lan, Ch'unch'iu period and Aristotle, Anaxagoras, Seneca, Pliny, Livy, respectively) in the 1 st millennium B.C., are discussed in relation to the geomagnetic pole (GP) coordinates through archaeo-magnetic inclination and declination data. It is shown that the expected auroral oval with its extension to a maximum of radius 30 o around the GP occasionally reaches the Chinese / Southern Mediterranean mid latitudes and eastern longitudes: for China 35 ο-40 ο and 95 ο-125 ο respectively, and for Greece/Central Italy, 35 ο-40 ο and 10 ο-25 ο respectively; two distant regions where two great cultures flourished. Of the nine Chinese records those of 1000-900 B.C., 687 B.C., 193 B.C., 139 B.C., 32 B.C., 30 B.C. and 15 B.C. records are justified by a mid latitude geomagnetic pole which gives certain mid latitude aurorae. For the 166 B.C. and 154 B.C. available archaeomagnetic data the position of the VGP does not justify observation of aurorae. Archaeo-magnetic data for Chinese accounts derived from South Korea, Japan and England reduced to mid China location are also used to determine GP at a reduced site of common latitude in China, but due attention and discussion of non-dipole magnetic sources and their calculated drift rates is made, to explain the unattainable observation of aurorae at central Chinese latitudes. Similarly, in southern Eastern Mediterranean area (Greece, Italy) 33 data are used and most are commensurable with the inclined GP towards mid latitudes, included within the auroral oval or at its southern maximum extension taking into account associated errors. Highly acceptable aurorae accounts and problematic ones are explained in terms of smooth or rapid, respectively , changes in the magnetic inclination and declination positions, reinforced by large age errors. Virtual Geomagnetic poles (VGP) for examined regions are ranging between 51 o to 71 o for latitude and between 1 o to 123 o for longitude for auroral observation dates of the 1st millennium B.C. to 1 st century A.D.
Ο χρόνος είναι ένα φυσικό μέγεθος που επινόησε ο άνθρωπος για τη διευκόλυνση και τον προγραμματισ... more Ο χρόνος είναι ένα φυσικό μέγεθος που επινόησε ο άνθρωπος για τη διευκόλυνση και τον προγραμματισμό της καθημερινότητάς του. Η έννοια του χρόνου είχε γίνει αντιληπτή από αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων, καθώς η υλική φθορά των ζωντανών οργανισμών και λιγότερο της άβιας ύλης, αλλά και οι μεταβολές και τα φυσικά φαινόμενα που συνέβαιναν στη Γη και στον Ουρανό οδήγησαν στη δημιουργία της έννοιας του χρόνου και στην ανάγκη προσδιορισμού και μέτρησής του.
26th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture, 2018
The Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes (official name of the monument), is a structure about 14 ... more The Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes (official name of the monument), is a structure about 14 m tall and 8 m in diameter. It is an octagonal building, which incorporates a cylindrical structure on the south side. At the top of the eight vertical walls is a vaulted ceiling depicting the sky. Engraved lines on the exterior of the eight sides of the edifice show that there once existed this number of sundials.
AIP Conference Proceedings 2075, 2019
In the framework of the European Project STEM4you(th) a course of astronomy consisting of 10 less... more In the framework of the European Project STEM4you(th) a course of astronomy consisting of 10 lessons has been designed for secondary school students. Methodologically the course is based on a combination of constructivism principles with the inquiry-based teaching and learning method. Students meet astronomy for the first time through their engagement in the STEM content approach. Astronomical concepts and scientific processes are taught using the storytelling technique and through STEM activities. The objectives focus on students’ engagement in STEM activities, so they will become more creative and develop necessary skills for the competitive European labor market. The astronomy course and the developed material is available on the OLCMS (Open Learning Content Management System) platform, designed within the framework of the program, to make the material freely accessible to every user. In the present work the first results of the pilot phase of the program, which has been implemented in secondary schools in Greece, are discussed.
Brzozowy, M., Hołownicka, K., Bzdak, J., Tornese, P., Lupiañez-Villanueva, F., Vovk, N., Sáenz ... more Brzozowy, M., Hołownicka, K., Bzdak, J., Tornese, P., Lupiañez-Villanueva, F., Vovk, N., Sáenz de la Torre, J.J., Perelló, J., Bonhoure, I., Panou, E., Bampasidis, G., Verdis, A., Papaspirou, P., Kasoutas, M., Vlachos, I., Kokkotas, S. and Moussas, X. (2017) “Making STEM Education attractive for young people by presenting key scientific challenges and their impact on our life and career perspectives” INTED2017 Proceedings: 11th annual International Technology, Education and Development Conference Valencia 6th-8th of March 2017, pp. 9948-9957, ISBN: 978-84-617-8491-2, DOI: 10.21125/inted.2017.2374
According to the unknown author of Argonautica Orphica, the return of the Argonauts begins with t... more According to the unknown author of Argonautica Orphica, the return of the Argonauts begins with the murder of Absyrtus. The Argonauts sailed the Phasis River upstream, reaching Lake Maeotis. After ten days of wandering, Argo reached the Riphean Mountains, where the sources of Danube are, and then the Argonauts, passing through a narrow channel, made their way to the Ocean, called " Cronian Sea ". There they met the Cimmerians and, bypassing the island of Ierne, they went far from the shore, in the open Atlantic Ocean, as it is explicitly called in the text. After a 15-day travel, they reached Aeaea, the island of Circe, then Tartessus, and then they approached the Pillars of Heracles. Their subsequent course was inside the Mediterranean Sea: They sailed by Sardinia, the Ausonian (Italian) islands, the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and through the Lilybaeum strait to Sicily, where they met Charybdis and then the Sirens. After that, they arrived at Corcyra (Corfu), where the Phaecians (Phaiacians) lived. Leaving Corcyra, they were carried by the winds towards Africa, they reached Crete and then Anaphe. Finally, by rowing, they passed by Cape Maleia and arrived at Iolcos. In the present study, we examine the feasibility of such a voyage and identify certain problematic points in the description of the voyage. The itinerary from Phasis to Maeotis through the Western Caucasus. Highlighted is the distance between the rivers Phasis and Hypanis. The itinerary from Danube to the Riphean Mountains and the Black Forest, and then, through the Rhine, to the Atlantic Ocean (Cronian Sea). The Dreisam River (arrowed) lies between Danube and the Rhine (30 km distance) Χάρυβδη El Hiero According to the text in the house of Circe live deers, wolves and lions. Indeed in this region live the following animals: Barbary stag (left), African golden wolf (Canis anthus) (in the middle), Barbary lion (Panthera leo-Atlas lion) (right) The Essaouira city and peninsula in Morocco; the Qued Ksob River is indicated in the lower left (light blue line). It is also noted that the mountains near Essaouira are the foot of Atlas Mountains. After crossing the coastline for 6 days they reached the Macrobians, the Cimmerians, the " Acheron River " near a " rough prominent turn and a shore protected from the wind " , a region characterized as " cold ". They also reached the " low " (flat) Hermionia with its many " pastures ". These descriptions fit to the region of the Netherlands, the northern shore of Germany and the Jutland peninsula (Denmark) and especially the region of Ho Bugt where is also marked the Varde River. (light blue line). Madera, the island of Demeter They would follow the southern route of the ocean current of Canary Islands and be led to Gibraltar. However, they saw " from very far away " an island with a " great cloud forming a circle around it ". Indeed, the southernmost tip of that route is a few tens of km from Madeira, so that it could be barely visible, mostly thanks to the orographic clouds that covered the peaks of its mountains The identification of the specific island, known as the " Island of Demeter " , the goddess of agriculture, was a sign that they had overshot Gibraltar, so they had to change their route. The itinerary of the Argonauts according to Argonautica Orphica (thick blue line) and their direction (black arrows on the blue line). The other arrows indicate the direction of the ocean currents. Essaouira, house of Circe Λυκαίον χέρσον Argonauts reached the Lilybeum Strait. In this region (Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia) there are submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands where the Argonauts met Charybdis which is a result of a vortex emerging from the eruption. A similar phenomenon took place in the El Hierro submarine volcanic eruption in Canary Islands in 2011 (Spain). Argo headed towards the Sirens, who were sitting on a " προβλήτα κολωνόν " , that is a protruding " hill " .Τhe emergence of islets is called " Sirens " because of the muffled sound of explosions. From a " snow-covered " (νιφόεντα) rock, the Sirens emitted a terrible sigh and committed suicide by falling to the sea from the edge of the precipitous rock, being transformed to small rocks. A similar phenomenon of " snow-covered " rock is shown in a volcanic islet emerging from an eruption of a submarine volcano in Santorini (Greece).
Αρχαία ελληνικά ηλιακά ρολόγια από τη ρωμαϊκή, την ελληνιστική εποχή, καθώς και την περίοδο της ύ... more Αρχαία ελληνικά ηλιακά ρολόγια από τη ρωμαϊκή, την ελληνιστική εποχή, καθώς και την περίοδο της ύστερης αρχαιότητας φυλάσσονται στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Αθηνών. Από τα επτά συνολικά ηλιακά ρολόγια, τα έξι φυλάσσονται στην Αποθήκη της Συλλογής Γλυπτών του Μουσείου ενώ το άλλο, αρκετά βαρύτερο, βρίσκεται στον εκθεσιακό χώρο στου κήπου του Μουσείου. Είναι καταχωρημένα στο ευρετήριο του Μουσείου με αριθμούς: 3156, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3220, 13365 και 13366. Τα ηλιακά ρολόγια με αριθμούς ευρετηρίου 3156, 3157, 3158 και 3159 βρέθηκαν στα ερείπια του θεάτρου του Διονύσου στους πρόποδες της Ακρόπολης, ενώ για τα ηλιακά ρολόγια με αριθμούς ευρετηρίου 3220, 13365 και 13366 δεν είναι γνωστό το μέρος που βρέθηκαν.
Από μετρήσεις των γεωμετρικών τους διαστάσεων, υπολογίζονται χαρακτηριστικές παράμετροι του ηλιακού ρολογιού, όπως η γωνία που σχηματίζεται μεταξύ του άξονα του κώνου και του γεννήτορα, το γεωγραφικό πλάτος του τόπου και το μήκος του γνώμονα.
Ο άνθρωπος όντας ανήσυχο ον από τα πρώτα χρόνια της εμφάνισής του στη Γη τον προβλημάτισε εκτός τ... more Ο άνθρωπος όντας ανήσυχο ον από τα πρώτα χρόνια της εμφάνισής του στη Γη τον προβλημάτισε εκτός των άλλων και η έννοια του χρόνου καθώς και η μέτρηση αυτού. Παρατήρησε φαινόμενα όπως η εναλλαγή ημέρας και νύχτας, οι διαδοχικές φάσεις της Σελήνης και η τακτική επάνοδος των εποχών, προκειμένου να πετύχει την ακριβή μέτρηση του χρόνου. Κατά συνέπεια όρισε μονάδες μέτρησής του με πρώτη το ημερονύκτιο, ακολούθησαν μονάδες μέτρησης του χρόνου μεγαλύτερες του ημερονυκτίου, οι κλιματολογικές εποχές, ο σεληνιακός ή συνοδικός μήνας, το σεληνιακό τέταρτο και η ώρα. Οι Αρχαίοι Έλληνες ασχολήθηκαν σε μεγάλη έκταση με την παρατήρηση της ουράνιας σφαίρας καθώς και με την επινόηση και κατασκευή αρκετών οργάνων μέτρησης του χρόνου που χαρακτηρίζονταν από ικανοποιητική ακρίβεια ως προς τις μετρήσεις που παρείχαν για τα δεδομένα της εποχής τους.
Η έννοια του χρόνου απασχόλησε τον άνθρωπο από αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων. Παρατηρώντας την εναλλαγή ημέρ... more Η έννοια του χρόνου απασχόλησε τον άνθρωπο από αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων. Παρατηρώντας την εναλλαγή ημέρας και νύχτας, τις διαδοχικές φάσεις της Σελήνης και την τακτική επάνοδο των εποχών, ο άνθρωπος δημιούργησε συστήματα μέτρησης του χρόνου και επινόησε ανάλογες μονάδες μέτρησής του (π.χ. ημερονύκτιο, σεληνιακός ή συνοδικός μήνας, σεληνιακό τέταρτο, αστρική ημέρα). Χαρακτηριστικά είναι τα ημερολογιακά συστήματα των Χαλδαίων, των Αιγυπτίων, των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων, καθώς και ο τρόπος υπολογισμού του έτους και των ωρών του ημερονυκτίου. Τα πρώτα όργανα μέτρησης του χρόνου ήταν ο γνώμονας, το ηλιακό ρολόι και η κλεψύδρα. Οι αρχαίοι όμως αστρονόμοι κατασκεύασαν και πλήθος άλλων οργάνων μέτρησης του χρόνου - όπως αμμωτό ρολόι, ουράνια σφαίρα, παραλλακτικός χάρακας ή διόπτρα, αστρολάβος, πλινθίς, κρίκοι, σκάφη - η αρχή λειτουργίας και τα χαρακτηριστικά των οποίων παρουσιάζονται. Ο τρόπος χρήσης αυτών των οργάνων για τη μέτρηση διαστημάτων χρόνου είναι ιδιαίτερα εντυπωσιακός. Επομένως, τίθενται τα εξής ερωτήματα: Οι αρχαίοι αστρονόμοι γνώριζαν το δευτερόλεπτο σαν μονάδα μέτρησης; Μπορούσαν να το μετρήσουν ή μήπως ήταν μια νοητική σύλληψη;
Humans perceived the fundamental concept of time by observing the periodic motion of celestial bo... more Humans perceived the fundamental concept of time by observing the periodic motion of celestial bodies, the alternation between day and night and the regular return of the seasons of the year. Significant philosophical theories concerning the origin of time were formulated and many time measurement units were invented. The observation of the movements of specific celestial bodies, such as the Sun and the Moon, contributed to the construction of many astronomical instruments for the purpose of measuring time intervals.
The great astronomer and natural philosopher Claudius Ptolemy in his treatise, Almagest, introduced the “first” and “second small parts” as time units for small time intervals, without naming them “minutes” and “seconds”. His time calculations derived from the geometric data of the dimension of space. However, the accuracy of ancient astronomical instruments was not more than 1 minute.
The ancient Greek sundial described in this work is part of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui... more The ancient Greek sundial described in this work is part of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens with index catalog No. 3158. The sundial, which was recovered from the ruins of the ancient Dionysus Theater nearby Acropolis, is a marble construction of conical type with a gnomon. On the dial surface a few points of obvious damage can be observed.
The geometrical dimensions of this sundial are elaborately measured and calculations of its characteristic parameters, such as the angle formed between the cone’s axis and the generatrix, the gnomon’s length and the geographical latitude of operation, have been made.
Abstract in Greek and in english Abstract The Almagest is a 2nd-century treatise written in ... more Abstract in Greek and in english
Abstract
The Almagest is a 2nd-century treatise written in Greek by the great astronomer and natural philosopher Claudius Ptolemy. It is a source of astronomical and mathematical knowledge, studied even today. In the first book of the treatise, information of the shape, the magnitude and the movements of celestial bodies is given. Movements of specific celestial bodies, such as the Sun and the Moon, are related to the measurement of time. Time as a quantity is measured by precise instruments and time measurements are verified through theorems of plane and spherical trigonometry. Time for Ptolemy is a physical quantity, accurately calculated from the geometric data of the dimension of space.
Περίληψη
Το έργο Μαθηματική Σύνταξις του μεγάλου αστρονόμου και φυσικού φιλοσόφου του 2ου αιώνα μ.Χ. Κλαυδίου Πτολεμαίου αποτέλεσε πηγή αστρονομικών γνώσεων και εξακολουθεί να μελετάται ακόμη και σήμερα. Στο α΄ βιβλίο του έργου, τα στοιχεία που αφορούν στη μέτρηση του χρόνου συνδυάζονται με τις κινήσεις των ουράνιων σωμάτων. Το μέγεθος του χρόνου μετράται με ακριβή όργανα και οι μετρήσεις επαληθεύονται θεωρητικά μέσω θεωρημάτων της επίπεδης και της σφαιρικής τριγωνομετρίας. Ο χρόνος για τον Πτολεμαίο είναι ένα φυσικό μέγεθος που υπολογίζεται με ακρίβεια από τα γεωμετρικά στοιχεία του χώρου.
Βιβλιοπωλείο ΑΙΓΗΪΣ, Πειραιάς, 2013
"(summary in Greek, English, French) Περίληψη Η έννοια του χρόνου προβλημάτισε έντονα τον άνθρω... more "(summary in Greek, English, French)
Περίληψη
Η έννοια του χρόνου προβλημάτισε έντονα τον άνθρωπο από τα πρώτα χρόνια της ύπαρξής του. Η σημαντικότερη δυσκολία για τον προσδιορισμό και τη μέτρηση του χρόνου ήταν η θεμελιώδης φύση αυτής της έννοιας, αφού όσο πιο θεμελιώδης είναι μια έννοια τόσο πιο δύσκολα ορίζεται. Ο άνθρωπος συνδύασε την έννοια του χρόνου με την περιοδική κίνηση των ουράνιων σωμάτων και τον θεοποίησε. Ο χρόνος στην αρχαία ελληνική μυθολογία εκπροσωπούταν μέσω της θεότητας της Αιωνιότητας και χρησιμοποιούταν ως υποκατάστατο του θεού Κρόνου (Πλούταρχος, Περί Ίσιδος και Οσίριδος). Αυτή η μυθολογική παράσταση του χρόνου εγκαταλείπεται με την έναρξη της φιλοσοφικής έρευνας. Οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες φιλόσοφοι διατύπωσαν αξιόλογες φιλοσοφικές θεωρίες για την προέλευση, την υπόσταση και τον τρόπο μέτρησης του χρόνου. Μερικοί από τους πολλούς αρχαίους φιλοσόφους, που ασχολήθηκαν με την έννοια του χρόνου ήταν: ο Αναξίμανδρος ο Μιλήσιος (610 π.Χ.-547 π.Χ.), ο Πυθαγόρας (580-572 π.Χ.), ο Μέλισσος (5ος π.Χ. αιώνας), ο Εμπεδοκλής ο Ακραγαντίνος (495-435 π.Χ.), ο Πλάτων (427-347 π.Χ.), ο Αριστοτέλης (384-322 π.Χ.). Σημαντικές θεωρίες περί χρόνου διατυπώθηκαν στην συνέχεια από τον νεοπλατωνικό φιλόσοφο Πλωτίνο (205-270 μ.Χ.) και τον Άγιο Αυγουστίνο (354-430 μ.Χ.). Ακολούθησαν επινοήσεις μονάδων μέτρησης του χρόνου και κατασκευές αστρονομικών οργάνων. Το μέγεθος του χρόνου μετρήθηκε ακόμη και με ακρίβεια της τάξης του ενός λεπτού, χάρη της ανάπτυξης της επιστήμης των μαθηματικών και πιο συγκεκριμένα του κλάδου της γεωμετρίας. Η πρώτη μονάδα μέτρησης του χρόνου ήταν το ηλιακό ημερονύκτιο, μονάδα που προέκυψε από την περιοδική εμφάνιση και απουσία του Ηλίου στον ορίζοντα. Άλλες μονάδες μέτρησης του χρόνου ήταν: η μέρα, η νύκτα, η ημερήσια ώρα, η νυκτερινή ώρα, οι άνισες εποχιακές ώρες, ο σεληνιακός ή συνοδικός μήνας, το σεληνιακό τέταρτο, οι «κλιματολογικές εποχές», το τροπικό έτος, η αστρική ημέρα και το αστρικό έτος. Τα πρώτα αστρονομικά όργανα των αρχαίων Ελλήνων αστρονόμων ήταν ο γνώμονας, το ηλιακό ρολόι και η κλεψύδρα. Η ακρίβεια μέτρησης του χρόνου στην αρχαία Ελλάδα ήταν γενικότερα της τάξης μερικών πρώτων λεπτών των εποχιακών ωρών, ενώ οι λέξεις «πρώτα λεπτά» της ώρας και «δεύτερα λεπτά ή δευτερόλεπτα» δεν χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ποτέ. Μεγαλύτερης ακρίβειας μετρήσεις πραγματοποίησε ο μεγάλος αστρονόμος του 2ου αιώνα Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος. Παρ’ όλα αυτά δεν ανέφερε ως χρονικές μονάδες μέτρησης τα πρώτα λεπτά ή δευτερόλεπτα, αλλά τα πρώτα και δεύτερα λεπτά τόξου του κύκλου, χωρίζοντας την ώρα και τη μοίρα σε 60 πρώτα λεπτά και το κάθε πρώτο λεπτό σε 60 δεύτερα. Οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες σοφοί συσχέτισαν την έννοια του χρόνου με την έκδηλη κίνηση στον χώρο και θεώρησαν ότι ο χρόνος εξελισσόταν ευθύγραμμα και προσανατολισμένα χωρίς να ήταν αναστρέψιμος. Ακόμη διέκριναν τον αντικειμενικό μη απόλυτα μετρήσιμο χρόνο και τον εικονικό χρόνο που επιδεχόταν μέτρηση. Αυτές οι διατυπώσεις δείχνουν ότι στην ελληνική αρχαιότητα δεν υπήρχε μόνο η αίσθηση της μέτρησης του χρόνου ως φυσικό μέγεθος, αλλά και η αίσθηση του σχετικιστικού χωροχρόνου και του βέλους του χρόνου, έννοιες που αναπτύχθηκαν δύο χιλιετίες αργότερα υποστηριζόμενες από μαθηματικό φορμαλισμό.
PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF MEASUREMENT OF TIME IN ANCIENT GREECE
Summary
Humanity has conceived the concept of time since the beginning of his existence. However, he had difficulties in identifying and measuring the time due to its fundamental nature. This was obvious since the more fundamental a concept is the more difficult it is to be defined. People combined the concept of time with the periodic motion of the celestial bodies. Time (χρόνος in greek) in ancient greek mythology was represented by the deity of Eternity and used as a substitute for the god Saturn (Κρόνος in greek). This mythological representation of time was abandoned when the philosophical inquiry started. The ancient greek philosophers formulated significant philosophical theories about the origin of time. Many ancient philosophers dealt with the concept of time i.e.: Anaximander of Miletus (610-547 B.C.), Pythagoras (580-572 B.C.), Melissos (5th century B.C.), Empedocles (495-435 B.C.), Plato (427-347 B.C.), Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Many years later the neo-platonic philosopher Plotinus (205-270 A.D.) and St. Augustine (354-430 A.D.) proposed theories about time. It should be mentioned that many time measurement units were invented and many astronomical instruments were constructed. Ancient astronomers managed to measure time with the accuracy of about one minute, thanks to the development of science of mathematics and more specifically of geometry. The first time unit established was the day-and-night period, as a result of the periodic appearance and absence of the Sun on the horizon. Other units of time measurement were: the day time period, the night time period, the during of the day hour, the during of the night hour, the uneven seasonal hours, the lunar or synodic month, the quarter of the lunar month, the «climatologic seasons», the tropical year, the sidereal day and the sidereal year. The first astronomical instruments of the ancient greek astronomers were the gnomon, the sundial and the clepsydrae. In ancient Greece, time was measured with accuracy of a few minutes of the first seasonal hours. Claudius Ptolemy was the first to define and name the minutes and seconds, during the 2nd century A.D. He subdivided both the hour and the degree into 60 «first minute parts» (minutes) and each «first minute part» into 60 «second minute parts» (seconds), according to the sexagesimal system that was traditionally in use during that period. The ancient greek astronomers connected the concept of time with the apparent motion in space and asserted, that time is progressed straight and oriented without being reversible. They distinguished the objecting, not absolute measurable time, to the virtual measurable time. These theories show that in greek antiquity it was believed that time is not only considered as a physical quantity. Theories embodied the sense of relativistic space-time and the arrow of time, concepts which have been developed two millennia later, supported by mathematical formalism.
INTERPRÉTATIONS PHILOSOPHIQUES DE MESURE DU TEMPS DANS LA GRÈCE ANTIQUE
Résumé
L’humanité a conçu la notion du temps depuis le début de son existence. Cependant, il y a eu des difficultés à identifier et à mesurer le temps en raison de sa nature fondamentale. Cela était évident parce que le plus fondamental une notion est, le plus difficile il est à définir. Les gens ont associé la notion du temps avec le mouvement périodique des corps célestes. Le temps (χρόνος en grec), dans la mythologie grecque antique est représenté par la divinité de l’Éternité et est utilisé comme un substitut pour le dieu Saturne (Κρόνος en grec). Cette représentation mythologique du temps a été abandonnée lorsque l’enquête philosophique avait commencé. Les philosophes anciens grecs ont formulé d’importantes théories philosophiques sur l’origine, le statut et le mode de mesure du temps. De nombreux anciens philosophes ont étudié la notion du temps: à savoir Anaximandre de Milet (610-547 av. J.-C.), Pythagore (580-572 av. J.-C.), Melissos (Ve siècle av. J.-C.), Empédocle (495-435 av. J.-C.), Platon (427-347 av. J.-C.) et Aristote (384-322 av. J.-C.). Nombreuses années plus tard, le philosophe néo-platonicien Plotin (205-270) et Saint Augustin (354-430) ont proposé des théories sur le temps. Il convient de mentionner que de nombreuses unités de mesure du temps ont été inventées et de nombreux instruments astronomiques ont été construits. Les astronomes anciens ont réussi à mesurer le temps avec une précision d’environ une minute, grâce au développement de la science des mathématiques et plus particulièrement de la géométrie. La première unité de mesure du temps était période jour-nuit, à la suite de l’apparition périodique et l’absence du Soleil sur l’horizon. Les autres unités de mesure du temps ont été: le jour, la nuit, l’heure de jour, l’heure de nuit, les heures saisonnières qui n’avaient pas la même durée, le mois synodique ou lunaire, le quart du mois synodique ou lunaire, les «saisons climatiques», l’année tropique, le jour sidéral et l’année sidérale. Les premiers instruments astronomiques des astronomes grecs anciens étaient le gnomon, le cadran solaire et la clepsydre. En Grèce, les anciens ont mesuré le temps avec une précision de quelques minutes des premières heures saisonnières. Claude Ptolémée, le grand astronome du IIe siècle, a défini et a nommé les minutes et les secondes. Il a subdivisé l’heure et le degré en 60 «premières minutes-parties» (minutes) et chaque «première minute-partie» en 60 «secondes minutes-patries» (secondes), selon le système sexagésimal qui a été traditionnellement utilisé au cours de cette période. Les astronomes grecs anciens ont relié la notion du temps avec le mouvement apparent dans l’espace et ont affirmé que le temps avançait tout droit sans êtres réversible. En plus, ils ont discerné le temps objectif, pas absolument mesurable, au temps virtuel qui pourrait être mesuré. Ces théories montrent que dans l’antiquité grecque, le temps n’était pas seulement considéré comme une quantité physique mais comme le sens de l’espace-temps relativiste et la flèche du temps, concepts qui ont été développés deux millénaires plus tard, soutenu par le formalisme mathématique.
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Ο Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος ήταν ένας από τους μεγαλύτερους αρχαίους Έλληνες αστρονόμους και φυσικούς φ... more Ο Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος ήταν ένας από τους μεγαλύτερους αρχαίους Έλληνες αστρονόμους και φυσικούς φιλοσόφους στην ιστορία και φιλοσοφία των φυσικών επιστημών. Στο έργο του Μαθηματική Σύνταξις, το οποίο αποτέλεσε και αποτελεί πηγή αστρονομικών γνώσεων ακόμη και σήμερα, γίνεται αναφορά σε αστρονομικά όργανα μέτρησης. Σκοπός της παρουσίασης είναι η σχολιασμός τόσο του τρόπου με τον οποίο είναι καταγεγραμμένα τα αστρονομικά όργανα στο έργο του Πτολεμαίου όσο και των κατασκευαστικών τους χαρακτηριστικών.
Στην Αποθήκη Γλυπτών του Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Αθηνών φυλάσσεται ένα αρχαίο μαρμάρινο γλυπτό ηλι... more Στην Αποθήκη Γλυπτών του Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Αθηνών φυλάσσεται ένα αρχαίο μαρμάρινο γλυπτό ηλιακό ρολόι κωνικού τύπου, ο γνώμονας του οποίου υπάρχει σε αρκετά καλή κατάσταση ακόμη και σήμερα. Από μετρήσεις των χαρακτηριστικών γεωμετρικών μεγεθών της ωρολογόπλακας, υπολογίστηκαν χαρακτηριστικές παράμετροι του ηλιακού ρολογιού μεταξύ των οποίων και το γεωγραφικό πλάτος λειτουργίας του.
Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να διαπιστωθούν οι τρόποι μέτρησης μεγεθών χρόνο... more Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να διαπιστωθούν οι τρόποι μέτρησης μεγεθών χρόνου στην αρχαιότητα με αστρονομικά όργανα και πώς η κατασκευαστική τους ακρίβεια επηρέαζε την ακρίβεια μέτρησης μεγεθών χρόνου. Συμπεράσματα εξήχθησαν τόσο από τη μελέτη κειμένων αρχαίων συγγραφέων (Άρατος Σολεύς, Ίππαρχος, Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος) όσο και από επιτόπιες μετρήσεις που ελήφθησαν κατόπιν μελέτης αρχαίων γλυπτών ηλιακών ωρολογίων που φυλάσσονται στο Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, στο Επιγραφικό Μουσείο, στη Στοά του Αττάλου στην Αρχαία Αγορά των Αθηνών και στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Πειραιά. Η μελέτη επεκτάθηκε και στο σημαντικότερο αστρονομικό μνημείο της Αθήνας, στον Πύργο των Ανέμων. Από τις υπάρχουσες χαράξεις των εννέα εντοιχισμένων ηλιακών ωρολογίων που είναι ιδιαίτερης σημασίας, καθώς είναι τα μόνα που βρίσκονται ακόμη και σήμερα στον φυσικό τους χώρο, εξήχθησαν συμπεράσματα για την κατασκευαστική τους ακρίβεια και τη βέλτιστη θέση τοποθέτησης των γνωμόνων τους προκειμένου να λειτουργούν με ακρίβεια στο γεωγραφικό πλάτος της Αθήνας. Τέλος, διατυπώθηκε ολοκληρωμένη εκπαιδευτική πρόταση εκπόνησης μαθητικής έρευνας στο πλαίσιο των θεσμοθετημένων «Ερευνητικών Εργασιών» από μαθητές λυκείου με θέμα: «Τα ηλιακά ωρολόγια του Πύργου των Ανέμων» και προτάθηκαν δράσεις με σκοπό την εξοικείωση των μαθητών με τις διαδικασίες της έρευνας, την αξιοποίηση και εμπέδωση εννοιών της αστρονομίας και τη διάχυση της αστρονομικής γνώσης μέσω της εκπαίδευσης.
The aim of the thesis is to establish the methods of measuring time with ancient astronomical instruments and to determine their manufacturing accuracy. Conclusions were drawn from both the study of the work of ancient Greek astronomers (Aratus, Hipparchus, Claudius Ptolemy) and by in situ measurements taken after elaborately study of ancient marble sundials kept in the National Archaeological Museum, the Epigraphical Museum, the Stoa of Attalos in the Ancient Agora of Athens and the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. The study was extended to the most important astronomical monument of Athens, the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes in the Roman Agora, also known as the Tower of Winds. From the geometrical characteristics of the planar sundials of different orientations which are engraved in the upper external part of the octagonal building conclusions were drawn for their manufacturing accuracy and the optimal place where their gnomons should be set in order to operate accurately at the geographical latitude of Athens. Finally there were proposed educational activities for teachers interested in teaching topics related to ancient Greek sundials and other astronomical issues to students of Primary and Secondary Education (K-12 Educational System) based on inquiring based learning (IBL). An integrated educational proposal was performed entitled "The sundials of the Tower of the Winds" and other educational activities were also proposed so as students to become familiar with the research procedures, the terms and notions of astronomical knowledge through education.
"Η παρούσα εργασία αναφέρεται στην μελέτη των χαρακτηριστικών του ανιχνευτή Micromegas με δεδομέν... more "Η παρούσα εργασία αναφέρεται στην μελέτη των χαρακτηριστικών του ανιχνευτή Micromegas με δεδομένα δοκιμαστικής δέσμης στο SPS του CERN.
Ο ανιχνευτής Micromegas είναι ανιχνευτής αερίου και αποτελεί ιστορική εξέλιξη του θαλάμου ιονισμού. Πρωτοεμφανίστηκε το 1996 και χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε υψηλοενεργειακές εφαρμογές ανίχνευσης τροχιών φορτισμένων σωματιδίων.
Η κατασκευή του βασίζεται στην Τεχνολογία Printed Circuit Board (PCB) και το κόστος του είναι ιδιαίτερα χαμηλό (δυνατότητα κατασκευής ανιχνευτών μεγάλης επιφάνειας). Επιπροσθέτως, χαρακτηρίζεται και από καλή χωρική, χρονική διακριτική ικανότητα και απόδοση.
Οι ανιχνευτές Micromegas σύμφωνα με το R&D Project είναι υποψήφιοι για να αντικαταστήσουν μεγάλης επιφάνειας ανιχνευτές του φασματόμετρου μιονίων του πειράματος ATLAS.
Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται αναφορά στους ανιχνευτές αερίου (Κεφάλαιο Ι), στον ανιχνευτή του πειράματος ATLAS, στους ανιχνευτές του φασματόμετρου μιονίων του ιδίου πειράματος, στο R & D Project, στη διάταξη της δοκιμαστικής δέσμης (Test Beam Set up 2008) (Κεφάλαιο ΙΙ), καθώς και μια εκτενής αναφορά στα χαρακτηριστικά των ανιχνευτών Micromegas (Κεφάλαιο ΙΙΙ).
Τέλος (Κεφάλαιο ΙV), ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των δεδομένων της δοκιμαστικής δέσμης και μελετάται η συμπεριφορά του συλλεγόμενου φορτίου στην άνοδο του ανιχνευτή, της χωρικής διακριτικής ικανότητας και της απόδοσης του ανιχνευτή για διάφορες τιμές των εφαρμοζόμενων τάσεων-πεδίων, για διάφορα αέρια και για διαφορετικό εύρος του pitch της ανόδου του ανιχνευτή.
Από τη μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς των ανωτέρω μεγεθών προτάθηκαν τιμές για την τάση του πλέγματος του ανιχνευτή και το λόγο των εφαρμοζόμενων πεδίων, ώστε να επιτυγχάνεται ικανοποιητική λειτουργία του ανιχνευτή Micromegas.
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Η εκπόνηση της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας και η λήψη μετρήσεων έλαβαν χώρα στο Εργαστήριο Ραδιεν... more Η εκπόνηση της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας και η λήψη μετρήσεων έλαβαν χώρα στο Εργαστήριο Ραδιενέργειας Περιβάλλοντος της Ελληνικής Επιτροπής Ατομικής Ενέργειας (Ε.Ε.Α.Ε) .
Η μελέτη της πτυχιακής εργασίας διακρίνεται σε δύο μέρη: το θεωρητικό και το πειραματικό. Το πρώτο αναφέρεται σε μια γενική θεωρητική προσέγγιση του θέματος, ενώ το δεύτερο στη λήψη και την επεξεργασίας των μετρήσεων.
Στο θεωρητικό μέρος, μετά από μια πολύ συνοπτική αναφορά στη ραδιενέργεια περιβάλλοντος και στην προέλευση των φυσικών ραδιοϊσοτόπων, παρουσιάζονται τα γενικά χαρακτηριστικά και οι ιδιότητες των ανιχνευτών ημιαγωγού, καθώς και η δράση των ιονιζουσών ακτινοβολιών σ' αυτούς. Επιπροσθέτως, έγινε περιγραφή του ανιχνευτή υπερκάθαρου γερμανίου (HPGe) και ορίστηκαν και μερικά από τα βασικά μεγέθη που απαντώνται σε αυτήν την κατηγορία ανιχνευτικών συστημάτων.
Στα πλαίσια του πειραματικού μέρους της εργασίας, έγινε βαθμονόμηση της ενεργειακής απόδοσης του ανιχνευτή υπερκάθαρου γερμανίου (HPGe) που βρίσκεται στο Εργαστήριο Ραδιενέργειας Περιβάλλοντος (με καπάκι και χωρίς καπάκι) με τη χρήση πρότυπης πηγής 152Eu . Στη συνέχεια, μελετήθηκε η ενεργειακή απόδοση του ανιχνευτή και στις δύο περιπτώσεις και πραγματοποιήθηκε η εξαγωγή των πολυωνυμικών σχέσεων ενεργειακής απόδοσης για διάφορες γωνίες. Η εξαγωγή των σχέσεων αυτών είναι αναγκαία, προκειμένου να υπολογιστεί η απόδοση του συγκεκριμένου ανιχνευτή και οι ενέργειες φωτονίων που δεν συμπεριλαμβάνονται στα αρχικά δεδομένα. Έτσι µε τον τρόπο αυτό μπορεί να μελετηθεί όλο το φάσμα ενεργειών για μια πηγή. Τέλος, αφού βαθμονομήθηκε ο ανιχνευτής, μελετήθηκε η ικανότητά του να μετράει φυσική ραδιενέργεια σε περιβαλλοντικά δείγματα που προέρχονται από in-situ μετρήσεις και έγινε μια πλήρης ανάλυση κάποιων φασμάτων προκειμένου να προσδιοριστεί η ενεργότητα φυσικών ραδιοϊσοτόπων στα περιβαλλοντικά αυτά δείγματα.
Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η παρακολούθηση και μελέτη του πλημμυρικού καθεστ... more Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η παρακολούθηση και μελέτη του πλημμυρικού καθεστώτος στην Ελλάδα. Η μελέτη των πλημμυρικού καθεστώτος θα πραγματοποιηθεί πρώτα σε Ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο σύμφωνα με την Οδηγία Πλαίσιο 2000/60 για τα ύδατα και κατόπιν θα μελετηθεί ο αντίστοιχος νόμος που αφορά την Ελλάδα, καθώς και σε ποιο στάδιο έχει αυτός εφαρμοστεί. Αυτά τα νομοθετικά πλαίσια που υπάρχουν για την περίπτωση πλημμυρών στην Ελλάδα θα διερευνηθούν σε ποιο βαθμό έχουν υλοποιηθεί. Επομένως, θα γίνει μια εφαρμογή για τη διαχείριση των υδάτων στην λεκάνη απορροής του Πηνειού Θεσσαλίας, η οποία αποτελεί και πιλοτική λεκάνη της Ελλάδας για την Οδηγία Πλαίσιο 2000/60.
Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η διπλωματική εργασία χωρίζεται σε δυο μεγάλα τμήματα. Το πρώτο περιλαμβάνει μερικά εισαγωγικά στοιχεία σχετικά με το πλημμυρικό καθεστώς και τις νομοθετικές ρυθμίσεις σε ευρωπαϊκό και σε εθνικό επίπεδο, ενώ το δεύτερο αναφέρεται στην εφαρμογή αυτών των νομοθετικών ρυθμίσεων στην λεκάνη απορροής του ποταμού Πηνειού Θεσσαλίας.
Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στο πλημμυρικό φαινόμενο και στην ανάγκη της πλημμυρικής προστασίας μέσω κατασκευαστικών και μη κατασκευαστικών μέτρων.
Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται η Οδηγία Πλαίσιο 2000/60 για τα Νερά, καθώς και οι αντίστοιχοι νόμοι με τους οποίους εφαρμόζεται η Οδηγία αυτή στην Ελλάδα. Τονίζονται τα πιο σημαντικά σημεία τόσο της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο όσο και της ελληνικής νομοθεσίας που πρέπει να αξιοποιηθούν για την ολοκληρωμένη διαχείριση των υδάτων. Παρατίθενται επίσης και το χρονοδιάγραμμα εργασιών, γίνεται συνοπτική αναφορά στην ελληνική πραγματικότητα καθώς και στην συμμετοχή των φορέων για την υλοποίηση των νομοθετικών ρυθμίσεων.
Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται οι υδατικοί πόροι της Ελλάδας, τα Υδατικά Διαμερίσματα, καθώς και το υφιστάμενο πλαίσιο διαχείρισης τους. Το Υδατικό Διαμέρισμα Θεσσαλίας παρουσιάζεται πιο αναλυτικά, αφού είναι το υδατικό διαμέρισμα στο οποίο ανήκει ο Πηνειός. Κατόπιν, γίνεται αναφορά στην διοικητική δομή της Διεύθυνσης Υδάτων της Περιφέρειας Θεσσαλίας.
Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται ιστορικά στοιχεία-χαρακτηριστικά του Πηνειού και γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στην πιλοτική μελέτη της συγκεκριμένης λεκάνης απορροής. Παρουσιάζονται τα χρονοδιαγράμματα υλοποίησης των Πιλοτικών Μελετών σε ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο, αλλά και το αντίστοιχο για την περίπτωση του Πηνειού.
Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, περιγράφεται η μεθοδολογία η οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την μελέτη της λεκάνης απορροής του Πηνειού και στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί ανάλυση του ερωτηματολογίου. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται γενικά συμπεράσματα, τα οποία προκύπτουν τόσο από το ερωτηματολόγιο, όσο και από τα δευτερογενή στοιχεία για την περίπτωση της λεκάνης απορροής του Πηνειού. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται και γενικά συμπεράσματα και προτάσεις σχετικά με το βαθμό στον οποίο έχει εφαρμοστεί η Οδηγία στην Ελλάδα.
The aim of present work is the study and follow-up of the flood regime in Greece. Initially the flood regime is considered at a European level according to the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 and then the corresponding laws as well as the stage at which they have been implemented in Greece is reviewed. The existing legislative framework for floods in Greece is investigated regarding the degree of implementation. Furthermore, an application for integrated water resources management is conducted in the river basin of Pinios in Thessaly, which constitutes also the pilot basin of Greece in the Water Framework Directive.
More concretely, this work is separated in two parts. The first includes certain introductive elements with regard to the flood regime and the legislative regulations in European and national level, while the second refers to the implementation of WFD in the Pinios River basin.
The first chapter includes an introduction to floods and to the protection measures through constructional and not constructional methods.
In the second chapter the Water Framework Directive is presented, as well as the corresponding national laws of Greece. Also, the most important points for the implementation of integrated water resources management policies are stressed .
In the third chapter, the water resources in Greece, the different Water Districts as well as the present framework for water management are presented. Then, the Water District of Pinios River basin is comprehensively described.
In the fourth chapter, historical elements and characteristics of Pinios River are presented and the pilot study for this river basin is extensively analysed.
In the fifth chapter, the methodology which was used for the study of Pinios River basin is described and then the relevant results and conclusions are reported. Also, general conclusions on legislation concerning the flood regime in Greece are presented as well as the degree at which this has been implemented in the specific study area.
Research Paths team (STEM4youth Project, Horizon 2020), 2018
Since prehistoric times, astronomy had many applications in everyday life. It was necessary for a... more Since prehistoric times, astronomy had many applications in everyday life. It was necessary for agriculture, traveling, navigation, weather forecast but also gave new insights to the understanding of nature. Our course starts by introducing the students to classical astronomical themes such as the history of the theories about the universe and the structure of the solar system. Then deals with the practical applications of astronomy and astrophysics: How was the construction of spacecrafts and satellites made possible? How do satellites affect our lives? How important is the Greenhouse effect for life on earth to exist? Finally, we exploit the interdisciplinary character of astronomy and through it we introduce the students to some of the basic notions of epistemology such as the concept of a scientific law and the notion and the application of the scientific method. Our aim is to open to the young students the world of astronomy and show them the many new and exciting careers that they may follow by studying it.