Noor Asmael | University of Baghdad (original) (raw)
Papers by Noor Asmael
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Nov 1, 2015
Baghdad City suffers from severe traffic congestion due to the rapid urban expansion and travel d... more Baghdad City suffers from severe traffic congestion due to the rapid urban expansion and travel demand growth. Based on many studies, urban rail transit was proposed by experts and the related transit agencies as an optimal solution to solve this problem. Accordingly, Baghdad metro route selection based on multi-criteria was proposed to be studied, evaluated and searched in the present research. The methodology utilizes a GIS to prepare and analysis data. Data was analyzed using a two-stage multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) model which includes Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) and TOPSIS methods. Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to explore the various route alternatives. To select the best alternative, all alternatives were evaluated against the selected criteria. The weighting system is not only based on expert's opinions but also includes a set of measures based on real data. Based to the outcomes of the present study, alternative route number 1 can be recognized to be the optimal route in the year 2014, and alternative route 2 is recommended to be adopted to meet the high travel demand requirement in the year 2035.
Transport Problems, Sep 30, 2022
Efficient freight transportation systems typically reduce the cost of moving goods to and from lo... more Efficient freight transportation systems typically reduce the cost of moving goods to and from logistics facilities. The demand matrix (O-D) is used to load or allocate the flow of traffic on a network, usually defined as a matrix that detects the number of trips. The objective of this study is to contribute to road freight modeling in Baghdad in general and estimate the O-D matrix for truck traffic using the freight transport data collected. Freight data was collected through roadside and interview surveys at the seven entrances of Baghdad city. In addition, the analysis was performed using Trans CAD ver. 4.5 software. The results provide an analysis of the freight travel demand. The output of this study is useful for decision-makers in the evaluation and execution of freight transportation activities and aids the application of correct decisions.
Civil and Environmental Engineering
In the present study, laboratory model tests and numerical analysis are carried out to study the ... more In the present study, laboratory model tests and numerical analysis are carried out to study the immediate, and consolidation settlement of shallow foundations rested on clayey soil. The purpose is to evaluate the immediate and consolidation settlement of different cases and compares them with the calculated values using theoretical equations; the numerical analysis is utilized by the Plaxis-3D program for developing the finite element model, whereas the soft soil model was used for simulation. It was studied the effect of three parameters on the behavior of the foundation for immediate and consolidation settlement, these parameters are soil cohesion, the pressure applied on the foundation, and layer thickness. The obtained results indicated that the simulation using the soft soil model underestimates the immediate settlement by about 30 % and gives excellent results for predicting consolidation settlement. The total settlement of shallow raft foundation rested on a clay layer of de...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
Parking demand rates are one of the essential keys to urban city planning around the world. Most ... more Parking demand rates are one of the essential keys to urban city planning around the world. Most cities produced the most suitable parking rates, and models relied on their local conditions, regulations, and people’s habits. In Iraq, there is a lack of parking studies, and therefore, there is a lot of missing information which if be found, will be very valuable for better enhancing and managing the transportation network system. Institutional land use or Government Ministries are the land use type in which this research tries to find its parking generation rates. The goal is to produce models and rates for parking generation by using certain independent variables according to the characteristics of the land-use type. The research study area is the urban areas outside Baghdad CBD. Several sites were selected located in different parts of Baghdad. The number of study sites is three. The collected data about sites are the total number of site employees, site gross floor area, and maxim...
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2021
Parking facility is one of the important means to regulate traffic and facilitate the movement of... more Parking facility is one of the important means to regulate traffic and facilitate the movement of vehicles in commercial, industrial and entertainment areas. On-street parking is one of the most important problems that need to be managed and organized, especially at peak hours for the area. In the Mansour area and Al-Rowad Street in particular, it is one of the important streets in the city of Baghdad and is due to the presence of various commercial centers, such as Al-Mansour Mall, in addition to shopping centers, restaurants, medical clinics and educational centers. The study took place during the week. The data collection time is for five hours (5: 00-10: 00) PM . The mechanism for collecting data was manually. The data showed that the peak hours start from five in the afternoon and continue until ten in the evening. According to the cumulative scheme, the rush hour was at 8:00 pm with 150 vehicles, as the street capacity is 168 spaces. Moreover, the duration time ranged between ...
Transport Problems, 2022
Public transportation plays a significant role in urban areas, transporting a large percentage of... more Public transportation plays a significant role in urban areas, transporting a large percentage of people. There is no existing study dealing with the balance between transportation demand and supply in Baghdad city; thus, there is a need to assess service equity before implementing any major services. The aim of the present research is to study the equity of transit need. The methodology uses geographic information systems (GISs) and spatial multi-criteria analysis to determine equity. Nine criteria were used in this study (land use, population density, commercial activities, medical locations, bus stops walkability, educational activities, bus terminal, and income) to determine a transit need map. Expert opinion surveys are conducted to determine pairwise comparisons between these criteria to estimate the weight of each criterion. Spatial analysis in ArcGIS 10.8 is utilized to apply methodology. The transit need map is obtained, and the need for transit service is represented by a ...
مجلة النهرين للعلوم الهندسية, 2017
The rapid growth of Baghdad city has an adverse effect on the environment; therefore, it is cruci... more The rapid growth of Baghdad city has an adverse effect on the environment; therefore, it is crucial to have a well-concerted plan for urban expansion. This paper presents the problem of urban growth in Baghdad city; hence, it is develop a methodology that combines remote sensing data and GIS with Weight of evidence to estimate the occurrence spatial distribution of urban extent. Accordingly, the required data for the proposed model building were identified by using satellite imagery of Landsat MSS/TM/ETM for years, 1976, 1990 and 2000 respectively. The satellite imagery is utilized for geometric correction, supervised and unsupervised classification, accuracy assessment, derivation of change detection and urban growth modeling. Three factors were considered in model building of urban growth in weight of evidence: environmental, social and economical factors. Geodatabase was digitized in ArcGIS and combined to develop statistical models relating land use to population density, distan...
Traffic congestion is a serious problem in Baghdad city due to the rapid increase in the use of t... more Traffic congestion is a serious problem in Baghdad city due to the rapid increase in the use of the private vehicles which have adverse effects on travel time, vehicle operation costs, air quality, etc. The existing local public transport condition today can be presented by the public buses suffer from the severe traffic congestion in urban roads. There is need to analysis local public transportation using GIS to solve the existing congestion problem. Due to limited available data, Baghdad suffers a deficiency in the application of urban transportation planning process in selecting suitable transport policies to solve the transportation problems. The following study tries to analysis the existing public transportation using GIS and recommending the necessary optimum transit routes to meet the requirement of future travel demand. Results of this study will provide the transportation agencies to maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
In determining the economy of the region, freight transportation plays a major role. Usually, eff... more In determining the economy of the region, freight transportation plays a major role. Usually, efficient freight distribution networks take care of reducing the cost of transporting goods to and from transportation facilities. The purpose of this analysis is to find an alternative route for the Jisr Diyala entrance, using aggregate freight data and Spatial Analysis techniques from GIS, in particular, to analyze the travel pattern of intercity truck traffic. Shipping data is obtained through roadside surveys and interviews which represent the primary source of data for this study. The study concludes by determining the best route for trucks, which reflects the current path in fact, and proposing a path to split trucks from small vehicles to avoid the current problem, as the questionnaires revealed that the largest amount of goods type was for construction materials by 32%, with the majority of commercial areas intended for users. The path and the study of the paths that link them. Usi...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
Public transit in the city of Al-Kut faces great challenges due to the weakness of the local gove... more Public transit in the city of Al-Kut faces great challenges due to the weakness of the local government abilities in providing adequate conditions for public transport such as wide vehicles, comfortable seats, and other environmentally friendly means of transport that are almost non-use in the city of Kut, where the dependence is heavily on Mini Bus (Kia) and a medium-sized bus, most of which are old, do not operate in an integrated way, compete with each other for the passengers, reduce the flexibility of movement. This study attempts to estimate the demand for the proposed bus rapid route in the city of al Kut as a modern public transport that can contribute to reducing congestion in the city. In this study, the demand for the current public transport network lines in the city was studied, which are 12 lines using boarding / alighting values to determine passenger loads and assess flow on each route in the transportation network using the origin-destination (OD) data from on/off d...
A new technology “warm mix asphalt” (WMA) which will produce saving in energy and lowering emissi... more A new technology “warm mix asphalt” (WMA) which will produce saving in energy and lowering emissions dealt with it has wide popularity at recent years. WMA produced by using foaming technology or reducing -viscosity additives of binder to enhance the rheological properties. In this study, organic based additives are used to minimize the viscosity and lowering the temperature of WMA production. Asphaltan A and Asphaltan B considered as organic additives produced in Germeny by Romonta Company are used to prepare WMA mixes. Bitumen is modified with these additives by adding three doses (1, 2 and 3%) by weight of asphalt. Four-point fatigue test was conducted to estimate the fatigue life, dynamic stiffness modulus, and to study the resistance of mixtures to fatigue cracking. The study showed that the organic additives have a positive impact on the behavior of warm mixtures in term of increase fatigue life. The warm mixture is superior than traditional mixture for its resistance to fati...
Cogent Engineering, 2019
Open-Graded Friction Course mixture (OGFC) has a gap-graded aggregate that results in highly air ... more Open-Graded Friction Course mixture (OGFC) has a gap-graded aggregate that results in highly air voids. This structure provides higher permeability by allowing water to flow through it. Although these mixtures have good drainage properties, they exhibit poor strength with a short life span. Because of their poor performance, there is a lack to be used in pavement application. Attempts had made to increase mixture performance; one of these methods is by using fibers or polymers. The objective of the current study is to determine if modified OGFC mixes with different polymers and fibers have comparable performance. Polymers and fibers were used in OGFC mixes to evaluate their performance. Steel fiber, glass fibers, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Phenol resin were investigated in this study. The modified mixtures were tested by indirect tensile strength, Marshall and permanent deformation tests. Results showed that fibers decrease rutting by 19% and they have more effective than polymers that decrease rutting by 7%, and glass fiber was found to be more effective with a 24% reduction in permanent deformation than other additives to enhance performance.
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2020
Utilizing warm mix asphalt (WMA) for pavements attracts attention from around the world due to it... more Utilizing warm mix asphalt (WMA) for pavements attracts attention from around the world due to its benefits. The major benefit is decrease in fuel consumption and emissions. Warm asphalt mixtures are investigated by using organic additives; two additives (Asphaltan A and Asphaltan B) are utilized in this research. A program of laboratory testing is performed on WMA mixtures and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures using two different additives and three contents. Two aggregate gradations were utilized with three values for each additive, and a total of 12 types of warm mixture and two types of HMA were produced. Warm asphalt mixtures were compacted utilizing a Marshall procedure, and optimum asphalt contents were found for each asphalt mixture. A moisture sensitivity test was carried out for all mixture types to find their moisture resistance. From the outcomes, most warm mixtures passed the minimum value of tensile strength ratio (TSR) (80%) as required by the AASHTO and some mixtures failed to meet this criterion, which indicates that the moisture resistance is a concern in warm mixtures. Also, the fracture energy values were higher for warm mixtures than HMA mixtures, which indicates a better resistance to cracking for WMA.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole cit... more The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole city, not just the intended place. Estimation of the required parking demand must rely on rates and models produced from the local studies, according to the local conditions, transportation habits, and law. This research is interested in educational sites (universities and colleges) in Iraq and works to establish a reliable reference to determine the required parking supply for them. Four educational sites in Baghdad city were selected to develop parking generation rates and models, besides two other sites were also chosen to verify the developed rates and models. Data collection was conducted using interviews and field surveys. Two kinds of data are collected, the first is about site characteristics, employees, and population, and the second is about the parked car accumulation, of three days, during two periods (am and pm). And then all the collected data were analyzed, and by using sever...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
WMA is a new technology, which is based on reduced temperature for mixing, and compaction of asph... more WMA is a new technology, which is based on reduced temperature for mixing, and compaction of asphalt mixture, like any pavement material, testing the compatibility of this technology with domestically obtainable material is essential. The objective of the current research is to assist Iraqi establishments in addressing the issues related to resistance to rutting when adopting this technology. An intensive study on the performance of WMA mixtures with local materials was carried out. Job mix formulas with 12.5 mm and 25 mm aggregate size were chosen for HMA and WMA. One WMA technology was used which is an organic additive; two additives were used Asphaltan A® and Asphaltan B®. All the mixture types are testes and compared with each other. The rutting sensitivity of the mixtures is evaluated using Wheel Track test. From the results, for surface mixtures, rut depth is directly proportional to WMA additive content. For base mixtures, more Asphaltan A® leads to more rut depth, but more A...
Elektronički časopis građevinskog fakulteta Osijek, 2019
In recent years, traffic loads have increased, and the sizes and loads of vehicles have become gr... more In recent years, traffic loads have increased, and the sizes and loads of vehicles have become greater, thereby affecting the performance of asphalt pavements. Modified bituminous materials assist to add benefits to performance, maintenance and construction, in terms of better and longer lasting road, and saving in total road life cost. This study attempts to identify the influence of polymer modification in improving asphalt mixture performance. Three types of polymer resins were used, namely, Epoxy resin, Phenol resin, and Polyester resin. The physical properties of asphalt cement were tested by penetration and softening point. Apart from mix performance, the effect of modification on Marshall properties was studied. To estimate the tensile strength and evaluate the mixture's susceptibility to temperature variations, three test temperatures were used (15, 30, and 45°C). Furthermore, modified mixtures were tested by measurement of static creep. Based on the study results, it was found that increasing the phenol or epoxy resin quantities in asphalt cement lead to an increase softening point and reduce penetration. Material properties can be improved by the incorporation of phenol and polyester resins, since recovery property can be improved. Moreover, using phenol resin in asphalt mixes can increase the resistance to deformation when exposed to traffic loading.
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
Bus as a public transport is a suitable service to meet the travel demand between any two zones. ... more Bus as a public transport is a suitable service to meet the travel demand between any two zones. Baghdad faced with severe traffic problems along with the development in city size and economy. Passengers have to wait lots of time during commutation to work because of the serious traffic jams. In the last years, rate of car ownership has increased as income levels have gone up and cars have become a preferable mode of transport. Bus, as the only public mode of transport available, is suffering from inconvenience, slowness, and inflexibility. A big emphasis must be given to the public transport system because it introduces an active utilization of limited resources, energy and land. This study determines the demand of public routes for buses using boarding / alighting values to generate a model and assign these demand values to the bus network. Five public routes were selected to collect the required data. Ride check and Point check survey was conducted for each selected route. The re...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a new sustainable technology that gives an economic and environmental b... more Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a new sustainable technology that gives an economic and environmental beneficial value by means of production temperature decrease of the asphalt mixture by (10-40) °C. The difference between conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and WMA mixes were analyzed, in this study, in term of marshall properties which conducted on specimens are produced of: Al-Nibaae source aggregate and Al-Dorah Refinery source asphalt binder (40/50 PEN) modified by two organic additives (Asphaltan A and Asphaltan B). The laboratory tests to determine the mechanical properties of asphalt binder and aggregates are conducted. Two types of aggregate gradation mixtures are designed to perform HMA and WMA preparations using Marshall design method. Doses of 1, 2, and 3% of the additives by total weight of asphalt binder were chosen. WMA mixtures are prepared at 40 °C less than HMA specimens and produced by the same procedure. Many changes on mechanical and physical properties are observed d...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
The growth rate of vehicle ownership in Baghdad has increased since 2003. For the analysis of adv... more The growth rate of vehicle ownership in Baghdad has increased since 2003. For the analysis of adverse effects of car ownership on transport mode choice, the comparison between the patterns of mode choices in the past with current situation was studied. The transport mode choice was calibrated using a Logit model; it combines different characteristics of the alternatives and individual socioeconomic variables in a meaningful way to calculate a utility value. The model requires data of zones, choice data of travelling mode and the selected mode attributes. Trans Cad was used to calibrate the utility functions, MNL analysis in Trans Cad is used to develop the model. The travelling modes used in the study area are private mode (car) and public mode (bus). The level of service variables (In-vehicle travel time, cost) and socioeconomic variables (auto ownership, income) are used. After calibration of the split model, the process of validation is achieved by comparing field measured modal split of traffic volumes with estimated split results of the model. The results show that a higher share of public transport in the past, while in 2014, it appears that the share of auto is higher. Through these results, it finds that public transport must be given the utmost importance in order to provide a sustainable environment in the region.
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2018
Baghdad Governorate is the most populated area in Iraq. It is experiencing rapid urbanization, ec... more Baghdad Governorate is the most populated area in Iraq. It is experiencing rapid urbanization, economic growth, and motorization. The rapid increase in use private cars produced an increase in the traffic congestion, accidents, inadequate parking space and air pollution. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the need for a new transport policies and transportation projects based on Travel demand modeling. The present research methodology is based on update O-D matrix for Baghdad city and using it in travel forecasting to evaluate proposed urban mass rail services. In this study, three metro alternative routes were suggested, and according to demand estimation results, the best route will selected to meet future travel demand. It is concluded, peak hour ridership on proposed metro routes in the year 2014 is found to be 30000 passengers per hour per direction and the peak hour ridership on metro routes in the year 2035 reached 50000 passengers per hour per direction. On the other hand, it is concluded that travel demand on alternative route 1 equal 200000 and 400000 trips per day in two directions, while, load on alternative route 2 equal 360000 and 720000 trips per day in 2014 and 2035 respectively. It is concluded that, route alternative 2 and 1 recommended to be adopted to meet the travel demand requirements for the year 2035. The results of this study will provide the guide to the local transportation agencies to select the right decision, maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Nov 1, 2015
Baghdad City suffers from severe traffic congestion due to the rapid urban expansion and travel d... more Baghdad City suffers from severe traffic congestion due to the rapid urban expansion and travel demand growth. Based on many studies, urban rail transit was proposed by experts and the related transit agencies as an optimal solution to solve this problem. Accordingly, Baghdad metro route selection based on multi-criteria was proposed to be studied, evaluated and searched in the present research. The methodology utilizes a GIS to prepare and analysis data. Data was analyzed using a two-stage multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) model which includes Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) and TOPSIS methods. Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to explore the various route alternatives. To select the best alternative, all alternatives were evaluated against the selected criteria. The weighting system is not only based on expert's opinions but also includes a set of measures based on real data. Based to the outcomes of the present study, alternative route number 1 can be recognized to be the optimal route in the year 2014, and alternative route 2 is recommended to be adopted to meet the high travel demand requirement in the year 2035.
Transport Problems, Sep 30, 2022
Efficient freight transportation systems typically reduce the cost of moving goods to and from lo... more Efficient freight transportation systems typically reduce the cost of moving goods to and from logistics facilities. The demand matrix (O-D) is used to load or allocate the flow of traffic on a network, usually defined as a matrix that detects the number of trips. The objective of this study is to contribute to road freight modeling in Baghdad in general and estimate the O-D matrix for truck traffic using the freight transport data collected. Freight data was collected through roadside and interview surveys at the seven entrances of Baghdad city. In addition, the analysis was performed using Trans CAD ver. 4.5 software. The results provide an analysis of the freight travel demand. The output of this study is useful for decision-makers in the evaluation and execution of freight transportation activities and aids the application of correct decisions.
Civil and Environmental Engineering
In the present study, laboratory model tests and numerical analysis are carried out to study the ... more In the present study, laboratory model tests and numerical analysis are carried out to study the immediate, and consolidation settlement of shallow foundations rested on clayey soil. The purpose is to evaluate the immediate and consolidation settlement of different cases and compares them with the calculated values using theoretical equations; the numerical analysis is utilized by the Plaxis-3D program for developing the finite element model, whereas the soft soil model was used for simulation. It was studied the effect of three parameters on the behavior of the foundation for immediate and consolidation settlement, these parameters are soil cohesion, the pressure applied on the foundation, and layer thickness. The obtained results indicated that the simulation using the soft soil model underestimates the immediate settlement by about 30 % and gives excellent results for predicting consolidation settlement. The total settlement of shallow raft foundation rested on a clay layer of de...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
Parking demand rates are one of the essential keys to urban city planning around the world. Most ... more Parking demand rates are one of the essential keys to urban city planning around the world. Most cities produced the most suitable parking rates, and models relied on their local conditions, regulations, and people’s habits. In Iraq, there is a lack of parking studies, and therefore, there is a lot of missing information which if be found, will be very valuable for better enhancing and managing the transportation network system. Institutional land use or Government Ministries are the land use type in which this research tries to find its parking generation rates. The goal is to produce models and rates for parking generation by using certain independent variables according to the characteristics of the land-use type. The research study area is the urban areas outside Baghdad CBD. Several sites were selected located in different parts of Baghdad. The number of study sites is three. The collected data about sites are the total number of site employees, site gross floor area, and maxim...
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2021
Parking facility is one of the important means to regulate traffic and facilitate the movement of... more Parking facility is one of the important means to regulate traffic and facilitate the movement of vehicles in commercial, industrial and entertainment areas. On-street parking is one of the most important problems that need to be managed and organized, especially at peak hours for the area. In the Mansour area and Al-Rowad Street in particular, it is one of the important streets in the city of Baghdad and is due to the presence of various commercial centers, such as Al-Mansour Mall, in addition to shopping centers, restaurants, medical clinics and educational centers. The study took place during the week. The data collection time is for five hours (5: 00-10: 00) PM . The mechanism for collecting data was manually. The data showed that the peak hours start from five in the afternoon and continue until ten in the evening. According to the cumulative scheme, the rush hour was at 8:00 pm with 150 vehicles, as the street capacity is 168 spaces. Moreover, the duration time ranged between ...
Transport Problems, 2022
Public transportation plays a significant role in urban areas, transporting a large percentage of... more Public transportation plays a significant role in urban areas, transporting a large percentage of people. There is no existing study dealing with the balance between transportation demand and supply in Baghdad city; thus, there is a need to assess service equity before implementing any major services. The aim of the present research is to study the equity of transit need. The methodology uses geographic information systems (GISs) and spatial multi-criteria analysis to determine equity. Nine criteria were used in this study (land use, population density, commercial activities, medical locations, bus stops walkability, educational activities, bus terminal, and income) to determine a transit need map. Expert opinion surveys are conducted to determine pairwise comparisons between these criteria to estimate the weight of each criterion. Spatial analysis in ArcGIS 10.8 is utilized to apply methodology. The transit need map is obtained, and the need for transit service is represented by a ...
مجلة النهرين للعلوم الهندسية, 2017
The rapid growth of Baghdad city has an adverse effect on the environment; therefore, it is cruci... more The rapid growth of Baghdad city has an adverse effect on the environment; therefore, it is crucial to have a well-concerted plan for urban expansion. This paper presents the problem of urban growth in Baghdad city; hence, it is develop a methodology that combines remote sensing data and GIS with Weight of evidence to estimate the occurrence spatial distribution of urban extent. Accordingly, the required data for the proposed model building were identified by using satellite imagery of Landsat MSS/TM/ETM for years, 1976, 1990 and 2000 respectively. The satellite imagery is utilized for geometric correction, supervised and unsupervised classification, accuracy assessment, derivation of change detection and urban growth modeling. Three factors were considered in model building of urban growth in weight of evidence: environmental, social and economical factors. Geodatabase was digitized in ArcGIS and combined to develop statistical models relating land use to population density, distan...
Traffic congestion is a serious problem in Baghdad city due to the rapid increase in the use of t... more Traffic congestion is a serious problem in Baghdad city due to the rapid increase in the use of the private vehicles which have adverse effects on travel time, vehicle operation costs, air quality, etc. The existing local public transport condition today can be presented by the public buses suffer from the severe traffic congestion in urban roads. There is need to analysis local public transportation using GIS to solve the existing congestion problem. Due to limited available data, Baghdad suffers a deficiency in the application of urban transportation planning process in selecting suitable transport policies to solve the transportation problems. The following study tries to analysis the existing public transportation using GIS and recommending the necessary optimum transit routes to meet the requirement of future travel demand. Results of this study will provide the transportation agencies to maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
In determining the economy of the region, freight transportation plays a major role. Usually, eff... more In determining the economy of the region, freight transportation plays a major role. Usually, efficient freight distribution networks take care of reducing the cost of transporting goods to and from transportation facilities. The purpose of this analysis is to find an alternative route for the Jisr Diyala entrance, using aggregate freight data and Spatial Analysis techniques from GIS, in particular, to analyze the travel pattern of intercity truck traffic. Shipping data is obtained through roadside surveys and interviews which represent the primary source of data for this study. The study concludes by determining the best route for trucks, which reflects the current path in fact, and proposing a path to split trucks from small vehicles to avoid the current problem, as the questionnaires revealed that the largest amount of goods type was for construction materials by 32%, with the majority of commercial areas intended for users. The path and the study of the paths that link them. Usi...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
Public transit in the city of Al-Kut faces great challenges due to the weakness of the local gove... more Public transit in the city of Al-Kut faces great challenges due to the weakness of the local government abilities in providing adequate conditions for public transport such as wide vehicles, comfortable seats, and other environmentally friendly means of transport that are almost non-use in the city of Kut, where the dependence is heavily on Mini Bus (Kia) and a medium-sized bus, most of which are old, do not operate in an integrated way, compete with each other for the passengers, reduce the flexibility of movement. This study attempts to estimate the demand for the proposed bus rapid route in the city of al Kut as a modern public transport that can contribute to reducing congestion in the city. In this study, the demand for the current public transport network lines in the city was studied, which are 12 lines using boarding / alighting values to determine passenger loads and assess flow on each route in the transportation network using the origin-destination (OD) data from on/off d...
A new technology “warm mix asphalt” (WMA) which will produce saving in energy and lowering emissi... more A new technology “warm mix asphalt” (WMA) which will produce saving in energy and lowering emissions dealt with it has wide popularity at recent years. WMA produced by using foaming technology or reducing -viscosity additives of binder to enhance the rheological properties. In this study, organic based additives are used to minimize the viscosity and lowering the temperature of WMA production. Asphaltan A and Asphaltan B considered as organic additives produced in Germeny by Romonta Company are used to prepare WMA mixes. Bitumen is modified with these additives by adding three doses (1, 2 and 3%) by weight of asphalt. Four-point fatigue test was conducted to estimate the fatigue life, dynamic stiffness modulus, and to study the resistance of mixtures to fatigue cracking. The study showed that the organic additives have a positive impact on the behavior of warm mixtures in term of increase fatigue life. The warm mixture is superior than traditional mixture for its resistance to fati...
Cogent Engineering, 2019
Open-Graded Friction Course mixture (OGFC) has a gap-graded aggregate that results in highly air ... more Open-Graded Friction Course mixture (OGFC) has a gap-graded aggregate that results in highly air voids. This structure provides higher permeability by allowing water to flow through it. Although these mixtures have good drainage properties, they exhibit poor strength with a short life span. Because of their poor performance, there is a lack to be used in pavement application. Attempts had made to increase mixture performance; one of these methods is by using fibers or polymers. The objective of the current study is to determine if modified OGFC mixes with different polymers and fibers have comparable performance. Polymers and fibers were used in OGFC mixes to evaluate their performance. Steel fiber, glass fibers, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Phenol resin were investigated in this study. The modified mixtures were tested by indirect tensile strength, Marshall and permanent deformation tests. Results showed that fibers decrease rutting by 19% and they have more effective than polymers that decrease rutting by 7%, and glass fiber was found to be more effective with a 24% reduction in permanent deformation than other additives to enhance performance.
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2020
Utilizing warm mix asphalt (WMA) for pavements attracts attention from around the world due to it... more Utilizing warm mix asphalt (WMA) for pavements attracts attention from around the world due to its benefits. The major benefit is decrease in fuel consumption and emissions. Warm asphalt mixtures are investigated by using organic additives; two additives (Asphaltan A and Asphaltan B) are utilized in this research. A program of laboratory testing is performed on WMA mixtures and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures using two different additives and three contents. Two aggregate gradations were utilized with three values for each additive, and a total of 12 types of warm mixture and two types of HMA were produced. Warm asphalt mixtures were compacted utilizing a Marshall procedure, and optimum asphalt contents were found for each asphalt mixture. A moisture sensitivity test was carried out for all mixture types to find their moisture resistance. From the outcomes, most warm mixtures passed the minimum value of tensile strength ratio (TSR) (80%) as required by the AASHTO and some mixtures failed to meet this criterion, which indicates that the moisture resistance is a concern in warm mixtures. Also, the fracture energy values were higher for warm mixtures than HMA mixtures, which indicates a better resistance to cracking for WMA.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole cit... more The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole city, not just the intended place. Estimation of the required parking demand must rely on rates and models produced from the local studies, according to the local conditions, transportation habits, and law. This research is interested in educational sites (universities and colleges) in Iraq and works to establish a reliable reference to determine the required parking supply for them. Four educational sites in Baghdad city were selected to develop parking generation rates and models, besides two other sites were also chosen to verify the developed rates and models. Data collection was conducted using interviews and field surveys. Two kinds of data are collected, the first is about site characteristics, employees, and population, and the second is about the parked car accumulation, of three days, during two periods (am and pm). And then all the collected data were analyzed, and by using sever...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
WMA is a new technology, which is based on reduced temperature for mixing, and compaction of asph... more WMA is a new technology, which is based on reduced temperature for mixing, and compaction of asphalt mixture, like any pavement material, testing the compatibility of this technology with domestically obtainable material is essential. The objective of the current research is to assist Iraqi establishments in addressing the issues related to resistance to rutting when adopting this technology. An intensive study on the performance of WMA mixtures with local materials was carried out. Job mix formulas with 12.5 mm and 25 mm aggregate size were chosen for HMA and WMA. One WMA technology was used which is an organic additive; two additives were used Asphaltan A® and Asphaltan B®. All the mixture types are testes and compared with each other. The rutting sensitivity of the mixtures is evaluated using Wheel Track test. From the results, for surface mixtures, rut depth is directly proportional to WMA additive content. For base mixtures, more Asphaltan A® leads to more rut depth, but more A...
Elektronički časopis građevinskog fakulteta Osijek, 2019
In recent years, traffic loads have increased, and the sizes and loads of vehicles have become gr... more In recent years, traffic loads have increased, and the sizes and loads of vehicles have become greater, thereby affecting the performance of asphalt pavements. Modified bituminous materials assist to add benefits to performance, maintenance and construction, in terms of better and longer lasting road, and saving in total road life cost. This study attempts to identify the influence of polymer modification in improving asphalt mixture performance. Three types of polymer resins were used, namely, Epoxy resin, Phenol resin, and Polyester resin. The physical properties of asphalt cement were tested by penetration and softening point. Apart from mix performance, the effect of modification on Marshall properties was studied. To estimate the tensile strength and evaluate the mixture's susceptibility to temperature variations, three test temperatures were used (15, 30, and 45°C). Furthermore, modified mixtures were tested by measurement of static creep. Based on the study results, it was found that increasing the phenol or epoxy resin quantities in asphalt cement lead to an increase softening point and reduce penetration. Material properties can be improved by the incorporation of phenol and polyester resins, since recovery property can be improved. Moreover, using phenol resin in asphalt mixes can increase the resistance to deformation when exposed to traffic loading.
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
Bus as a public transport is a suitable service to meet the travel demand between any two zones. ... more Bus as a public transport is a suitable service to meet the travel demand between any two zones. Baghdad faced with severe traffic problems along with the development in city size and economy. Passengers have to wait lots of time during commutation to work because of the serious traffic jams. In the last years, rate of car ownership has increased as income levels have gone up and cars have become a preferable mode of transport. Bus, as the only public mode of transport available, is suffering from inconvenience, slowness, and inflexibility. A big emphasis must be given to the public transport system because it introduces an active utilization of limited resources, energy and land. This study determines the demand of public routes for buses using boarding / alighting values to generate a model and assign these demand values to the bus network. Five public routes were selected to collect the required data. Ride check and Point check survey was conducted for each selected route. The re...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a new sustainable technology that gives an economic and environmental b... more Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a new sustainable technology that gives an economic and environmental beneficial value by means of production temperature decrease of the asphalt mixture by (10-40) °C. The difference between conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and WMA mixes were analyzed, in this study, in term of marshall properties which conducted on specimens are produced of: Al-Nibaae source aggregate and Al-Dorah Refinery source asphalt binder (40/50 PEN) modified by two organic additives (Asphaltan A and Asphaltan B). The laboratory tests to determine the mechanical properties of asphalt binder and aggregates are conducted. Two types of aggregate gradation mixtures are designed to perform HMA and WMA preparations using Marshall design method. Doses of 1, 2, and 3% of the additives by total weight of asphalt binder were chosen. WMA mixtures are prepared at 40 °C less than HMA specimens and produced by the same procedure. Many changes on mechanical and physical properties are observed d...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
The growth rate of vehicle ownership in Baghdad has increased since 2003. For the analysis of adv... more The growth rate of vehicle ownership in Baghdad has increased since 2003. For the analysis of adverse effects of car ownership on transport mode choice, the comparison between the patterns of mode choices in the past with current situation was studied. The transport mode choice was calibrated using a Logit model; it combines different characteristics of the alternatives and individual socioeconomic variables in a meaningful way to calculate a utility value. The model requires data of zones, choice data of travelling mode and the selected mode attributes. Trans Cad was used to calibrate the utility functions, MNL analysis in Trans Cad is used to develop the model. The travelling modes used in the study area are private mode (car) and public mode (bus). The level of service variables (In-vehicle travel time, cost) and socioeconomic variables (auto ownership, income) are used. After calibration of the split model, the process of validation is achieved by comparing field measured modal split of traffic volumes with estimated split results of the model. The results show that a higher share of public transport in the past, while in 2014, it appears that the share of auto is higher. Through these results, it finds that public transport must be given the utmost importance in order to provide a sustainable environment in the region.
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2018
Baghdad Governorate is the most populated area in Iraq. It is experiencing rapid urbanization, ec... more Baghdad Governorate is the most populated area in Iraq. It is experiencing rapid urbanization, economic growth, and motorization. The rapid increase in use private cars produced an increase in the traffic congestion, accidents, inadequate parking space and air pollution. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the need for a new transport policies and transportation projects based on Travel demand modeling. The present research methodology is based on update O-D matrix for Baghdad city and using it in travel forecasting to evaluate proposed urban mass rail services. In this study, three metro alternative routes were suggested, and according to demand estimation results, the best route will selected to meet future travel demand. It is concluded, peak hour ridership on proposed metro routes in the year 2014 is found to be 30000 passengers per hour per direction and the peak hour ridership on metro routes in the year 2035 reached 50000 passengers per hour per direction. On the other hand, it is concluded that travel demand on alternative route 1 equal 200000 and 400000 trips per day in two directions, while, load on alternative route 2 equal 360000 and 720000 trips per day in 2014 and 2035 respectively. It is concluded that, route alternative 2 and 1 recommended to be adopted to meet the travel demand requirements for the year 2035. The results of this study will provide the guide to the local transportation agencies to select the right decision, maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources.