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Papers by Md Nur Kabidul Azam

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2016

Snakebite is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in man... more Snakebite is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in many parts of the Africa, Asia and the Americas. Incidence of snakebite is usually recorded in young people engaged in active physical work in rural areas. The various plant parts used to treat snakebite included whole plant, leaves, barks, roots and seeds. Most bites in Bangladesh are recorded between May and October with highest number in June. Lower and upper limbs are most common sites of snakebite, but it may happen in other sites as well. Snake venom (蛇毒 sh e dú) has been the cause of innumerable deaths worldwide. However, antiserum does not provide enough protection against venom induced hemorrhage, necrosis, nephrotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions. Informed consent was obtained from the practitioners prior to interviews. After the survey, it is concluded that the medicinal plants used by tribal medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh for treatment against snakebite are Acyranthes aspera L. (土牛膝 tǔ niú x ı), Amaranthus Viridis L. (野莧菜 y e xi ang c ai), Asparagus racemosus Willd (總序天冬 zǒng xù ti an d ong) and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (油柑 y ou g an), while the non-tribal communities used 35 plant species among them, most of the plants reported as new species used against snakebite in the belonging family. The plants present a considerable potential for discovery of novel compounds with fewer side effects for treatment of antisnake venom and can, at least in Bangladesh, become a source of affordable and more easily available drugs.

... pain. Fever. Macerated roots of Cannabis sativa and leaves of Chromolaena odorata are combine... more ... pain. Fever. Macerated roots of Cannabis sativa and leaves of Chromolaena odorata are combined and taken for fever. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Shimul Root Decreased sperm count, passing of semen with urine. Juice ...

A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue, which can turn out to be malignant (cancerous) or n... more A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue, which can turn out to be malignant (cancerous) or non-malignant (i.e. benign). Since tumors can turn out to be cancerous, it was of interest to determine the medicinal plants used in the folk medicinal system of Bangladesh for treatment of tumors, particularly malignant tumors. Towards that, a survey was conducted among folk medicinal practitioners of two villages, namely Madartala and Rudaghara in Bagerhat and Khulna districts, respectively.

Journal of Cannabis Research, 2021

Background: There is a worldwide interest in the use of Cannabis sativa for biomedicine purposes.... more Background: There is a worldwide interest in the use of Cannabis sativa for biomedicine purposes. Cannabis has ethnomedicinal usage as a natural medicine in Bangladesh and cultivated during the British Empire period for revenues. Objective: Folk medicine practitioners (FMPs) from different districts of Bangladesh have been using Cannabis sativa, but until now there have not been any compiled studies particularly regarding this practice. Hence, this review is an effort to retrieve the traditional usage of Cannabis sativa as a phytomedicine from published ethnomedicinal studies. Methods and materials: Information was searched by using the search terms "ethnomedicinal Cannabis sativa and Bangladesh"; "Bangladesh cannabaceae and ethnomedicinal survey"; "ganja, bhang and folk medicine Bangladesh"; "tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinoid and therapeutic, clinical trial"; and "cannabis and pharmacological/ biological" and retrieved from ethnobotanical articles available on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. A search of the relevant scientific literature also was conducted to assess the efficacy of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa. Results: While reviewing over 200 ethnomedicinal plants' survey articles, we found that FMPs of Bangladesh from 12 different districts used Cannabis sativa to treat cited ailments like sleep-associated problems (n=5), neuropsychiatric and CNS problems (n=5), and infections and respiratory problems (n=5) followed by rheumatism, gastrointestinal, gynecological (n=4 each), cancer, sexual, and other ailments including hypertension, headache, itch, increases bile secretion, abortifacient, dandruff, fever, and urinary problems (n=1 each). There are a total of 15 formulations identified from the 11 out of 18 ethnomedicinal plant survey reports. The leaf was the main plant part used (53.8%), followed by root (23%), seed (7.7%) and flower, inflorescence, resin, and all parts 3.8% respectively.

Drug Designing & Intellectual Properties International Journal , 2019

Chowdhury MMI, ARA N, Sultana N, Azam MNK, Hossain KM (2012) Detection of the antibody titer of g... more Chowdhury MMI, ARA N, Sultana N, Azam MNK, Hossain KM (2012) Detection of the antibody titer of goatpox vaccine developed by BLR] in the Khulna region, Bangladesh. J. Innov. Dev. Siraregy. 6(1), 73-80. Goatpox is a highly contagious viral disease of goats. The disease is caused mainly by Goatpox virus (GPV) and occasionally by Sheep pox virus (SPV) which is enveloped by double stranded DNA viruses, classified in the genus Capripoxvirus of the family Poxvirade The objective of the research work was to conduct an efficacy trail of Goatpox vaccine BLRI-4505 on selected goats of Khulna region developed by Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). BLRI developed GPV vaccine was injected into 30 goats of selected farmers in a village of Khulna, to observe the physiological condition and the effects of the vaccine. Rectal temperatures of the experimental animals were recorded for before vaccination and seven day after vaccination. Blood was collected on before vaccination CD-Day), 15* and 30"' day of post-vaccination period. Separated serum was used for C-ELISA (Enzyme Immune Slide Assay) to determine the antibody litre of vaccinated goats. Hyper-immune serum (several time vaccinated goats) was collected from BLRI experimental goats. Hyper-immune serum was used as a standard. Temperature fluctuations of the vaccinated goats were normal and no uneven effects were found. OD value of antibody titre was satisfactory level and increased in day 30 than day-0 and day-15. This experiment reveals that newly developed GPV vaccine is effective against Goatpox virus in Bangladesh and few more trials in the intensive and semi-intensive goat populated areas would be better about the efficacy result of the vaccine.

Snake bite is a result of an unfortunate accidental interaction between a snake and a human victi... more Snake bite is a result of an unfortunate accidental interaction between a snake and a human victim. It is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in many parts of the Africa, Asia, and the Americas. A World Health Organization-funded study estimated about 8,000 cases of snakebite with over 20% mortality in Bangladesh annually. A medically important land snake in Bangladesh includes the krait, cobras, and vipers. Medically important snake species are the ones that fall into one of the three categories: bite usually causes death or disability. Snake venom is highly modified saliva (Reptile Venom Research that is produced by special glands) of certain species of snakes. The glands which secrete the zootoxin are a modification of the parotid salivary gland of other vertebrates, and are usually situated on each side of the head below and behind the eye, encapsulated in a muscular sheath. The glands have large alveoli in which venom is stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of channeled or ubular fangs, through which it is ejected. Snake venom consists of proteins, enzymes, substances with cytotoxic effects, neurotoxins, coagulants and anti-coagulants. The objective of this study was to conduct a survey amongst the local specialists in the Barandra ( Rajshahi & Rangpur division) and Shamatat (Khulna and Part of Barisal Divission) region of Bangladesh, to collect information on plants used to treat snake bite. Local Folk Medicinal Practitioners of the study area were selected randomly and interviewed with the help of translators to gather information on the knowledge and use of plants used as a remedy for snake bite. In-depth information regarding plants type, preparation of medicines, ailments for which they are used, dosages, and side effects if any, were obtained from the local specialists. All plants were photographed, collected, identified, and vouchers were stored at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. Information on twenty plants was obtained. The collected information indicates that the following plants are used against snake venom: Justicia adhatoda L., Sansevieria trifasciata, Agaricus albolutescens, Rauwolfia canescens L., Rauwolfia serpentine (L.) Benth ex Kurz, Eclipta prostrate L. Emilica sonchifolia (L.), Anogeissus latiofolia, Cajanus cajan (L.), Clitoria ternatea L., Couroupita guianensis, Leucas aspera (Wild.), Anisomeles malabarica (L.), Wissadula periplocifolia (L.), Ceropia peltata L., Piper longum L., Morinda citrifolia L., Solanum torvum Swartz, Curcuma longa L. These medicinal plants, because of their long history of usage present considerable potential for isolation of components, which can lead to discovery of efficacious anti-venom drugs.

Diabetes is an endocrinological disorder arising from insulin deficiency or due to effectiveness ... more Diabetes is an endocrinological disorder arising from insulin deficiency or due to effectiveness of the insulin produced by the body. Around 200 million people of the world are currently suffering from diabetes and the figure is projected to rise to 300 million within 2025 by the World Health Organization. The disease is caused by the inability of pancreas to produce insulin or inability of the body metabolic system to properly use the insulin produced.In Asia, India and China are the leading countries in herbal plants research, and there has been an increase in medicinal research on plants extract for diabetes treatment since 1995 in these regions. The objective of the present study was to document the medicinal plants used for thediabetes treatment, so that future work directed towards the identification of active principles from these medicinal plants may provide the opportunity for the development of a novel class of agents for the treatment of diabetes.In this review, we have attempted to compile a list of total 141 plant species belongs to 82 families, along with their type ofused extracts,botanical name, Plant part used and active principlesare includedbased on available scientific literaturesthose has been reported to be effective in diabetes. Different mechanism of action of anti-hyperglycemic phytochemicals are also shortly discussed. The information collected shows that plant leaves are about 51% more favorable for storing active ingredients, as compared to other parts of themedicinal plants.The documentation of anti-diabetic medicinal plants stimulates the researchers for further research on the potential use of medicinal plants having anti-diabetic potential.

Snakebite is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in man... more Snakebite is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in many parts
of the Africa, Asia and the Americas. Incidence of snakebite is usually recorded in young people engaged
in active physical work in rural areas. The various plant parts used to treat snakebite included whole
plant, leaves, barks, roots and seeds. Most bites in Bangladesh are recorded between May and October
with highest number in June. Lower and upper limbs are most common sites of snakebite, but it may
happen in other sites as well. Snake venom (蛇毒she dú) has been the cause of innumerable deaths
worldwide. However, antiserum does not provide enough protection against venom induced hemorrhage,
necrosis, nephrotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions. Informed consent was obtained from the
practitioners prior to interviews. After the survey, it is concluded that the medicinal plants used by tribal
medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh for treatment against snakebite are Acyranthes aspera L. (土牛膝tǔ
niú xı), Amaranthus Viridis L. (野莧菜ye xiang cai), Asparagus racemosus Willd (總序天冬zǒng xù tian
dong) and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (油柑you gan), while the non-tribal communities used 35 plant
species among them, most of the plants reported as new species used against snakebite in the belonging
family. The plants present a considerable potential for discovery of novel compounds with fewer side
effects for treatment of antisnake venom and can, at least in Bangladesh, become a source of affordable
and more easily available drugs.

Copyright © 2015, Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting
by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)..

Safe motherhood means ensuring that all women receive the care they need to be safe and healthy t... more Safe motherhood means ensuring that all women receive the care they need to be safe and healthy throughout pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries, however, the reality of safe motherhood is often grim. The study was conducted on 410 women of whom 235 were pregnant, 130 were lactating mother and 45 were delivery women from January to October 2009 of Kushtia District in Bangladesh. The data were collected by questionnaire method and socioeconomical and health related issues were examined. Anemic condition was determined on the basis of haemoglobin level and diagnostic results of respondent were considered as the results. The study revealed that only 31.46% of the respondents have awareness about safe motherhood. The study also demonstrated that 13.90% of them completing full doses of vaccination, 71.06% pregnant women monitored regular medical check up, 65.12% of the respondents took additional vitamin and mineral containing medicine, 47.65% of had normal requirements of food. It was found that the severely anemic, moderately anemic, mildly anemic and non anemic were 9.27%, 54.88%, 24.15% and 11.71% respectively. It was also found that about 73.89% and 42.17% were safe in urban and rural areas, respectively. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), vomiting and high blood pressure (BP) were found in most of the pregnant women. The present study indicated that both socio-economic status and availability of medicine and health care facilities in safe motherhood are critical for saving lives of woman.

Bangladesh is rich in orchids, with 159 species and two varieties under 63 genera (Huda et al.199... more Bangladesh is rich in orchids, with 159 species and two varieties under 63 genera (Huda et al.1999). These species are distributed mainly in the hilly areas of greater Sylhet, Chittagong and Mymensingh districts. Seeds of S. appendiculatus were germinated successfully and grew well in the in vitro culture. The best medium were observed for germinating the S. appendiculatus seeds, viz. Knudson-C (KnC) basal medium supplemented with 30% (v/v) maturity coconut water/milk (CW). All the seeds were observed those overall germination, protocorms formation and seedling development (about 100%). The best medium for growing and development of seedlings to become fully expanded plantlets was determined half strength of Murashige and Skoog (1/2MS) medium supplemented with 40% (v/v) CW. The plantlets of S. appendiculatus were resulted from these research approximately more than 2000 ndividuals. The fully expanded seedlings were transferred to perforated plastic pots and grow in the screen house.

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition of raw, curry and fried fishes ... more This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition of raw, curry and fried fishes of locally available Chapila (Gudusia chapra) and Punti (Puntius sarana). Different parameters such as proximate composition (protein, fat, ash, moisture, carbohydrate), per-oxide value, TVB-N (Total Volatile Basis Nitrogen), bacteriological and fungal study. Studies were also conducted on the organoleptic and physical characteristics of the raw, curry and fried fish sample (prepared by heating fish in a fry pan with spices) determining color, odor, texture, insect infestation and presence of broken pieces. Here, though in some cases color and odour of fried item is attractive. Moreover, the organoleptic quality of curry fish is better compared to that of fried fish. Studies were also conducted to determine the nutrient loss of curry and fried sample. In the fried sample of all fishes lost more nutrient than curry fish sample. The moisture content of raw, curry and fried Chapila (Gudusia chapra) were 55.6%, 51.5% and 42.9% respectively, ash contents of raw, curry and fried ilish were 2.85%, 2.59% and 3.90% respectively. The protein content of raw, curry and fried Chapila (Gudusia chapra) were 20.09%, 21.0% and 24.35% respectively, lipid contents were 19.40%, 23.75% and 26.36% respectively, and carbohydrates contents were 2.06%, 1.61% and 2.48% respectively. Following the same way the moisture content of the other variety punti were74.0%, 66.83% and 50.24% respectively, ash contents were 1.97%, 1.40% and 3.98% respectively, protein contents were 15.98%, 18.37% and 24.47% respectively; lipid contents were 6.4%, 11.91% and 17.38% respectively; and carbohydrate contents were 1.65%, 1.44% and 3.93% respectively. The TVB-N content of conventional dried fish (normal punti, salted punti, normal chapila and salted chapila contained 28.56mg/100gm, 32.76mg/100gm, 30.94mg/100gm and 35.84mg/100gm respectively) was low compared with traditional dried fish (normal punti, salted punti, normal chapila and salted chapila contained 31.08mg/100gm, 38.22mg/100gm, 33.46mg/100gm and 39.06mg/100gm respectively). The per-oxide value of traditionally dried normal punti, salted punti, normal chapila and salted chapila were found 17.38 m.eq./kg of oil, 15.45 m.eq./kg of oil, 18.6 m.eq./kg of oil and 16.98m.eq./kg of oil but in conventional dried fish, these values were found15.49m.eq./kg of oil, 14.06m.eq./kg of oil, 16.51 m.eq./kg of oil and 14.95 m.eq./kg of oil respectively. The standard plate count of traditional dried fishes (normal punti, salted punti, normal chapila, salted chapila contained 3.95x104 CFU/gm, 3.28x104 CFU/gm, 4.3x104 CFU/gm, 3.67x104 CFU/gm) were higher than the conventional dried fishes (normal punti, salted punti, normal chapila, salted chapila contained 2.75x104 CFU/gm, 2.02x104 CFU/gm, 3.19x104 CFU/gm, 2.85x104 CFU/gm). The maximum count was found in traditional dried normal chapila and minimum in conventional dried salted punti. No coliform & Salmonella were found in both dried fishes. The shelf life and over all quality of studied samples obtained from conventional dryer was excellent compared to traditional drying though color, texture & odor were better in traditional drying process.

Diabetes is a debilitating disease affecting millions of people worldwide for which allopathic me... more Diabetes is a debilitating disease affecting millions of people worldwide for which allopathic medicine has no known complete cure. Since the disease is projected to rise, significant scientific interest has focused on the plant kingdom towards discovery of newer anti-hyperglycemic drugs. The objective of the present research was to evaluate in oral glucose tolerance tests, the anti-hyperglycemic potential of methanol extract of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes and fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris, both of which are used as anti-diabetics in the folk medicinal system of Bangladesh. Methanolic extract of rhizomes, when orally administered to glucose-loaded mice significantly and dose-dependently reduced concentrations of serum glucose. At extract doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg per kg body weight serum glucose concentrations were reduced by, respectively, 36.9, 39.4, 41.1 and 55.1%. In comparison, a standard anti-hyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide reduced serum glucose concentration by 63.9% at a dose of 10 mg per kg body weight. Methanol extract of fruits also significantly and dose-dependently reduced serum glucose concentrations following administration, but the percent reductions were less than that obtained with rhizomes. At same doses of extract, serum glucose concentrations were reduced by 19.3, 27.6, 28.6 and 41.4%, respectively. The demonstrated anti-hyperglycemic activities by rhizomes of C. zedoaria and fruits of S. caseolaris validate their folk medicinal uses and warrants further studies towards elucidation of responsible phytochemical components, which can be potentially more efficacious drugs for treatment of diabetes.

Folk medicine is a traditional form of medicinal practice in Bangladesh, which is practiced by pr... more Folk medicine is a traditional form of medicinal practice in Bangladesh, which is practiced by practitioners who exist both among the mainstream Bengali-speaking population as well as among the various tribes of Bangladesh. The mainstay of the folk medicinal formulations consist of medicinal plants, which are used directly or in the form of decoctions, juice, pastes and are administered either orally or topically, depending upon the ailments treated. The objective of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the traditional medicinal practitioners, otherwise known as Kavirajes of two villages of Madhupur sub-district in Tangail district of the country. One practitioner catered to the medicinal needs of the Bengali speaking population, while the other belonged to the Garo tribe and administered to the medicinal needs of the Garo village community. It was observed that a total of 53 plant species were prescribed by the two practitioners, of which 37 plants were prescribed by the non-Garo practitioner and 16 plants by the Garo practitioner. The various plant species belonged to 37 families. Major families included the Fabaceae family, which contributed 4 plants and the Acanthaceae, Combretaceae and Rutaceae families, which contributed 3 plants per family. Leaves formed the major plant part used (43.8%) in the formulations followed by stems and fruits at 14.1% each. Roots were used 12.5% of the time. Other plant parts used included sap, bark, flower, fruit, seed, oil and rhizome. Whole plants were not used at all by any of the two practitioners surveyed. The major ailments treated were gastrointestinal disorders (including diarrhea, dysentery and acidity) and sexual disorders (including loss of libido, infertility and passing of semen with urine). Nine plants were used for treatment of pain in various parts of the body and 8 plants were used for treatment of skin diseases. Four plants were used for treatment of jaundice and three plants each were used for treatment of fever, cholera, or urinary problems. Other diseases treated by the practitioners were helminthiasis, asthma, heart disorders and hemorrhoids, sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea and chicken pox. Two plants were used for preventive purposes; Opuntia dillenii was advised to be taken for maintenance of health and mental strength, while Tinospora crispa was advised to be taken for prevention of intestinal disorders. The Kavirajes also prescribed Zanthoxylum simulans not for treatment of any disease but as a vitamin source. Plants have always formed an important source for discovery of modern allopathic medicines. It is expected that the plants observed to be used for treatment of various diseases by the Kavirajes can be subjected for further bio-activity studies, which studies can lead to discovery of better drugs.

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2016

Journal of Cannabis Research, 2021

Drug Designing & Intellectual Properties International Journal , 2019

Snakebite is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in man... more Snakebite is the single most important toxin-related injury, causing substantial mortality in many parts
of the Africa, Asia and the Americas. Incidence of snakebite is usually recorded in young people engaged
in active physical work in rural areas. The various plant parts used to treat snakebite included whole
plant, leaves, barks, roots and seeds. Most bites in Bangladesh are recorded between May and October
with highest number in June. Lower and upper limbs are most common sites of snakebite, but it may
happen in other sites as well. Snake venom (蛇毒she dú) has been the cause of innumerable deaths
worldwide. However, antiserum does not provide enough protection against venom induced hemorrhage,
necrosis, nephrotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions. Informed consent was obtained from the
practitioners prior to interviews. After the survey, it is concluded that the medicinal plants used by tribal
medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh for treatment against snakebite are Acyranthes aspera L. (土牛膝tǔ
niú xı), Amaranthus Viridis L. (野莧菜ye xiang cai), Asparagus racemosus Willd (總序天冬zǒng xù tian
dong) and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (油柑you gan), while the non-tribal communities used 35 plant
species among them, most of the plants reported as new species used against snakebite in the belonging
family. The plants present a considerable potential for discovery of novel compounds with fewer side
effects for treatment of antisnake venom and can, at least in Bangladesh, become a source of affordable
and more easily available drugs.

Introduction Bangladesh hosts more than 200 000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. With no changes i... more Introduction Bangladesh hosts more than 200 000 Rohingya refugees
from Myanmar. With no changes inside Myanmar in sight,
Bangladesh must come to terms with the long-term needs of all the
Rohingya refugees’ in the country, and allow international organisations
to expand services that benefit the Rohingya refugees as
well as local communities. We therefore conducted a survey of
plants used by the traditional healers in the Rohingya refugees’ of
Bangladesh.
Methods In-depth information regarding plants type, preparation of
medicines, ailments for which they are used, dosages, and side
effects if any, were obtained from the traditional healers. Plant
samples were collected, and identified at the Bangladesh National
Herbarium.
Results A total of 13 plants were collected, which were used to treat
common ailments like coughs, colds, fevers, and dermatitis infections
as well as a number of other diseases like gastritis, epilepsy,
gynaecology, and hepatitis. The plant names obtained in our survey
included Nigella sativa L., Arachis hypogaea L., Asteracantha longifolia
Nees., Gendarussa vulgaris Nees., Brassica napus L., Vitex
negundo L., Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze, Achyranthes aspera
L., Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr., Melia azadirachta L., Paederia
foetida L., Swertia chirata (Wall.) C. B. Clarke, and Colocasia esculenta
(L.) Schott.
Conclusion Since the Rohingya refugees’ patients appeared to be
generally satisfied with the treatment offered through these plants,
they do not have to visit modern medical practitioners. It is
important to conduct proper scientific studies towards discovery of
compounds of interest in these plants, which can be used as safe and effective medicine .