Communication in Physical Sciences | University of Nigeria, Nsukka (original) (raw)

Papers by Communication in Physical Sciences

Research paper thumbnail of Studies on the Levels of Heavy Metal Ions in Stream and Borehole Water within Ibiaku Osuk Settlement, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 241-245-, 2021

This study examined the concentration of heavy metals levels instream and borehole within Ibiaku ... more This study examined the concentration of heavy metals levels instream and borehole within Ibiaku Osuk settlement in Ibiono Ibom local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results obtained for stream water were iron (Fe)

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrochemical study of shallow ground water in Ikot Abasi Coastal Aquifer

Communication in Physical Sciences, 2021

A hydrochemical study of shallow groundwater in Ikot Abasi coastal aquifer, Niger Delta, Nigeria,... more A hydrochemical study of shallow groundwater in Ikot Abasi coastal aquifer, Niger Delta, Nigeria, was undertaken, to assess the impact of incidences of oil bunkering, crude oil refining activities, burning of natural gas for power generation and aluminum smelting activities. Six groundwater samples were collected from existing boreholes at different stations, for dry and wet seasons respectively. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, cations (Ca 2+ , Na + , K + and Mg 2+) , anions (chloride, sulphate, nitrate and bicarbonate), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, alkalinity and total hardness , bicarbonate (HCO3-) and alkalinity, using standard analytical procedures by American Public Health Association. To establish the water types in the study area, the test results acquired for exchangeable cations and nutrients were subjected to Piper Plot, Durov Plot, and Gandha Plot for two seasons. The Piper Plot developed from experimental data revealed that water facies in Ikot Abasi aquifer are confined to only two types, with the majority of the samples having 67 percent plotted in the Ca-Mg-Cl water type, while 23 percent of the samples showed Na-Cl water type, which suggests freshness of the water with minor contribution from saline contribution. However, the Chandha plot for the groundwater indicated that within the study area 66.6 percent of the samples plot are within subfields-5, representing Ca 2+-Mg 2+-HCO3water type, while 33 percent were of the samples plot within subfield-4, which is an indication of the presence of a significant concentration of acidic ions over weak anions, signifying strong acidic anions in the water exceeding weak acidic anions. Also, the observed pattern for the results of the Durov plot reveals that 66 percent of the samples plot are in the reverse ion exchange zone and

Research paper thumbnail of Ab initio Calculation of CuSbSe2 in Bulk and Monolayer for Solar Cell and Infrared Optoelectronic Applications

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 229-240, 2021

The production of efficient, less toxic and low-cost solar cell devices is still faced with numer... more The production of efficient, less toxic and low-cost solar cell devices is still faced with numerous challenges. However, copper antimony selenide (CuSbSe2) appears to be the more promising material due to cost effectiveness, ease of availability and less toxicity. Therefore, the exploration of the potential of this composite requires, comprehensive analysis of its structural, electronic and optical properties. To accomplish this purpose, first-principles calculations employing the development of correction terms for the van der Waals interaction has been implemented in this study. Results obtained from structural properties calculations indicated that the role of van der Waals (vdW) interactions on structural properties of layered materials can be predicted from theoretical bases because results obtained for the lattice parameters using vdW on top of PBE were in good correlation with experimental results. The electronic properties investigations gave values for the electronic band structures, partial and total densities of states. Indirect band gap was observed for bulk CuSbSe2 with band gap value of 0.83 eV, which was also in agreement with experiment result. By reducing the dimension from bulk to monolayer a direct band gap smaller than that of bulk form was obtained, indicating that CuSbSe2 is suitable for solar cell and near infrared optoelectronic applications. The optical gap of CuSbSe2 in bulk and monolayer structure was found to be 0.83 and 0.21 eV respectively. Therefore, CuSbSe2 can absorb photons, whose energy lies between that of the near infrared to visible light frequency. The study confirmed the importance of van der Waals interaction in predicting, structural, electronic and optical properties of layered materials. Analysis of optical parameters suggested that a device fabricated from these materials can be operated on a wide range of energy scale including solar cells, optical communications and biomedical imaging.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose... more The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0 C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0 C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0 C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 203-217, 2021

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose... more The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0 C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0 C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0 C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated.

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Biological and DFT Studies of 2,4,6-Tris(4-Carboxyphenylimino-4 1 -Formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-Triazine and its Trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) Salen Capped Complexes

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 182-202, 2021

A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (... more A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (H3CT) and its trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) complexes were synthesized. Characterization of these compounds was done via UV-Visible, IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral studies indicate that the ligand is hexadentate and coordinates to Dy/Er(III) ions through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group. The trinuclear complexes were characterized as being bridged by a carboxylic group to the Dy(III) and Er(III) salen centres and displays a coordination number of six. Biological studies revealed that the Dy(III) complex showed the highest activity against tested microorganisms and also gave the highest percentage parasitemia inhibition (84.0 %) relative to Artesunate (87.2 %). DFT calculations were carried out to enhance understanding of H3CT at the molecular level based on (B3LYP)/6-31+G(d,p). The molecular docking results revealed the binding mode of H3CT complexed with Staphylococcus aureus.

Research paper thumbnail of GCMS, FTIR, SEM, physiochemical and rheological studies on Albizia zygia gum

GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy), S... more GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), physiochemical and rheological analysis of Albizia zygia gum have been carried out. Albizia zygia exudate is a brownish in colour, acidic and ionic gum. GCMS spectra of the gum indicated the presence of (E)-methyl octadec-7-enoate (41.18 %), methyl palmitate (18.64 %), methyl stearate (19.13 %), (9E,12E)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (11.88 %), methyl icosanoate (1.85 %), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl oleate (2.05 %), (Z)-octadec-13-enal (1.63 %), 2-hydroxy-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl stearate (1.55 %), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl stearate (0.82 %), dimethyl phthalate (0.58 %) and 3-((aminomethoxy) (hydroxy)phosphoryloxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (0.70 %). The FTIR spectrum of the gum indicated several functional groups, including –OH, CO and C=O. From the scanning electron micrograph, the morphology of the gum shows irregular shapes embedded on the surface. Rheological studies indicated that the viscosity of the gum increased with increasing pH but decreased with an increase in temperature. Application of Huggins, Kraemer and Tanglertpaibul and Rao models indicated that the intrinsic viscosity of the gum is in the range of 0.5-0.8. Plots obtained for the variation of viscosity with shear rate and shear rate with shear stress confirmed that Albizia zygia gum is a non Newtonian dilatant polymer with a characteristic shear thickening property.

Research paper thumbnail of GCMS studies on Anogessus leocarpus (Al) gum and their corrosion inhibition potential for mild steel in 0.1 M HCl

International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2011

GCMS study of Anogessus leocarpus gum (AL gum) indicated the presence of sucrose (10.03 %), phtha... more GCMS study of Anogessus leocarpus gum (AL gum) indicated the presence of sucrose (10.03 %), phthalic acid (2.53 %), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.73 %), oleic acid (30.49 %), pentacenequinone (4.41 %) and 2,3-diphenylnaphthoquinone (21.43 %). The gum was found to be a good adsorption inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in HCl solution. The adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel surface is exothermic, spontaneous, Langmuir type and supports the mechanism of charged transfer from the inhibitor's molecule to the charged metal surface. FTIR study of the AL gum and the corrosion product of mild steel (in the presence of AL gum as an inhibitor) indicated the presence of interaction between the inhibitor and the metal surface (some shifts in frequencies of IR adsorption), some functional groups were used for the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the metal surface (missing functional groups) and others for the formation of Fe-inhibitor complex (new functional groups formed). The inhibition of mild steel corrosion is proposed to occur through synergistic combination of the constituents of the inhibitor, which facilitates the formation of multi-molecular layer of adsorption and the formation of inhibitor-metal complex, which protected the metal from further corrosion attack.

Research paper thumbnail of Adsorption and quantum chemical studies on the inhibition potentials of some thiosemicarbazides for the corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2010

Three thiosemicarbazides, namely 2-(2-aminophenyl)-N phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (AP4PT), N,2-d... more Three thiosemicarbazides, namely 2-(2-aminophenyl)-N phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (AP4PT), N,2-diphenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (D4PT) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-N-phenyl hydrazinecarbothioamide (HP4PT), were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in H 2 SO 4 solution using gravimetric and gasometric methods. The results revealed that they all inhibit corrosion and their % inhibition efficiencies (%IE) follow the order: AP4PT > HP4PT > D4PT. The %IE obtained from the gravimetric and gasometric experiments were in good agreement. The thermodynamic parameters obtained support a physical adsorption mechanism and the adsorption followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Some quantum chemical parameters were calculated using different methods and correlated with the experimental %IE. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used on a composite index of some quantum chemical parameters to characterize the inhibition performance of the studied molecules. The results showed that the %IE were closely related to some of the quantum chemical parameters, but with varying degrees. The calculated/theoretical %IE of the molecules were found to be close to their experimental %IE. The local reactivity has been studied through the Fukui and condensed softness indices in order to predict both the reactive centers and to know the possible sites of nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks.

Research paper thumbnail of QSAR, experimental and computational chemistry simulation studies on the inhibition potentials of some amino acids for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 M HCl

International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2011

... QSAR, Experimental and Computational Chemistry Simulation Studies on the Inhibition Potential... more ... QSAR, Experimental and Computational Chemistry Simulation Studies on the Inhibition Potentials of Some Amino Acids for the Corrosion of Mild Steel in 0.1 M HCl Nnabuk O. Eddy 1,* , Femi E. Awe 1 , Casmir. E. Gimba 1 , Nkechi O. Ibisi 2 , Eno E. Ebenso 3 , * ...

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) :203-217, 2021

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose... more The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0 C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0 C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0 C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated.

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Biological and DFT Studies of 2,4,6-Tris(4-Carboxyphenylimino-4 1 -Formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-Triazine and its Trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) Salen Capped Complexes

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3):182-202, 2021

A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (... more A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (H3CT) and its trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) complexes were synthesized. Characterization of these compounds was done via UV-Visible, IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral studies indicate that the ligand is hexadentate and coordinates to Dy/Er(III) ions through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group. The trinuclear complexes were characterized as being bridged by a carboxylic group to the Dy(III) and Er(III) salen centres and displays a coordination number of six. Biological studies revealed that the Dy(III) complex showed the highest activity against tested microorganisms and also gave the highest percentage parasitemia inhibition (84.0 %) relative to Artesunate (87.2 %). DFT calculations were carried out to enhance understanding of H3CT at the molecular level based on (B3LYP)/6-31+G(d,p). The molecular docking results revealed the binding mode of H3CT complexed with Staphylococcus aureus.

Research paper thumbnail of Cow Dung and Kitchen Waste as Economical Source of Biogas: Production and Analysis

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) :174-181, 2021

The production of biogas by co-digestion of cow dung and kitchen wastes were facilitated in this ... more The production of biogas by co-digestion of cow dung and kitchen wastes were facilitated in this work. Locally source 20 litres digester and gas collection systems were prepared. The feed materials were collected locally, pre-fermented, digested and analysed. Purification of the produced biogas was carried out by passing the gas through three chambers containing 40% KOH, CaO.activated charcoal and silica gel/activated charcoal respectively. The flame of the combusting purified biogas was observed to be more intense than that of the freshly produced impure biogas both in colour and height. The study confirmed that biogas can easily be generated and purified using locally and cheaply available raw materials.

Research paper thumbnail of Confinement Effects and Emission Spectra of − Quantum Dots Nanostructure

Communication in Sciences, 7(3):164-173 , 2021

Quantum confinements in − spherical semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has been theoretically studi... more Quantum confinements in − spherical semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has been theoretically studied using the Particle in a box Model based on the effective mass approximation and quantum confinement effects. The valence band degeneracy in Г point of the Brillouin zone and the effective mass anisotropy are also taken into account. The emission intensity spectrum was also investigatedtoo understand the effect of alloy composition(x) on the spectrum. The results show that the ground state confinement energy is largely dependent on radius of the dot and alloy composition(x). Thus, as dot radius decreases, the confinement energy increases. Hence, confinement energies could be tuned by changing the radius of QDs and the GaNcompositions, which play a fundamental role in the optical and electronic properties of QDs of all the transitions in the degenerate bands. Also, the theoretically calculated emission intensity spectrum shifted towards higher energy region (lower wavelengths) by mere increasing the alloy compositions (x) of the semiconductor quantum Dot active region − .

Research paper thumbnail of A Type I Half Logistic Exponentiated-G Family of Distributions: Properties and Application

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3): 147-163, 2021

Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in... more Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in recent years from families of distributions to aid their application in a variety of fields. The Type I half-logistic exponentiated-G family of distributions which generalizes and extends the Type I half-logistic family of distributions, with two extra positive shape parameters is investigated and proposed. We discuss some of the statistical properties of the proposed family such as explicit expressions for the quantile function, ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, reliability and order statistics. Some of the new family's submodels are discussed. We discuss the estimation of the model parameters by method of maximum likelihood. Two real data sets are employed to show the applicability and flexibility of the new family.

Research paper thumbnail of Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil Rhizosphere and Onion Bulbs Cultivated in Danbam Farmlands, North East, Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3):140-146, 2021

This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhiz... more This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhizosphere and onion bulbs from four locations in the Danbam area of Bauchi State Spectrophotometry method were employed for the determination of the concentrations of the metals. The concentrations of all the heavy metals were found to be in the range 4.06 × 10-8 to 1.91 × 10-1 mg/kg which are below the permissible level (0.02, 500 and 0.3 mg/kg for Cd, Mn and Pb respectively) set by FAO/WHO. The study also revealed that daily metal intake (DIM), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were below unity and points to nonexistence of potential public health. Calculated bioconcentration factors (BCF) suggested a higher concentration of heavy metal ions in the soil than in the onion bulbs and did not portray any risk to public health.

Research paper thumbnail of Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil Rhizosphere and Onion Bulbs Cultivated in Danbam Farmlands, North East, Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 140-146, 2020

This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhiz... more This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhizosphere and onion bulbs from four locations in Danbam area of Bauchi State Spectrophotometry method was employed for the determination of the concentrations of the metals. The concentrations of all the heavy metals were found to be in the range 4.06 × 10-8 to 1.91 × 10-1 mg/kg which are below the permissible level (0.02, 500 and 0.3 mg/kg for Cd, Mn and Pb respectively) set by FAO/WHO. The study also revealed that daily metal intake (DIM), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were below unity and points to a nonexistence of potential public health. Calculated bioconcentration factors (BCF) suggested higher concentration of heavy metal ions in the soil than in the onion bulbs and did not portray any risk to public health.

Research paper thumbnail of A Type I Half Logistic Exponentiated-G Family of Distributions: Properties and Application

Communication in Physical Sciences 7(3):147-166, 2020

Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in... more Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in recent years from families of distributions to aid their application in a variety of fields. The Type I half-logistic exponentiated-G family of distributions which generalizes and extends the Type I half-logistic family of distributions, with two extra positive shape parameters is investigated and proposed. We discuss some of the statistical properties of the proposed family such as explicit expressions for the quantile function, ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, reliability and order statistics. Some of the new family's submodels are discussed. We discuss the estimation of the model parameters by method of maximum likelihood. Two real data sets are employed to show the applicability and flexibility of the new family.

Research paper thumbnail of Thermodynamic properties and mass spectra of a quarkonium system with Ultra Generalized Exponential-Hyperbolic Potential

We solved the N-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation analytically using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method ... more We solved the N-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation analytically using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method to obtain the energy eigenvalues and corresponding wave function in terms of Laguerre polynomials with the ultra-generalized exponential-hyperbolic potential. The results were applied for calculating the mass spectra of heavy mesons including charmonium (cc) and bottomonium (bb) for different quantum states. Also, the thermodynamic properties such as free energy, mean energy, entropy, and specific heat were obtained. The data obtained in the study was in excellent agreement with experimental results and with results obtained from others with a maximum error of 0.0059 GeV .

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Time Complexities of Bayesian Vs Hybridized Word Stemming Techniques for Advanced Fee Fraud Emails Filtering

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(2) 82-86, 2021

Time execution of content-based spam filter was investigated using the Bayesian statistical algor... more Time execution of content-based spam filter was investigated using the Bayesian statistical algorithm against Bayesian statistical algorithm incorporated with a word stemming. The execution time intervals for the algorithms implementation of the two techniques were evaluated by subjecting the filters to manipulated and non-manipulate spam mails. The experiment shown that both single technique (Bayesian) and combined techniques (Bayesian incorporated with word stemming) executed suspicious terms manipulated mails faster (within a short time) compared to non-manipulate suspicious terms mails. Combined algorithms performed better and faster in a sophisticated and manipulated environment. The algorithm is more rugged and performed better when suspicious term/tokens were manipulated to deceit the filter.

Research paper thumbnail of Studies on the Levels of Heavy Metal Ions in Stream and Borehole Water within Ibiaku Osuk Settlement, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 241-245-, 2021

This study examined the concentration of heavy metals levels instream and borehole within Ibiaku ... more This study examined the concentration of heavy metals levels instream and borehole within Ibiaku Osuk settlement in Ibiono Ibom local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results obtained for stream water were iron (Fe)

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrochemical study of shallow ground water in Ikot Abasi Coastal Aquifer

Communication in Physical Sciences, 2021

A hydrochemical study of shallow groundwater in Ikot Abasi coastal aquifer, Niger Delta, Nigeria,... more A hydrochemical study of shallow groundwater in Ikot Abasi coastal aquifer, Niger Delta, Nigeria, was undertaken, to assess the impact of incidences of oil bunkering, crude oil refining activities, burning of natural gas for power generation and aluminum smelting activities. Six groundwater samples were collected from existing boreholes at different stations, for dry and wet seasons respectively. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, cations (Ca 2+ , Na + , K + and Mg 2+) , anions (chloride, sulphate, nitrate and bicarbonate), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, alkalinity and total hardness , bicarbonate (HCO3-) and alkalinity, using standard analytical procedures by American Public Health Association. To establish the water types in the study area, the test results acquired for exchangeable cations and nutrients were subjected to Piper Plot, Durov Plot, and Gandha Plot for two seasons. The Piper Plot developed from experimental data revealed that water facies in Ikot Abasi aquifer are confined to only two types, with the majority of the samples having 67 percent plotted in the Ca-Mg-Cl water type, while 23 percent of the samples showed Na-Cl water type, which suggests freshness of the water with minor contribution from saline contribution. However, the Chandha plot for the groundwater indicated that within the study area 66.6 percent of the samples plot are within subfields-5, representing Ca 2+-Mg 2+-HCO3water type, while 33 percent were of the samples plot within subfield-4, which is an indication of the presence of a significant concentration of acidic ions over weak anions, signifying strong acidic anions in the water exceeding weak acidic anions. Also, the observed pattern for the results of the Durov plot reveals that 66 percent of the samples plot are in the reverse ion exchange zone and

Research paper thumbnail of Ab initio Calculation of CuSbSe2 in Bulk and Monolayer for Solar Cell and Infrared Optoelectronic Applications

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 229-240, 2021

The production of efficient, less toxic and low-cost solar cell devices is still faced with numer... more The production of efficient, less toxic and low-cost solar cell devices is still faced with numerous challenges. However, copper antimony selenide (CuSbSe2) appears to be the more promising material due to cost effectiveness, ease of availability and less toxicity. Therefore, the exploration of the potential of this composite requires, comprehensive analysis of its structural, electronic and optical properties. To accomplish this purpose, first-principles calculations employing the development of correction terms for the van der Waals interaction has been implemented in this study. Results obtained from structural properties calculations indicated that the role of van der Waals (vdW) interactions on structural properties of layered materials can be predicted from theoretical bases because results obtained for the lattice parameters using vdW on top of PBE were in good correlation with experimental results. The electronic properties investigations gave values for the electronic band structures, partial and total densities of states. Indirect band gap was observed for bulk CuSbSe2 with band gap value of 0.83 eV, which was also in agreement with experiment result. By reducing the dimension from bulk to monolayer a direct band gap smaller than that of bulk form was obtained, indicating that CuSbSe2 is suitable for solar cell and near infrared optoelectronic applications. The optical gap of CuSbSe2 in bulk and monolayer structure was found to be 0.83 and 0.21 eV respectively. Therefore, CuSbSe2 can absorb photons, whose energy lies between that of the near infrared to visible light frequency. The study confirmed the importance of van der Waals interaction in predicting, structural, electronic and optical properties of layered materials. Analysis of optical parameters suggested that a device fabricated from these materials can be operated on a wide range of energy scale including solar cells, optical communications and biomedical imaging.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose... more The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0 C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0 C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0 C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 203-217, 2021

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose... more The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0 C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0 C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0 C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated.

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Biological and DFT Studies of 2,4,6-Tris(4-Carboxyphenylimino-4 1 -Formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-Triazine and its Trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) Salen Capped Complexes

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 182-202, 2021

A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (... more A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (H3CT) and its trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) complexes were synthesized. Characterization of these compounds was done via UV-Visible, IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral studies indicate that the ligand is hexadentate and coordinates to Dy/Er(III) ions through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group. The trinuclear complexes were characterized as being bridged by a carboxylic group to the Dy(III) and Er(III) salen centres and displays a coordination number of six. Biological studies revealed that the Dy(III) complex showed the highest activity against tested microorganisms and also gave the highest percentage parasitemia inhibition (84.0 %) relative to Artesunate (87.2 %). DFT calculations were carried out to enhance understanding of H3CT at the molecular level based on (B3LYP)/6-31+G(d,p). The molecular docking results revealed the binding mode of H3CT complexed with Staphylococcus aureus.

Research paper thumbnail of GCMS, FTIR, SEM, physiochemical and rheological studies on Albizia zygia gum

GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy), S... more GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), physiochemical and rheological analysis of Albizia zygia gum have been carried out. Albizia zygia exudate is a brownish in colour, acidic and ionic gum. GCMS spectra of the gum indicated the presence of (E)-methyl octadec-7-enoate (41.18 %), methyl palmitate (18.64 %), methyl stearate (19.13 %), (9E,12E)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (11.88 %), methyl icosanoate (1.85 %), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl oleate (2.05 %), (Z)-octadec-13-enal (1.63 %), 2-hydroxy-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl stearate (1.55 %), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl stearate (0.82 %), dimethyl phthalate (0.58 %) and 3-((aminomethoxy) (hydroxy)phosphoryloxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (0.70 %). The FTIR spectrum of the gum indicated several functional groups, including –OH, CO and C=O. From the scanning electron micrograph, the morphology of the gum shows irregular shapes embedded on the surface. Rheological studies indicated that the viscosity of the gum increased with increasing pH but decreased with an increase in temperature. Application of Huggins, Kraemer and Tanglertpaibul and Rao models indicated that the intrinsic viscosity of the gum is in the range of 0.5-0.8. Plots obtained for the variation of viscosity with shear rate and shear rate with shear stress confirmed that Albizia zygia gum is a non Newtonian dilatant polymer with a characteristic shear thickening property.

Research paper thumbnail of GCMS studies on Anogessus leocarpus (Al) gum and their corrosion inhibition potential for mild steel in 0.1 M HCl

International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2011

GCMS study of Anogessus leocarpus gum (AL gum) indicated the presence of sucrose (10.03 %), phtha... more GCMS study of Anogessus leocarpus gum (AL gum) indicated the presence of sucrose (10.03 %), phthalic acid (2.53 %), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.73 %), oleic acid (30.49 %), pentacenequinone (4.41 %) and 2,3-diphenylnaphthoquinone (21.43 %). The gum was found to be a good adsorption inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in HCl solution. The adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel surface is exothermic, spontaneous, Langmuir type and supports the mechanism of charged transfer from the inhibitor's molecule to the charged metal surface. FTIR study of the AL gum and the corrosion product of mild steel (in the presence of AL gum as an inhibitor) indicated the presence of interaction between the inhibitor and the metal surface (some shifts in frequencies of IR adsorption), some functional groups were used for the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the metal surface (missing functional groups) and others for the formation of Fe-inhibitor complex (new functional groups formed). The inhibition of mild steel corrosion is proposed to occur through synergistic combination of the constituents of the inhibitor, which facilitates the formation of multi-molecular layer of adsorption and the formation of inhibitor-metal complex, which protected the metal from further corrosion attack.

Research paper thumbnail of Adsorption and quantum chemical studies on the inhibition potentials of some thiosemicarbazides for the corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2010

Three thiosemicarbazides, namely 2-(2-aminophenyl)-N phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (AP4PT), N,2-d... more Three thiosemicarbazides, namely 2-(2-aminophenyl)-N phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (AP4PT), N,2-diphenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (D4PT) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-N-phenyl hydrazinecarbothioamide (HP4PT), were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in H 2 SO 4 solution using gravimetric and gasometric methods. The results revealed that they all inhibit corrosion and their % inhibition efficiencies (%IE) follow the order: AP4PT > HP4PT > D4PT. The %IE obtained from the gravimetric and gasometric experiments were in good agreement. The thermodynamic parameters obtained support a physical adsorption mechanism and the adsorption followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Some quantum chemical parameters were calculated using different methods and correlated with the experimental %IE. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used on a composite index of some quantum chemical parameters to characterize the inhibition performance of the studied molecules. The results showed that the %IE were closely related to some of the quantum chemical parameters, but with varying degrees. The calculated/theoretical %IE of the molecules were found to be close to their experimental %IE. The local reactivity has been studied through the Fukui and condensed softness indices in order to predict both the reactive centers and to know the possible sites of nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks.

Research paper thumbnail of QSAR, experimental and computational chemistry simulation studies on the inhibition potentials of some amino acids for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 M HCl

International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2011

... QSAR, Experimental and Computational Chemistry Simulation Studies on the Inhibition Potential... more ... QSAR, Experimental and Computational Chemistry Simulation Studies on the Inhibition Potentials of Some Amino Acids for the Corrosion of Mild Steel in 0.1 M HCl Nnabuk O. Eddy 1,* , Femi E. Awe 1 , Casmir. E. Gimba 1 , Nkechi O. Ibisi 2 , Eno E. Ebenso 3 , * ...

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Cow Bone Using Parinarium Macrophylum Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) :203-217, 2021

The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose... more The production of biodiesel from oil seeds as feedstock is gaining more attention for the purpose of having alternative fuels without interfering with the food chain. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oils extracted from the P. macrophylum feed, which served as a feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the extracted seed oil were characterized for % yield (45.0%), specific gravity (0.82), refractive index (0.92), pH (4.52), colour (brown), acid value (4.3), saponification (108), iodine value (110), peroxide value (5.3) and viscosity (6.7). The cow bones sample were crushed into fine powdered of size, 105 µm and calcined at 500 0 C. The calcined cow bone was characterized for TGA, XRF, XRD, BET, SEM and IR. The optimization of the biodiesel production process parameters was done experimentally for the characterize seed oil extracted using the calcined calcium oxide catalyst obtained from the cow bone. The optimized parameters gave methanol to oil ratio (6:1), temperature (55 0 C), catalyst concentration (1:8 wt%), reaction time (60 min) and agitation speed (350 rpm). The biodiesel yield for the optimized parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The properties of the produced biodiesel were within the recommended biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751). The cloud point (-10.5 0 C) of the produced biodiesel indicate that the product can be used in cold temperature region without blending. This study has revealed that P. macrophylum seed is a good feedstock for biodiesel production. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this plant should be domesticated.

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Biological and DFT Studies of 2,4,6-Tris(4-Carboxyphenylimino-4 1 -Formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-Triazine and its Trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) Salen Capped Complexes

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3):182-202, 2021

A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (... more A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6tris(4-carboxyphenylimino-4 1-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (H3CT) and its trinuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) complexes were synthesized. Characterization of these compounds was done via UV-Visible, IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral studies indicate that the ligand is hexadentate and coordinates to Dy/Er(III) ions through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group. The trinuclear complexes were characterized as being bridged by a carboxylic group to the Dy(III) and Er(III) salen centres and displays a coordination number of six. Biological studies revealed that the Dy(III) complex showed the highest activity against tested microorganisms and also gave the highest percentage parasitemia inhibition (84.0 %) relative to Artesunate (87.2 %). DFT calculations were carried out to enhance understanding of H3CT at the molecular level based on (B3LYP)/6-31+G(d,p). The molecular docking results revealed the binding mode of H3CT complexed with Staphylococcus aureus.

Research paper thumbnail of Cow Dung and Kitchen Waste as Economical Source of Biogas: Production and Analysis

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) :174-181, 2021

The production of biogas by co-digestion of cow dung and kitchen wastes were facilitated in this ... more The production of biogas by co-digestion of cow dung and kitchen wastes were facilitated in this work. Locally source 20 litres digester and gas collection systems were prepared. The feed materials were collected locally, pre-fermented, digested and analysed. Purification of the produced biogas was carried out by passing the gas through three chambers containing 40% KOH, CaO.activated charcoal and silica gel/activated charcoal respectively. The flame of the combusting purified biogas was observed to be more intense than that of the freshly produced impure biogas both in colour and height. The study confirmed that biogas can easily be generated and purified using locally and cheaply available raw materials.

Research paper thumbnail of Confinement Effects and Emission Spectra of − Quantum Dots Nanostructure

Communication in Sciences, 7(3):164-173 , 2021

Quantum confinements in − spherical semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has been theoretically studi... more Quantum confinements in − spherical semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has been theoretically studied using the Particle in a box Model based on the effective mass approximation and quantum confinement effects. The valence band degeneracy in Г point of the Brillouin zone and the effective mass anisotropy are also taken into account. The emission intensity spectrum was also investigatedtoo understand the effect of alloy composition(x) on the spectrum. The results show that the ground state confinement energy is largely dependent on radius of the dot and alloy composition(x). Thus, as dot radius decreases, the confinement energy increases. Hence, confinement energies could be tuned by changing the radius of QDs and the GaNcompositions, which play a fundamental role in the optical and electronic properties of QDs of all the transitions in the degenerate bands. Also, the theoretically calculated emission intensity spectrum shifted towards higher energy region (lower wavelengths) by mere increasing the alloy compositions (x) of the semiconductor quantum Dot active region − .

Research paper thumbnail of A Type I Half Logistic Exponentiated-G Family of Distributions: Properties and Application

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3): 147-163, 2021

Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in... more Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in recent years from families of distributions to aid their application in a variety of fields. The Type I half-logistic exponentiated-G family of distributions which generalizes and extends the Type I half-logistic family of distributions, with two extra positive shape parameters is investigated and proposed. We discuss some of the statistical properties of the proposed family such as explicit expressions for the quantile function, ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, reliability and order statistics. Some of the new family's submodels are discussed. We discuss the estimation of the model parameters by method of maximum likelihood. Two real data sets are employed to show the applicability and flexibility of the new family.

Research paper thumbnail of Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil Rhizosphere and Onion Bulbs Cultivated in Danbam Farmlands, North East, Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3):140-146, 2021

This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhiz... more This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhizosphere and onion bulbs from four locations in the Danbam area of Bauchi State Spectrophotometry method were employed for the determination of the concentrations of the metals. The concentrations of all the heavy metals were found to be in the range 4.06 × 10-8 to 1.91 × 10-1 mg/kg which are below the permissible level (0.02, 500 and 0.3 mg/kg for Cd, Mn and Pb respectively) set by FAO/WHO. The study also revealed that daily metal intake (DIM), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were below unity and points to nonexistence of potential public health. Calculated bioconcentration factors (BCF) suggested a higher concentration of heavy metal ions in the soil than in the onion bulbs and did not portray any risk to public health.

Research paper thumbnail of Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil Rhizosphere and Onion Bulbs Cultivated in Danbam Farmlands, North East, Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(3) 140-146, 2020

This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhiz... more This study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb) in soil rhizosphere and onion bulbs from four locations in Danbam area of Bauchi State Spectrophotometry method was employed for the determination of the concentrations of the metals. The concentrations of all the heavy metals were found to be in the range 4.06 × 10-8 to 1.91 × 10-1 mg/kg which are below the permissible level (0.02, 500 and 0.3 mg/kg for Cd, Mn and Pb respectively) set by FAO/WHO. The study also revealed that daily metal intake (DIM), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were below unity and points to a nonexistence of potential public health. Calculated bioconcentration factors (BCF) suggested higher concentration of heavy metal ions in the soil than in the onion bulbs and did not portray any risk to public health.

Research paper thumbnail of A Type I Half Logistic Exponentiated-G Family of Distributions: Properties and Application

Communication in Physical Sciences 7(3):147-166, 2020

Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in... more Several new improved, generalized, and extended families of distributions have been discovered in recent years from families of distributions to aid their application in a variety of fields. The Type I half-logistic exponentiated-G family of distributions which generalizes and extends the Type I half-logistic family of distributions, with two extra positive shape parameters is investigated and proposed. We discuss some of the statistical properties of the proposed family such as explicit expressions for the quantile function, ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, reliability and order statistics. Some of the new family's submodels are discussed. We discuss the estimation of the model parameters by method of maximum likelihood. Two real data sets are employed to show the applicability and flexibility of the new family.

Research paper thumbnail of Thermodynamic properties and mass spectra of a quarkonium system with Ultra Generalized Exponential-Hyperbolic Potential

We solved the N-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation analytically using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method ... more We solved the N-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation analytically using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method to obtain the energy eigenvalues and corresponding wave function in terms of Laguerre polynomials with the ultra-generalized exponential-hyperbolic potential. The results were applied for calculating the mass spectra of heavy mesons including charmonium (cc) and bottomonium (bb) for different quantum states. Also, the thermodynamic properties such as free energy, mean energy, entropy, and specific heat were obtained. The data obtained in the study was in excellent agreement with experimental results and with results obtained from others with a maximum error of 0.0059 GeV .

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Time Complexities of Bayesian Vs Hybridized Word Stemming Techniques for Advanced Fee Fraud Emails Filtering

Communication in Physical Sciences, 7(2) 82-86, 2021

Time execution of content-based spam filter was investigated using the Bayesian statistical algor... more Time execution of content-based spam filter was investigated using the Bayesian statistical algorithm against Bayesian statistical algorithm incorporated with a word stemming. The execution time intervals for the algorithms implementation of the two techniques were evaluated by subjecting the filters to manipulated and non-manipulate spam mails. The experiment shown that both single technique (Bayesian) and combined techniques (Bayesian incorporated with word stemming) executed suspicious terms manipulated mails faster (within a short time) compared to non-manipulate suspicious terms mails. Combined algorithms performed better and faster in a sophisticated and manipulated environment. The algorithm is more rugged and performed better when suspicious term/tokens were manipulated to deceit the filter.