Shahabuddin Saleh | Universitas Tadulako (original) (raw)

Papers by Shahabuddin Saleh

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, May 1, 2016

Pollinator populations respond to environmental changes operating on different spatial scales, bu... more Pollinator populations respond to environmental changes operating on different spatial scales, but the contribution of scale-dependent habitat management to crop pollination and yield-gap reduction is little understood. Here, we analyze how bee abundance and their effects on cucumber production in tropical homegardens is driven by factors measured on three spatial scales; the (1) homegarden scale (flower cover of the focal homegarden); the (2) adjacent-habitat scale (amount of homegarden habitat within a 200 m radius around the focal homegarden); and the (3) landscape scale (distance of the focal homegarden to the nearest forest from 0 to 2200 m). We also evaluate bee responses according to functional traits such as body size. We found that bees were affected by factors on multiple spatial scales. On the homegarden scale, the percentage flower cover best predicted pollinator attraction, if, on the adjacent-habitat scale the percentage of surrounding homegardens was at least 20%. On the landscape scale, bee abundance, mainly of small species, increased when homegardens were closer to the forest. Increasing abundance of flower-visiting bees increased cucumber yield, with solitary bees being the most abundant flower visitors. We predicted that a 50% loss in bee abundance would translate into a 47% yield and associated income decline. Homegardens with a flower cover of 50%, being surrounded by a homegarden area of 50% and being established <100 m from the forest can translate in a nine-fold higher yield and income compared to homegardens with low flower cover (<15%), and isolated from other homegardens (<20%) and the forest (>1500 m). Our work suggests that farmers need to be aware of management practices not only at the local and landscape scale but also on the adjacent-habitat scale. Only then farmers can increase wild bee populations to reduce crop yield gaps through pollination services. 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study aimed to evaluate the benefits farmers obtained by adopting eco-friendly technologies ... more This study aimed to evaluate the benefits farmers obtained by adopting eco-friendly technologies on local shallot cultivation in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The technology applied includes; trap crops, biofertilizers (bokashi and mycorrhiza arbuscular) biopesticides (Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma sp.) and plastic mulch. Ninety-nine shallot farmers were selected, consisting of 35 farmers who applied the technology (adopters) and 64 farmers who did not (non adopters). Characteristics, rates of adoption, and benefits of both groups of farmers were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the level of technology adopted by the farmers was high and supported by farmer characteristics, particularly their age and education. The application of technology increases the production of shallots and the total profits of farmers by 29.5% and 79.1% respectively. In addition, adopters can reduce the costs of chemical inputs by around 69.5%. Therefore, the technology introduced provides multiple benefits for farmers; economically and environmentally.

Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia, Dec 22, 2022

Human activities may influence the diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. This study aims to ass... more Human activities may influence the diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. This study aims to assess the diversity of aquatic insects and their relation with mercury levels and water quality along rivers located near the gold mine in Poboya, Central Sulawesi. The insects were collected at six locations based on human activity levels. At each site, the mercury level of water was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In addition, water temperature, acidity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids were determined. The study recorded 23 species of aquatic insects belonging to 7 orders and 14 families. Mercury levels in the rivers did not exceed the threshold except at two sites and did not affect aquatic insects' diversity. The diversity of aquatic insects, however, tends to decrease downstream. The diversity of aquatic insects, particularly the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera orders, tended to be higher at the higher dissolved oxygen sites.

AGROTEKBIS, Aug 1, 2013

Hama pengorok daun merupakan hama pendatang dari benua Amerika Latin yang masuk ke Indonesia seki... more Hama pengorok daun merupakan hama pendatang dari benua Amerika Latin yang masuk ke Indonesia sekitar tahun 90 an dan dilaporkan keberadaannya di Palu, Sulawesi Tengah sekitar tahun 2005. Hama ini memiliki banyak tanaman inang atau bersifat polifagus. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis pengorok daun pada berbagai tanaman inang di Lembah Palu. Penelitian di laksanakan di Kelurahan Boyaoge, Kelurahan Pengawu (Kecamatan Palu Barat) dan Desa Langaleso (Kecamatan Dolo) dan di Laboratorium Hama dan penyakit tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako yang berlangsung pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober tahun 2012. Karakter morfologi yang diamati adalah warna scutellum, pola warna tergit pada abdomen dan warna tungkai. Selain itu, diamati juga ciri serangan Liriomyza pada tanaman inangnya. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi yang telah di lakukan di Laboratorium didapatkan 5 (lima) spesies lalat penggorok daun, yakni Liriomyza brassicae pada tanaman Sawi; Tomat dan Kembang kol , Liriomyza bryonae pada tanaman Sawi , Liriomyza chinensis pada tanaman Bayam , Liriomyza huidobrensis pada tanaman Kacang Panjang dan Liriomyza sativae pada tanaman Tomat dan Kemangi . Kelima spesies Liriomyza tersebut selain berbeda secara morfologi juga menunjukkan ciri serangan yang berbeda pada tanaman inangnya.

IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2022

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the leading health problems in Indonesia and other count... more Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the leading health problems in Indonesia and other countries. However, a study on sweet basil oil and its potency to control Aedes aegypti, or Yellow fever mosquito (YFM), as the vector of DHF, is rarely investigated. This research aims to study the chemical characteristics of sweet basil oil and evaluate its potency as insecticides against Aedes aegypti. A spectrophotometer gas chromatography to identify its compounds followed by the standardized toxicity and repellency test methods were conducted. The results showed that the main compounds of sweet basil oil are linalool (31,78 %), thymol (11,60%), and cineol (0,99%). The sweet basil oil showed high toxicity for the larvae of Aedes aegypti with LC50 and LC90 were 72,08 ppm and 121,47 ppm. The protection effect of sweet basil oil increases following the oil concentration. However, at 30 % concentration, this essential oil could protect from Aedes aegypti up to six hours with repellency levels of 81,3 %. Therefore, this study supports the effective and environmentally friendly method of managing the YFM using sweet basil oil.

We investigated the local bird community in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia), with focus on insectivo... more We investigated the local bird community in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia), with focus on insectivorous species in the agroforestry landscapes adjacent to the Lore Lindu National Park. All study sites were situated at the northern tip of Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. After an initial mapping of the study area, we selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for our study in March 2010. These sides were mainly used for bird and bat exclosure experiments. All sited were situated along a local gradient (shade availability on each plantation) and a landscape gradient (distance to primary forest), which were independent from each other. In September 2010 and from February until June 2011, we assessed the bird community on our 15 study sites using monthly point count and mist netting sampling. Point count (20 minutes between 07 am and 10 am and in between the net checking hours) and mist netting surveys (12 hours, between 05:30 am and 17:30 pm) were conducted simultaneously but only once per month on each study site, to avoid habituation of the local bird community to our surveys. Further, point counts were conducted at least 100 m apart from the mist netting sites, to avoid potential disturbance between the two methods. We discarded all observations beyond 50 m (including those individuals that flew over the canopy) from the statistical analysis, as well as recaptures of individuals within identical mist netting rounds.

We performed bird predation experiments (dummy experiments), using artificial prey and bird commu... more We performed bird predation experiments (dummy experiments), using artificial prey and bird community data to investigate the importance of predator diversity vs. predator identity in cacao agroforestry landscapes. All sample sites were situated at the northern tip of Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. After an initial mapping of the study area, we selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for our exclosure experiments in March 2010. For our predation experiment, we selected 10 (out of 15) study sites and 5 cacao trees per site for the application of artificial prey for birds (dummy caterpillars made of plasticine). Our study trees (numbered from 1 to 5 per site) were randomly chosen and we kept spacing of at least two unmanipulated cacao trees between two study trees to avoid clumped distribution. To quantify both daytime/diurnal predation and night-time/nocturnal predation (e.g. birds vs. bats), we applied 7 caterpillar dummies on all study trees and controlled them for predation marks in the early morning (05:00-06:00 am), in the evening (17:00-18:00 pm) and in the early morning on the next day (completing one survey round). In total, we performed four survey rounds per study site (in June and July 2011). The caterpillar dummies were always applied in the same order and on three different parts of each cacao study tree: One 'control dummy' (located on first branching of the cacao tree); 3 'branch dummies' (located on one main branch coming from first branching; 20-25 cm between single dummies) and 3 'leaf dummies' (3 medium aged cacao trees adjacent to main branch were selected and single dummies placed in the center of each cacao leaf). The different positions were chosen to control for different foraging modes of predators (e.g. branch gleaners versus leaf gleaners). During day- and nighttime surveys, we controlled if the dummy caterpillars were still present in their original position, if they were absent and could not be relocated on the ground or if they were fallen to the ground, but co [...]

Avian ecosystem services such as the suppression of pests are considered being of high ecological... more Avian ecosystem services such as the suppression of pests are considered being of high ecological and economic importance in a range of ecosystems, especially in tropical agroforestry. But how bird predation success is related to the diversity and composition of the bird community, as well as local and landscape factors, is poorly understood. The author quantified arthropod predation in relation to the identity and diversity of insectivorous birds, using experimental exposure of artificial, caterpillar-like prey on smallholder cacao agroforestry systems, differing in local shade management and distance to primary forest. The bird community was assessed using both mist netting (targeting on active understory insectivores) and point count (higher completeness of species inventories) sampling. The study was conducted in a land use dominated area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, adjacent to the Lore Lindu National Park. We selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for bird and bat exclosure experiments in March 2010. Until July 2011, we recorded several data in this study area, including the bird community data, cacao tree data and bird predation experiments that are presented here. We found that avian predation success can be driven by single and abundant insectivorous species, rather than by overall bird species richness. Forest proximity was important for enhancing the density of this key species, but did also promote bird species richness. The availability of local shade trees had no effects on the local bird community or avian predation success. Our findings are both of economical as well as ecological interest because the conservation of nearby forest remnants will likely benefit human needs and biodiversity conservation alike.

All sample sites were situated at the northern tip of Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.... more All sample sites were situated at the northern tip of Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. After an initial mapping of the study area, we selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for bird and bat exclosure experiments in March 2010. On each study site, we established 4 treatments for these exclosure experiments (bird exclosure - closed during daytime and open during night; bat exclosure - closed overnight and opened during daytime; full exclosure of both birds and bats - always closed and unmanipulated/open control treatments - always open). In each treatment, there were 2 cacao trees (total of 8 cacao trees per study site), surrounded by nylon filament (2x2 cm mesh size) that was opened and closed according to the activity period of day and night active flying vertebrates (05:00-06:00 am and 17:00-18:00 pm) on a daily basis. The mean tree height and diameter at breast height (dbh) result from two measures of all study trees at the beginning of the exclosure experiment (June 2010) and 6 months later (February 2011).

Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Aug 15, 2018

Ecological Applications, Dec 1, 2009

Assessing the overall biological diversity of tropical rain forests is a seemingly insurmountable... more Assessing the overall biological diversity of tropical rain forests is a seemingly insurmountable task for ecologists. Therefore, researchers frequently sample selected taxa that they believe reflect general biodiversity patterns. Usually, these studies focus on the congruence of α diversity (the number of species found per sampling unit) between taxa rather than on β diversity (turnover of species assemblages between sampling units). Such approaches ignore the potential role of habitat heterogeneity that, depending on the taxonomic group considered, can greatly enhance β diversity at local and landscape scales. We compared α and β diversity of four plant groups (trees, lianas, terrestrial herbs, epiphytic liverworts) and eight animal groups (birds, butterflies, lower canopy ants, lower canopy beetles, dung beetles, bees, wasps, and the parasitoids of the latter two) at 15 sites in Sulawesi, Indonesia, that represented natural rain forest and three types of cacao agroforests differing in management intensity. In total, we recorded 863 species. Patterns of species richness per study site varied strongly between taxonomic groups. Only 13-17% of the variance in species richness of one taxonomic group could be predicted from the species richness of another, and on average 12-18% of the variance of β diversity of a given group was predicted by that in other groups, although some taxon pairs had higher values (up to 76% for wasps and their parasitoids). The degree of congruence of patterns of α diversity was not influenced by sampling completeness, whereas the indicator value for β diversity improved when using a similarity index that accounts for incomplete sampling. The indication potential of α diversity for β diversity and vice versa was limited within taxa (7-20%) and virtually nil between them (0-4%). We conclude that different taxa can have largely independent patterns of α diversity and that patterns of β diversity can be more congruent. Thus, conservation plans on a landscape scale need to put more emphasis on the high heterogeneity of agroforests and the overarching role of β diversity shaping overall diversity patterns.

Agrivita : Journal of Agricultural Science, Feb 1, 2021

Understanding and utilization of insect pest behavior are needed for developing an effectivecontr... more Understanding and utilization of insect pest behavior are needed for developing an effectivecontrolling program. An experiment has been conducted in a chili plantation to determine how capturesof oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) were affected by combining olfactory and visual stimuli in traps.The study was performed by using a Completely Randomized Block design with 6 combinationtreatments of chemical (Melaleuca bracteata extract, MB) and visual (colour trap) cues and 3replications. The results showed that combination of MB and yellow colour of the traps wassignificantly more attractive to fruit flies than the other treatments and such treatments could reducethe infested level of the flies. Although chemical cues most likely has a stronger effect than visualcues on trapping the flies, this study suggest that an effective control of oriental fruit fly shouldinclude both visual and olfactory cues. Key words: Behavioral based control, fruit flies, trapping.

Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia

Human activities may influence the diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. This study aims to ass... more Human activities may influence the diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. This study aims to assess the diversity of aquatic insects and their relation with mercury levels and water quality along rivers located near the gold mine in Poboya, Central Sulawesi. The insects were collected at six locations based on human activity levels. At each site, the mercury level of water was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In addition, water temperature, acidity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids were determined. The study recorded 23 species of aquatic insects belonging to 7 orders and 14 families. Mercury levels in the rivers did not exceed the threshold except at two sites and did not affect aquatic insects’ diversity. The diversity of aquatic insects, however, tends to decrease downstream. The diversity of aquatic insects, particularly the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera orders, tended to be higher at the higher dissolved oxygen sites.

International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics

Conversion of forest to agricultural land (agroforestry and monoculture) has a negative impact on... more Conversion of forest to agricultural land (agroforestry and monoculture) has a negative impact on soil macrofauna diversity. Soil macrofauna have a key role in maintaining soil fertility through decomposition and supporting the productive capacity of ecosystems. This study aimed at determining the soil macrofauna diversity and the litter decomposition rate in agroforestry and monoculture and investigating the correlation between soil macrofauna diversity and litter decomposition rate. This study involved field and laboratory activities. Litter traps were installed for soil macrofauna observation, macrofauna identification was carried out in the laboratory, and litter bags were used for decomposition rate observation. Data analysis was conducted to determine species diversity and similarity of soil macrofauna on agroforestry and monoculture plantations. The calculation of the diversity index (H’) shows that complex agroforestry and simple agroforestry have moderate, while candlenut m...

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, Oct 31, 2021

Agronomy Research, 2019

An example of the calculation of the six different diversity parameters used in the study.

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, May 1, 2016

Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia, Dec 22, 2022

AGROTEKBIS, Aug 1, 2013

IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2022

Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Aug 15, 2018

Ecological Applications, Dec 1, 2009

Agrivita : Journal of Agricultural Science, Feb 1, 2021

Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia

Human activities may influence the diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. This study aims to ass... more Human activities may influence the diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. This study aims to assess the diversity of aquatic insects and their relation with mercury levels and water quality along rivers located near the gold mine in Poboya, Central Sulawesi. The insects were collected at six locations based on human activity levels. At each site, the mercury level of water was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In addition, water temperature, acidity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids were determined. The study recorded 23 species of aquatic insects belonging to 7 orders and 14 families. Mercury levels in the rivers did not exceed the threshold except at two sites and did not affect aquatic insects’ diversity. The diversity of aquatic insects, however, tends to decrease downstream. The diversity of aquatic insects, particularly the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera orders, tended to be higher at the higher dissolved oxygen sites.

International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, Oct 31, 2021

Agronomy Research, 2019

An example of the calculation of the six different diversity parameters used in the study.

Exploitation and conversion of forests are human induced-global change in tropical area and cause... more Exploitation and conversion of forests are human induced-global change in tropical area and causes growing concern about the continued existence of the rich biodiversity of these forests. Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) situated at Wallacea’s region is widely known as home of several flora and fauna and most of them are endemic to Sulawesi Island. However, study on diversity and ecosystem services of insects as well as their response to land-use change at this protected area is limited. This paper is aimed to review some insect diversity studies conducted at several land-use types at the margin of LLNP in the framework of STORMA (Stability of Rainforest Margin)-Research project. The study showed that LLNP has a high diverse of insects and there are hundreds species belongs to several orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera) recorded mainly from natural forests and also from different land-use types. In general, conversion of forest to other land-use types followed by reduction of insect diversity and changes of community structure as well as their ecological roles. However, some species shows a different response to forest conversion. Based on these findings, there were some suggestions can be raised to maintain insect diversity in LLNP

Dolichoderus thoracicus is a predator in the ecosystem of cocoa plantations that can act as biolo... more Dolichoderus thoracicus is a predator in the ecosystem of cocoa plantations that can act as biological control agents towards Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), Conopomorpha Cramerella. This study aims to analyze the influence of D. thoracicus applications at the cocoa plantations on: (a) percentage of pod attacked by CPB, (b) cocoa beans damage, (c) weight loss of cocoa beans, (d) distribution pattern, (e) effectiveness, and (f) individual potential of D. thoracicus as a predator. The experiment was arranged in experimental design and survey methods. The results showed that the population density of D. thoracicus in artificial nests placed on the cocoa plantation for two months period tends to increased and fluctuated whit time. The percentage of cocoa pods attacked by PBK on ant treatment decreased compared with the cocoa plantation without D. thoracicus. Seed damage and weight loss of cocoa beans treated by D. thoracicus were also tended to be lower than in the absence of D. thoracicus in cocoa plantation. Based on AUDPC (Area Under Pest Damage Curve) analysis, it can be stated that applications of D.thoracicus was effective in minimizing of weight loss of cocoa beans due to CPB attack. D. thoracicus has ability to prey on pre pupae of CPB and the number of prey attacked was higher when all stages of pre pupae exposed to the black ants simultaneously compared to separately exposed.

Keywords : Biological control, Prey ability, Dolichoderus thoracicus ants, Conopomorpha cramerella, Cocoa plantation

The black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus, is one of ant species that can be found at the soil surf... more The black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus, is one of ant species that can be found at
the soil surface and cacao trees (cacao agroecosystem) and has been known as a
potential biological control agents for controlling the cacao pod borer (CPB).
Research was done to mass-rear D. thoracicus, to study the dispersal pattern, the
role of D. thoracicus as biological control at cocoa plantation, and the individual
potency of D. thoracicus as a predator. The results showed that population
density of D. thoracicus at primary branch was higher (about 8-9 times) than that
at the base and middle stem of cacao. Artificial nest made from bamboo+coconut
leaf for mass rearing attracted higher D. thoracicus population compared to cocoa
leaf, banana leaf, and the coconut leaf. Dispersal pattern of D. thoracicus at the
soil surface and cocoa trees was clumped with Z < -1.96. The use of D.
thoracicus with artificial nest (bamboo+coconut leaf) could reduce about 5% of
CPB, suppress the percentage of cocoa bean damage and the percentage of cocoa
bean weight loss up to 42.95% and 21.03%, respectively. Individual potency
experiment at laboratory showed that each black ant could prey 1.75 – 2.31 CPB
larvae per day, indicating the high potential of this ant for controlling the CPB.
Keyword : Dolichoderus thoracicus, cacao agroecosytem, cocoa pod borer.

The need to capture primary production in order to sustain and improve economic livelihoods has l... more The need to capture primary production in order to sustain and improve economic
livelihoods has lead to increasing conversion of natural habitat and
intensification of agricultural practices in many parts of the world including
most tropical regions. Understanding how these processes affect ecosystems
and their functioning, in particular in the high-diversity ecosystems of the
tropics, has become a key issue in ecological research. In this chapter, our
focus is on the agriculture-forest landscapes of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia,
an island widely known for its endemic yet still poorly known flora and fauna.
The rise of the region to one of the largest cacao producing areas in the
world is at the core of recent land-use change and intensification processes.
Covering plants (trees, rattan palms, herbs, bryophytes) and several invertebrate
(ants, dung beetles, cacao insect herbivores, fruit-feeding butterflies,
parasitic Hymenoptera, spiders) and vertebrate groups (amphibians, birds,
murids, reptiles), we give an in-depth overview of the determinants of biodiversity
in cacao landscapes, including both management and landscape-scale
variables into our analyses. Results show that shaded agroforests host a rich
community of species. By adopting a large-scale study design we showed that
proximity of natural forest is a key predictor for species richness of plants,
invertebrates and vertebrates alike. Endemics and forest specialists benefit
most from indigenous shade tree cover and proximity to natural forest. Importantly,
several functionally important groups such as insectivorous and
seed-dispersing birds benefit from tall shade trees, shade tree diversity and
proximity to forest edge, while parasitoid diversity is greatest close to natural
forests. Available data on the effects of landuse change in cacao landscape of
Central Sulawesi is increasing. Change in landscape configuration and management
practices are being clearly reflected in the composition of species
communities, with likely impacts on ecosystem services such as pest control
and pollination. More knowledge is needed especially in terms of species interactions
and ecosystem functioning, but also on how existing knowledge can
contribute to effective conservation in human-dominated landscapes outside
protected areas.

The ongoing loss of pristine tropical rainforests increases the potential importance of agrofores... more The ongoing loss of pristine tropical rainforests increases the potential importance of agroforestry systems for the conservation of tropical arthropod diversity. Shaded agroforestry systems can still support high levels of biodiversity, even resembling those supported by undisturbed forests, but intensively managed open agroforestry systems may cause severe losses in insect diversity. In this study we evaluate the conservation value of agroforestry systems for species richness and diversity (Simpson’s index) of four insect groups at natural forest sites and three diﬀerent types of cacao-dominated agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The agroforestry systems were characterised by low, intermediate and high diversity of shade trees. Each habitat type was studied with 4 replicates, i.e. 16 study sites altogether. We compared responses of solitary bees and wasps, dung beetles and lower canopy dwelling beetles and ants. These taxa represent diverse and functionally important insect groups: solitary bees and wasps act as crop pollinators or pest predators, dung beetles as decomposers of mammalian excrements and canopy dwelling beetles and ants include abundant herbivores and predators. High percentages of forest species did not occur in agroforestry systems, but diversity and species richness in agroforests remained as high as or even higher than in the forest lower canopy. Diversity, species richness and abundance of the functionally important dung beetles and canopy ants showed strong resilience against both forest conversion and changes in agroforestry management. Diversity, species richness and abundance of solitary bees and wasps as well as canopy beetles even seemed to proﬁt from the eﬀects of opening the upper canopy that was related to forest conversion and changes in shade tree compositions. On the latter two groups the eﬀects of opening the upper canopy were stronger than eﬀects of reduced shade tree richness. Based on our results, we recommend the inclusion of agroforestry systems with a diversity of shade trees in tropical conservation plans in addition to pristine forest reserves. Furthermore, regional diﬀerences in local agroforestry management contributed to between 31% (for dung beetles) and 58% (for canopy beetles) of the total species richness, which stresses the importance of conservation policies aimed at a diversity of habitat types on a broader landscape scale.