Peter Kirby Higgs | Universidade Nova de Lisboa (original) (raw)

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Drafts by Peter Kirby Higgs

When Jacques Cartier's expedition, sponsored by King Francis I of France arrived in the St Lawren... more When Jacques Cartier's expedition, sponsored by King Francis I of France arrived in the St Lawrence in 1534, the Portuguese had already established a base in Cape Breton, used by Portuguese and Basque fishermen and traders. He knew this because he had already visited the settlement at Ingonish (or perhaps Mira). The exchequer in Lisbon was taxing cod from Newfoundland (at 10%) in 1512.
The name the Portuguese used for the St Lawrence was "Canada" a place-name meaning waterway or route. This name originated from Tavira in the Algarve where "Canada" still exists as a place name dating, according to records in the Municipal library, from at least 1483.
The name also exists in many locations in the Azores for roads or routes.
João Vaz Corte Real, a member of the Ordem de Cristo and therefore member of the court inner circle was nominated by King Afonso ("the African") to lead a secret joint Portuguese/Kalmar (=Scandinavian) expedition in 1474. They (re-)discovered North America: this is recorded on the Mercator globe.
Cartier adopted the name for the St Lawrence that appears on French maps of the period as "Rio de Canada" in Portuguese. There is no evidence for the official version that Cartier used "Kanata" to describe anything other than an Iroquois word for hut or village.
For over a century the territory was named after Corte Real and Lavrador, the two Portuguese captains who discovered the territory over a decade before Columbus. This included maps published before Cartier's "discovery". Also Bacalhao ( codfish) was used for Newfoundland on maps of several origins (French, Flemish, English) until, a couple of centuries after Tordesilhas, the Portuguese connection disappeared in the fog of collective memory. History only granted to João Fernandes Lavrador the right to a name for part of Canada.
The designation Canada appeared on maps, describing different parts of the continent until, as a neutral non-polemic name, for Europeans and native Canadians alike, was adopted for the entire nation.

Papers by Peter Kirby Higgs

In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for America... more In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for American children. Christopher Columbus, or Cristoferens Colon according to his signature, was, by popular consensus, the discoverer of a continent once unknown to Europeans. After years of virtual exile, side-lined by the Castilian state with which he entered into dispute, surpassed as an admired discoverer by Magalhães and Elcano, Vespucci, Verazzano and Cabot, his notoriety as the first European to arrive in the Americas was restored in the 19th century for North Americans and, by osmosis, for the rest of the world, emphasised by the popular writer Walt Whitman. (1) Noble David Cook, Emeritus Professor of History at Florida International University in his essay "The Columbian Exchange" acknowledged that there were transatlantic voyages before 1492. (2) Mark Kurlansky, in his fascinating book "Cod." writes, referring to Basque fishermen in Cape Breton "During the fifteenth century, most Atlantic fishing communities believed that they had (visited North American waters). But without physical proof, many historians are sceptical, just as they were about the Viking travels to North America". (3) We will examine this issue in the following headings: 1. Ocean currents 2. The Irish and Scots 3. The Norse 4. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 1) 5. The Knights of Infante Dom Henrique 6. The Luso-Scandinavian initiative 7. The Flemish and Germans 8. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 2) The Italians 9. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 3) The Anglo-Azorean Consortium 10. The French 11. A puzzle still unsolved 1. Ocean currents

In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for America... more In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for American children. Christopher Columbus, or Cristoferens Colon according to his signature, was, by popular consensus, the discoverer of a continent once unknown to Europeans. After years of virtual exile, side-lined by the Castilian state with which he entered into dispute, surpassed as an admired discoverer by Magalhães and Elcano, Vespucci, Verazzano and Cabot, his notoriety as the first European to arrive in the Americas was restored in the 19th century for North Americans and, by osmosis, for the rest of the world, emphasised by the popular writer Walt Whitman. (1) Noble David Cook, Emeritus Professor of History at Florida International University in his essay "The Columbian Exchange" acknowledged that there were transatlantic voyages before 1492. (2) Mark Kurlansky, in his fascinating book "Cod." writes, referring to Basque fishermen in Cape Breton "During the fifteenth century, most Atlantic fishing communities believed that they had (visited North American waters). But without physical proof, many historians are sceptical, just as they were about the Viking travels to North America". (3) We will examine this issue in the following headings: 1. Ocean currents 2. The Irish and Scots 3. The Norse 4. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 1) 5. The Knights of Infante Dom Henrique 6. The Luso-Scandinavian initiative 7. The Flemish and Germans 8. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 2) The Italians 9. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 3) The Anglo-Azorean Consortium 10. The French 11. A puzzle still unsolved 1. Ocean currents

When Jacques Cartier's expedition, sponsored by King Francis I of France arrived in the St Lawren... more When Jacques Cartier's expedition, sponsored by King Francis I of France arrived in the St Lawrence in 1534, the Portuguese had already established a base in Cape Breton, used by Portuguese and Basque fishermen and traders. He knew this because he had already visited the settlement at Ingonish (or perhaps Mira). The exchequer in Lisbon was taxing cod from Newfoundland (at 10%) in 1512.
The name the Portuguese used for the St Lawrence was "Canada" a place-name meaning waterway or route. This name originated from Tavira in the Algarve where "Canada" still exists as a place name dating, according to records in the Municipal library, from at least 1483.
The name also exists in many locations in the Azores for roads or routes.
João Vaz Corte Real, a member of the Ordem de Cristo and therefore member of the court inner circle was nominated by King Afonso ("the African") to lead a secret joint Portuguese/Kalmar (=Scandinavian) expedition in 1474. They (re-)discovered North America: this is recorded on the Mercator globe.
Cartier adopted the name for the St Lawrence that appears on French maps of the period as "Rio de Canada" in Portuguese. There is no evidence for the official version that Cartier used "Kanata" to describe anything other than an Iroquois word for hut or village.
For over a century the territory was named after Corte Real and Lavrador, the two Portuguese captains who discovered the territory over a decade before Columbus. This included maps published before Cartier's "discovery". Also Bacalhao ( codfish) was used for Newfoundland on maps of several origins (French, Flemish, English) until, a couple of centuries after Tordesilhas, the Portuguese connection disappeared in the fog of collective memory. History only granted to João Fernandes Lavrador the right to a name for part of Canada.
The designation Canada appeared on maps, describing different parts of the continent until, as a neutral non-polemic name, for Europeans and native Canadians alike, was adopted for the entire nation.

In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for America... more In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for American children. Christopher Columbus, or Cristoferens Colon according to his signature, was, by popular consensus, the discoverer of a continent once unknown to Europeans. After years of virtual exile, side-lined by the Castilian state with which he entered into dispute, surpassed as an admired discoverer by Magalhães and Elcano, Vespucci, Verazzano and Cabot, his notoriety as the first European to arrive in the Americas was restored in the 19th century for North Americans and, by osmosis, for the rest of the world, emphasised by the popular writer Walt Whitman. (1) Noble David Cook, Emeritus Professor of History at Florida International University in his essay "The Columbian Exchange" acknowledged that there were transatlantic voyages before 1492. (2) Mark Kurlansky, in his fascinating book "Cod." writes, referring to Basque fishermen in Cape Breton "During the fifteenth century, most Atlantic fishing communities believed that they had (visited North American waters). But without physical proof, many historians are sceptical, just as they were about the Viking travels to North America". (3) We will examine this issue in the following headings: 1. Ocean currents 2. The Irish and Scots 3. The Norse 4. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 1) 5. The Knights of Infante Dom Henrique 6. The Luso-Scandinavian initiative 7. The Flemish and Germans 8. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 2) The Italians 9. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 3) The Anglo-Azorean Consortium 10. The French 11. A puzzle still unsolved 1. Ocean currents

In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for America... more In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for American children. Christopher Columbus, or Cristoferens Colon according to his signature, was, by popular consensus, the discoverer of a continent once unknown to Europeans. After years of virtual exile, side-lined by the Castilian state with which he entered into dispute, surpassed as an admired discoverer by Magalhães and Elcano, Vespucci, Verazzano and Cabot, his notoriety as the first European to arrive in the Americas was restored in the 19th century for North Americans and, by osmosis, for the rest of the world, emphasised by the popular writer Walt Whitman. (1) Noble David Cook, Emeritus Professor of History at Florida International University in his essay "The Columbian Exchange" acknowledged that there were transatlantic voyages before 1492. (2) Mark Kurlansky, in his fascinating book "Cod." writes, referring to Basque fishermen in Cape Breton "During the fifteenth century, most Atlantic fishing communities believed that they had (visited North American waters). But without physical proof, many historians are sceptical, just as they were about the Viking travels to North America". (3) We will examine this issue in the following headings: 1. Ocean currents 2. The Irish and Scots 3. The Norse 4. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 1) 5. The Knights of Infante Dom Henrique 6. The Luso-Scandinavian initiative 7. The Flemish and Germans 8. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 2) The Italians 9. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 3) The Anglo-Azorean Consortium 10. The French 11. A puzzle still unsolved 1. Ocean currents