Kamarullah Gani | Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh (original) (raw)

Papers by Kamarullah Gani

Research paper thumbnail of THE USE OF QUIPPER SCHOOL WITH COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL) FOR TEACHING ESL WRITING

This research was done to find out if students' skills in ESL writing could be improved by using ... more This research was done to find out if students' skills in ESL writing could be improved by using Quipper School with Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Also, it was aimed to identify factors that could trigger improvements in the ESL writing skills of students through using CALL. Participatory Action Research (PAR) was used as the methodology in this study. The study attempted to overcome some language problems faced by students at SMKN 1 Langsa, in eastern Aceh, particularly in mastering ESL writing skills. The researchers introduced the teacher and the class of students to be involved in the use of Quipper School for the teaching-learning of ESL writing. Quipper School is a popular internet-integrated virtual classroom that can be used for ESL teaching-learning. Several tests were done with the aim of testing the students' achievements using Quipper School. A multiple choice questionnaire was given to the students to find out their responses to the use of Quipper School with CALL for teaching ESL writing. Field notes were made to record relevant observations: In particular the field notes recorded the manifold troubles that occurred with the school's computer laboratory. The findings of the study proved that almost all of the students achieved the highest score (100) in the three tests. In addition, more than half of the students agreed that Quipper School improved their skills in English, especially their writing skills. From the questionnaire, they also agreed that Quipper School offered them enjoyment, willingness, and easiness to learn English.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Materials (Final Task of Graduate Program in English Language Education - University of Unsyiah)

This is a final task which asked by my graduate program of Teaching Developing Material subject, ... more This is a final task which asked by my graduate program of Teaching Developing Material subject, Teuku Zulfikar. The task consists of the lesson plans of developed and designed materials which created, adopted, and organized by the writer. The task is expected to be essential for the relevant purposes.

Research paper thumbnail of The Study of Contrastive Analysis of American English and Acehnese Forms of Address

Language as a tool of communication plays such a role to interact with other humans. The communic... more Language as a tool of communication plays such a role to interact with other humans. The communication which appeared between interlocutors have insightful meaning in their utterance, including the way of addressing one. When one addresses someone’s name, the conversation will begin. The addressed name might be the first or the last name of ones or even the titles’. The forms of address remark about how the speakers mention the name of the interlocutor. From the way of ones’ forms of address in a conversation, it will depict the interlocutor who starts the conversation. As Fasold’s statement (Fasold, 1994) which told that the interlocutor applied words of address form in order to label person in a conversation. The forms of address also describe the social position and cultural background of someone

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring Teachers' Beliefs on Teaching and their Teaching Profession

As we know, education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to de... more As we know, education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to develop their physical and spiritual maturity (Shrivastava, 2003). In education, human beings also underwent development, improvement, and enhancement of all the potential of humanity to make it better. This process is done in a conscious and deliberate way in order to form a perfect human, according to the demands of social and individual. And that is why the teacher for. Teacher will act as an educator, model, facilitator, parent, or even a friend due to do his duty in the classroom. The expected teacher is a kind of profession who demanded to be always in a fresh condition, energetic one, and ready for any conditions which can be happened in the classroom. An envisioned teacher should become a good example for his students.

Research paper thumbnail of Ways of Managing Classroom

Everybody loves a well-managed classroom, including teachers and students. The classroom which ha... more Everybody loves a well-managed classroom, including teachers and students. The classroom which has a nice atmosphere makes “the inhabitant” in that room will be feeling more ready to study. In order to create such a classroom, teacher and student must cooperate to make it happens. Both the teacher and student play their role in competing an objective of study. Regarding it, there are four rules due to manage the classroom will be described by the writer (McManus, 1989).

Research paper thumbnail of First Principles

Proficient can be defined as “performing in a particular art, skill or branch of knowledge with e... more Proficient can be defined as “performing in a particular art, skill or branch of knowledge with expert correctness and facility. It also passes through the series of training” (Morris, 1978). Omaggio (Omaggio, 1986) also stated that proficiency is a slightly idealized level of competence and performance, attainable by experts through extensive instruction. In addition, Chomsky (Chomsky, 1965) describes further details about the term competence and performance, while the former is referring to knowledge of the system of the language, including grammatical rules, vocabulary, and how linguistics elements can be combined to form acceptable sentences. Meanwhile the latter talks about actual production and comprehension of specific linguistic events.

Research paper thumbnail of The Accuracy Issue

Language-learner language or interlanguage is the language which can be communicated as the adult... more Language-learner language or interlanguage is the language which can be communicated as the adult native language use, child language, or other languages. Corder (1978) and Selinker (1974) agree that interlanguage is the learner who communicates with different target language norms. The habit became a daily behavior of the learner and it called as fossilization. Furthermore, the partial process of language adjustment of the target language is named as progressive continuum while the rest of implied process is defined as restructuring continuum. For instance, adult language learner will try to imitate the way of child’s language due to communicate to a child.

Research paper thumbnail of Confrontation in the Classroom - Teacher Strategies

The teacher as the actor of the class may face the unwanted conditions in the learning process in... more The teacher as the actor of the class may face the unwanted conditions in the learning process in the classroom. Either by the teacher or the pupils, the conditions which will provoke a confrontation should be recognized and avoided in order to make an effective teaching and learning. The following guideline which summarized from Smith and Laslett’s book will briefly describe how to avoid confrontations in the classroom (Smith & Laslett, 1993).

Research paper thumbnail of Language Universals and Universal Input Condition

According to Eifring & Theil (2005), it is believed that human have the common system in their la... more According to Eifring & Theil (2005), it is believed that human have the common system in their language. The same system of the languages is called as Language Universals. Thus, it can be assumed that Language Universals or known as Linguistic Universals is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages. For instance, all languages have nouns and verbs, or if language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels.

Research paper thumbnail of Becoming Proficient in Writing

Writing is not easy as it looks. It is no simply a matter of “writing things down”. It means that... more Writing is not easy as it looks. It is no simply a matter of “writing things down”. It means that the writing is not easy as deliver the words in oral speech, but construct systematically in composing the structure of any sentences that will be written.

Research paper thumbnail of Effective Teaching

In this paper, the writer is going to talk about exploring the best strategies in the classroom i... more In this paper, the writer is going to talk about exploring the best strategies in the classroom in order to create an effective teaching and learning. The writer also include the supporting elements to make it happened like the teachers’ and pupils’ craft knowledge, and its comparison. With the intention of that objective, there was a research on classroom teaching which held to discover how far the teaching and learning progress is. For instance, examination of Scottish study by Brown and McIntyre (1993). The result shown that there were some diversities among the teachers’ way of teaching. The aim of the study are pointed out the generalizability and elaboration of craft knowledge that shown by the teachers and pupils’ judgment towards the merits of teachers’ classroom teaching.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Oral Proficiency

Many language students intend to list speaking ability as one of their main objectives of study, ... more Many language students intend to list speaking ability as one of their main objectives of study, either because they would acquire some personal satisfaction from being able to speak a second language or because they feel it would be beneficial in chasing other interests or career goals. That is, the oral proficiency is considered as significant asset which really valuable in advance.

Research paper thumbnail of Common Sense and General Knowledge

Common sense is the simple knowledge which is understood by general people. It is not a special a... more Common sense is the simple knowledge which is understood by general people. It is not a special and extraordinary knowledge which can only be mastered by intellectual ones. Most people can master the use of common sense by their own mind. Even common sense can be known by itself by a person as his life experiences. In many cases, common sense is very handy to solve the problems which we face everyday. Meanwhile, general knowledge is the unity of the known subject and object. The later is well-known by the former. It clarifies that general knowledge play a role to determine what the object really is.

Research paper thumbnail of A Proficiency-Oriented Approach in Listening and Reading

Based on study of Rivers (1981), adults spend 40-50 percent of their time listening and 11-16 per... more Based on study of Rivers (1981), adults spend 40-50 percent of their time listening and 11-16 percent of their time reading. Thus, it can be considered that those receptive skills is worthy to be developed more than productive skills (speaking and writing).

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning

This paper is done in order to describe the main role of context towards comprehension and learni... more This paper is done in order to describe the main role of context towards comprehension and learning progress. Related to first of hypotheses of methodology and proficiency, “students must have opportunities to practice language in various range of contexts which may occur in target language”, it can be concerned that context plays such role in understanding the situation which happened in target language.

Research paper thumbnail of Methodology in Transition

Methodology upon language transition refers to a set of activities regarding what, how, and when ... more Methodology upon language transition refers to a set of activities regarding what, how, and when language features are exposed to learners. These activities involve several matters: syllabus, approach, strategy, and method due to language learning.

Research paper thumbnail of On Understanding Learning

In understanding learning, we need to focus on our understanding of learning, how we can enhance ... more In understanding learning, we need to focus on our understanding of learning, how we can enhance learning through relationship as the teacher, and the reasons why does the communication between teacher and students break down. It is done to aim the needs of nature of learning. It will lead into an effective teaching and learning as well. In the end, it will bound strong relationship between the teacher and pupils indirectly.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding the Concepts of Education

Education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to develop their ... more Education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to develop their physical and spiritual maturity. In education, human beings also underwent development, improvement, and enhancement of all the potential of humanity to make it better. This process is done in a conscious and deliberate way in order to form a perfect man, according to the demands of social and individual.

Research paper thumbnail of Book's Resume and Translation - The Elements of Language Curriculum (Chapter 5 - Materials)

Bahan ajar bisa didefinisikan sebagai teknik dan latihan secara sistematis yang akan digunakan da... more Bahan ajar bisa didefinisikan sebagai teknik dan latihan secara sistematis yang akan digunakan dalam pengajaran di kelas. Dalam menentukan bahan ajar, seorang guru dapat berpandu pada contoh-contoh pengembangan bahan ajar yang akan dijelaskan lebih jelas di bawah.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Vocabulary Mastery through Watching Video (A Classroom Action Research at the 2nd Grade Students of SMAN No. 3 Langsa)

Vocabulary is one of aspects in learning foreign language. For language learners especially begin... more Vocabulary is one of aspects in learning foreign language. For language learners especially beginners, it is often used when they learn to listen, speak, read, and write. With a good heaping of vocabulary, people can deliver any ideas whether in written or spoken so easily. Since the vocabulary is so important in communication, it needs a special treatment or a fine technique to develop it. The technique which is used to teach it have to aim the needs of students’ achievement. This research is tried to attempt the use of video as a media in teaching vocabulary particularly for senior high school students. It is done to make students feel more enjoyable to learn any materials including narrative text. Finally, students is expected to be a better one to develop their comprehension of vocabulary and competent to get main of the material through watching video.

Research paper thumbnail of THE USE OF QUIPPER SCHOOL WITH COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL) FOR TEACHING ESL WRITING

This research was done to find out if students' skills in ESL writing could be improved by using ... more This research was done to find out if students' skills in ESL writing could be improved by using Quipper School with Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Also, it was aimed to identify factors that could trigger improvements in the ESL writing skills of students through using CALL. Participatory Action Research (PAR) was used as the methodology in this study. The study attempted to overcome some language problems faced by students at SMKN 1 Langsa, in eastern Aceh, particularly in mastering ESL writing skills. The researchers introduced the teacher and the class of students to be involved in the use of Quipper School for the teaching-learning of ESL writing. Quipper School is a popular internet-integrated virtual classroom that can be used for ESL teaching-learning. Several tests were done with the aim of testing the students' achievements using Quipper School. A multiple choice questionnaire was given to the students to find out their responses to the use of Quipper School with CALL for teaching ESL writing. Field notes were made to record relevant observations: In particular the field notes recorded the manifold troubles that occurred with the school's computer laboratory. The findings of the study proved that almost all of the students achieved the highest score (100) in the three tests. In addition, more than half of the students agreed that Quipper School improved their skills in English, especially their writing skills. From the questionnaire, they also agreed that Quipper School offered them enjoyment, willingness, and easiness to learn English.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Materials (Final Task of Graduate Program in English Language Education - University of Unsyiah)

This is a final task which asked by my graduate program of Teaching Developing Material subject, ... more This is a final task which asked by my graduate program of Teaching Developing Material subject, Teuku Zulfikar. The task consists of the lesson plans of developed and designed materials which created, adopted, and organized by the writer. The task is expected to be essential for the relevant purposes.

Research paper thumbnail of The Study of Contrastive Analysis of American English and Acehnese Forms of Address

Language as a tool of communication plays such a role to interact with other humans. The communic... more Language as a tool of communication plays such a role to interact with other humans. The communication which appeared between interlocutors have insightful meaning in their utterance, including the way of addressing one. When one addresses someone’s name, the conversation will begin. The addressed name might be the first or the last name of ones or even the titles’. The forms of address remark about how the speakers mention the name of the interlocutor. From the way of ones’ forms of address in a conversation, it will depict the interlocutor who starts the conversation. As Fasold’s statement (Fasold, 1994) which told that the interlocutor applied words of address form in order to label person in a conversation. The forms of address also describe the social position and cultural background of someone

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring Teachers' Beliefs on Teaching and their Teaching Profession

As we know, education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to de... more As we know, education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to develop their physical and spiritual maturity (Shrivastava, 2003). In education, human beings also underwent development, improvement, and enhancement of all the potential of humanity to make it better. This process is done in a conscious and deliberate way in order to form a perfect human, according to the demands of social and individual. And that is why the teacher for. Teacher will act as an educator, model, facilitator, parent, or even a friend due to do his duty in the classroom. The expected teacher is a kind of profession who demanded to be always in a fresh condition, energetic one, and ready for any conditions which can be happened in the classroom. An envisioned teacher should become a good example for his students.

Research paper thumbnail of Ways of Managing Classroom

Everybody loves a well-managed classroom, including teachers and students. The classroom which ha... more Everybody loves a well-managed classroom, including teachers and students. The classroom which has a nice atmosphere makes “the inhabitant” in that room will be feeling more ready to study. In order to create such a classroom, teacher and student must cooperate to make it happens. Both the teacher and student play their role in competing an objective of study. Regarding it, there are four rules due to manage the classroom will be described by the writer (McManus, 1989).

Research paper thumbnail of First Principles

Proficient can be defined as “performing in a particular art, skill or branch of knowledge with e... more Proficient can be defined as “performing in a particular art, skill or branch of knowledge with expert correctness and facility. It also passes through the series of training” (Morris, 1978). Omaggio (Omaggio, 1986) also stated that proficiency is a slightly idealized level of competence and performance, attainable by experts through extensive instruction. In addition, Chomsky (Chomsky, 1965) describes further details about the term competence and performance, while the former is referring to knowledge of the system of the language, including grammatical rules, vocabulary, and how linguistics elements can be combined to form acceptable sentences. Meanwhile the latter talks about actual production and comprehension of specific linguistic events.

Research paper thumbnail of The Accuracy Issue

Language-learner language or interlanguage is the language which can be communicated as the adult... more Language-learner language or interlanguage is the language which can be communicated as the adult native language use, child language, or other languages. Corder (1978) and Selinker (1974) agree that interlanguage is the learner who communicates with different target language norms. The habit became a daily behavior of the learner and it called as fossilization. Furthermore, the partial process of language adjustment of the target language is named as progressive continuum while the rest of implied process is defined as restructuring continuum. For instance, adult language learner will try to imitate the way of child’s language due to communicate to a child.

Research paper thumbnail of Confrontation in the Classroom - Teacher Strategies

The teacher as the actor of the class may face the unwanted conditions in the learning process in... more The teacher as the actor of the class may face the unwanted conditions in the learning process in the classroom. Either by the teacher or the pupils, the conditions which will provoke a confrontation should be recognized and avoided in order to make an effective teaching and learning. The following guideline which summarized from Smith and Laslett’s book will briefly describe how to avoid confrontations in the classroom (Smith & Laslett, 1993).

Research paper thumbnail of Language Universals and Universal Input Condition

According to Eifring & Theil (2005), it is believed that human have the common system in their la... more According to Eifring & Theil (2005), it is believed that human have the common system in their language. The same system of the languages is called as Language Universals. Thus, it can be assumed that Language Universals or known as Linguistic Universals is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages. For instance, all languages have nouns and verbs, or if language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels.

Research paper thumbnail of Becoming Proficient in Writing

Writing is not easy as it looks. It is no simply a matter of “writing things down”. It means that... more Writing is not easy as it looks. It is no simply a matter of “writing things down”. It means that the writing is not easy as deliver the words in oral speech, but construct systematically in composing the structure of any sentences that will be written.

Research paper thumbnail of Effective Teaching

In this paper, the writer is going to talk about exploring the best strategies in the classroom i... more In this paper, the writer is going to talk about exploring the best strategies in the classroom in order to create an effective teaching and learning. The writer also include the supporting elements to make it happened like the teachers’ and pupils’ craft knowledge, and its comparison. With the intention of that objective, there was a research on classroom teaching which held to discover how far the teaching and learning progress is. For instance, examination of Scottish study by Brown and McIntyre (1993). The result shown that there were some diversities among the teachers’ way of teaching. The aim of the study are pointed out the generalizability and elaboration of craft knowledge that shown by the teachers and pupils’ judgment towards the merits of teachers’ classroom teaching.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Oral Proficiency

Many language students intend to list speaking ability as one of their main objectives of study, ... more Many language students intend to list speaking ability as one of their main objectives of study, either because they would acquire some personal satisfaction from being able to speak a second language or because they feel it would be beneficial in chasing other interests or career goals. That is, the oral proficiency is considered as significant asset which really valuable in advance.

Research paper thumbnail of Common Sense and General Knowledge

Common sense is the simple knowledge which is understood by general people. It is not a special a... more Common sense is the simple knowledge which is understood by general people. It is not a special and extraordinary knowledge which can only be mastered by intellectual ones. Most people can master the use of common sense by their own mind. Even common sense can be known by itself by a person as his life experiences. In many cases, common sense is very handy to solve the problems which we face everyday. Meanwhile, general knowledge is the unity of the known subject and object. The later is well-known by the former. It clarifies that general knowledge play a role to determine what the object really is.

Research paper thumbnail of A Proficiency-Oriented Approach in Listening and Reading

Based on study of Rivers (1981), adults spend 40-50 percent of their time listening and 11-16 per... more Based on study of Rivers (1981), adults spend 40-50 percent of their time listening and 11-16 percent of their time reading. Thus, it can be considered that those receptive skills is worthy to be developed more than productive skills (speaking and writing).

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning

This paper is done in order to describe the main role of context towards comprehension and learni... more This paper is done in order to describe the main role of context towards comprehension and learning progress. Related to first of hypotheses of methodology and proficiency, “students must have opportunities to practice language in various range of contexts which may occur in target language”, it can be concerned that context plays such role in understanding the situation which happened in target language.

Research paper thumbnail of Methodology in Transition

Methodology upon language transition refers to a set of activities regarding what, how, and when ... more Methodology upon language transition refers to a set of activities regarding what, how, and when language features are exposed to learners. These activities involve several matters: syllabus, approach, strategy, and method due to language learning.

Research paper thumbnail of On Understanding Learning

In understanding learning, we need to focus on our understanding of learning, how we can enhance ... more In understanding learning, we need to focus on our understanding of learning, how we can enhance learning through relationship as the teacher, and the reasons why does the communication between teacher and students break down. It is done to aim the needs of nature of learning. It will lead into an effective teaching and learning as well. In the end, it will bound strong relationship between the teacher and pupils indirectly.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding the Concepts of Education

Education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to develop their ... more Education is all the effort of adults in interaction with children to lead them to develop their physical and spiritual maturity. In education, human beings also underwent development, improvement, and enhancement of all the potential of humanity to make it better. This process is done in a conscious and deliberate way in order to form a perfect man, according to the demands of social and individual.

Research paper thumbnail of Book's Resume and Translation - The Elements of Language Curriculum (Chapter 5 - Materials)

Bahan ajar bisa didefinisikan sebagai teknik dan latihan secara sistematis yang akan digunakan da... more Bahan ajar bisa didefinisikan sebagai teknik dan latihan secara sistematis yang akan digunakan dalam pengajaran di kelas. Dalam menentukan bahan ajar, seorang guru dapat berpandu pada contoh-contoh pengembangan bahan ajar yang akan dijelaskan lebih jelas di bawah.

Research paper thumbnail of Developing Vocabulary Mastery through Watching Video (A Classroom Action Research at the 2nd Grade Students of SMAN No. 3 Langsa)

Vocabulary is one of aspects in learning foreign language. For language learners especially begin... more Vocabulary is one of aspects in learning foreign language. For language learners especially beginners, it is often used when they learn to listen, speak, read, and write. With a good heaping of vocabulary, people can deliver any ideas whether in written or spoken so easily. Since the vocabulary is so important in communication, it needs a special treatment or a fine technique to develop it. The technique which is used to teach it have to aim the needs of students’ achievement. This research is tried to attempt the use of video as a media in teaching vocabulary particularly for senior high school students. It is done to make students feel more enjoyable to learn any materials including narrative text. Finally, students is expected to be a better one to develop their comprehension of vocabulary and competent to get main of the material through watching video.

Research paper thumbnail of Daftar Hadir Mahasiswa UP3BI 2016 Final

This is a list of attendance of UP3BI students in Syiah Kuala University. The programme started o... more This is a list of attendance of UP3BI students in Syiah Kuala University. The programme started on 16 March 2016 until 28 May 2016. Please contact me if you want to deliver some issues related to the list.

Research paper thumbnail of A lonely inang A case study of a Bataknese mother's language loss

Our particular informant is a Bataknese from Sibolga who has resided in Aceh for 35 years ever si... more Our particular informant is a Bataknese from Sibolga who has resided in Aceh for 35 years ever since hermarriage to her Acehnese husband in Langsa. Since then, she has been living in Aceh with slight contactsto her Bataknese relatives in her hometown. Now, she has excelled in Acehnese and she believed that thishad caused her to “forget” her Bataknese. Consequently, this study aims to collect and to furtherunderstand her thoughts, views, and perspectives upon her heritage language attrition or loss. In addition,this study also attempts to discuss the factors influencing this loss. The results of the interview havesuggested that our informant had faced confusion when she first settled in Langsa; this included newfamily, new environment, new faith, new culture, including a new language spoken by the society,Acehnese. Due to these factors, she implied that her initial Bataknese identity had “re-constructed” toaccommodate her new settlement. This can be seen from her reluctance to inherit her Bataknese languageto her fourchildren. Regardless of theories that claim children are more likely to lose their first languagethan adults, thus this case study has proven that it can also apply to adults (i.e. the informant of thisstudy), provided that the speaker is intensely confronted by internal and external factors throughout herlife.

Research paper thumbnail of Zero Waste Report 2019

Twenty Acehnese youths were selected to learn on how to dispose, recycle and produce waste approp... more Twenty Acehnese youths were selected to learn on how to dispose, recycle and produce waste appropriately in Japan for nine days. Not only would they learn those exemplary actions, they would be asked to possess the three attitudes – discipline, obedience and cleanliness – that should be maintained by millennial youths. Besides, they were expected to carry out and bring brilliant impacts and changes to the environment in Aceh, particularly in city of Banda Aceh and the regency of Great Aceh. Kehm, one of the youths, delivered the study in this report. He depicted the waste management in three cities in Japan - Kyoto, Iwaki and Tokyo. It was observed in several public places such as roads, schools, fields, museums, trains, and so on. Based on his observation, the Japanese people are discipline in managing their time, environment and attitude. He believed an area, in this case, Aceh, Indonesia, could have potential in realizing such practice in certain period, as Japan experienced before.

Research paper thumbnail of Kehm's Tohoku Report

The Laboratory for Global Dialogue, 2017

This book depicts the report of Kamarullah Gani, a representative of Aceh, Indonesia, to visit th... more This book depicts the report of Kamarullah Gani, a representative of Aceh, Indonesia, to visit the disaster area in Tohoku, Japan. Not only did he describe the current condition of the destroyed area, he also portrayed the culture and several festival related to contemporary art and disaster management held during his visit.