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Papers by Gayle Ecker

Research paper thumbnail of Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na<sup>+</sup> content during exercise in horses

Journal of Applied Physiology, Mar 1, 2000

Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na ϩ content during exercise in ... more Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na ϩ content during exercise in horses.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of terrain, speed, temperature and distance on water and ion losses

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 10, 2010

SummaryFactors contributing to water and ion losses due to sweating have not been well studied du... more SummaryFactors contributing to water and ion losses due to sweating have not been well studied during prolonged exercise in horses. This study examined temperature (T; °C; range 6–32°C), distance (D; km; 48–161 km), speed (S; km/h; 8–19 km/h) and muddy terrain (M) as factors determining water and ion losses. Jugular venous blood samples (analysed for plasma ions and refractive index) and body mass (BM) were obtained from 176 endurance horses at 13 events at rest, mid‐ride and finish. Regression analysis determined correlations between losses of total body water (TBW) and extracellular (ECF) ions and the variables T, M, S and D. Losses of ECF ions and TBW were calculated assuming an ECF volume (ECFV) of 1 litre/5 kg BM. There were significant decreases in BM (range of means 2–7%) and ECFV (range of means 2–14%) at mid‐ride and finish; however, these were independent of the variables tested. Losses of Na+, K+, Cl− and Ca++ were correlated with T, D, S and M. Inclusion of S in the model eliminated T and M as factors for Na+, Cl− and Ca++ loss. Speed was not a predictor of K+ loss. ECF ion losses at the mid‐ride were correlated to T, S, D and M. In conclusion, factors affecting ion losses at the finish, in descending order of importance, were speed (except for K+ due to rapid intercompartmental shifts), muddy terrain, temperature, then distance (for Cl−). Using the data from the literature models were used to predict ECF ion losses in endurance events.

Research paper thumbnail of Water and ion losses during the cross-country phase of eventing

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 10, 2010

SummaryLoss of total body water and ions during prolonged exercise can predispose the horse to he... more SummaryLoss of total body water and ions during prolonged exercise can predispose the horse to health and performance problems. This study examined total body water (TBW) losses and extracellular (ECF) ion losses during the crosscountry (XC) phase of Preliminary, Intermediate and Advanced Horse Trials and CCI level 3‐day‐events. Jugular venous blood samples and body mass (BM) were collected on 49 horses at rest, Pre‐XC, Post‐XC and following 30 min of recovery. Plasma was separated from blood cells within 10 min of collection. Plasma was analysed for [Na+], [K+], [Cl−], ionised [Ca++], [glucose], [lactate] and packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma [protein] ([PP]). Distances ranged from 3000–6000 m for the XC phase with speeds of 500–570 m/min. In general, losses of TBW, Na+ and Cl− increased with increasing level of difficulty. Loss of TBW Post‐XC ranged from 2–6.1% of resting values or 8.9–12.6 litres for the Preliminary level to mean ± s.e. 20.4 ± 1.8 litres for CCI. Losses of ECF ions ranged from 0.5–6.4% for Na+, 1.2–7.7% for Cl−, gains of 8% to losses of 23% for K+, and gains of 7% to losses of 11.7% for Ca++ at 30 min Post‐XC. There was little recovery following 30 min and deficits of 5.3 ± 2.5 litres persisted overnight in horses that were tested. Plasma protein and PCV increased Post‐XC and PCV remained elevated above resting values at 30 min recovery. It is concluded that significant water and ion losses occur and, in general, increase with increased level of difficulty. There was little change with 30 min of recovery and for some horses losses persisted overnight.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrolyte Supplementation Prior to Prolonged Submaximal Exercise Results in Decreased PCO2and tCO2During Exercise and Recovery

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 1, 2014

IntroductionElectrolyte supplementation prior to exercise is known to benefit both performance an... more IntroductionElectrolyte supplementation prior to exercise is known to benefit both performance and recovery; however its effects on acid‐base status remain not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to use the physicochemical approach to provide a comprehensive time‐course of the acid‐base alterations that occur following pre‐exercise electrolyte supplementation in horses. It was hypothesized that electrolyte supplementation will attenuate the alkalosis occurring with prolonged moderate intensity exercise.MethodsIn a randomized crossover experiment four conditioned mares were given, via nasogastric tube, 3 L of a commercial electrolyte solution (ES; designed to fully replace sweat electrolyte and fluid losses), or water alone (Control), 1 hour before they exercised on a treadmill at 30% VO2max until voluntary fatigue (inability to keep pace with belt speed). Blood was sampled from jugular venous catheters at frequent intervals before, during, and until 20 h of exercise recovery, and analyzed for all dependent and independent plasma acid‐base variables. Differences (P&lt;0.05) over time and between groups were assessed by 1‐ or 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsHorses exercised for 57.5 ± 10.3 and 72.5 ± 17.0 min and lost 2.73 ± 0.82 and 4.63 ± 1.35 L in Control and ES trials, respectively. ES horses had lower pCO2 and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) concentrations during exercise and early recovery. Control horses exhibited decreased [H+]. pCO2 was the primary contributor to changes in [H+] and [TCO2], while there were no differences in strong ion difference ([SID]) or total weak acid concentration ([Atot]).ConclusionsElectrolyte supplementation prior to prolonged exercise leads to sustained effects on equine acid‐base variables, even in the absence of significant changes in plasma electrolytes or hydration.Ethical Animal ResearchThe experiments and use of animals were approved by the University of Guelph Animal Care Committee, in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Sources of funding: Ontario Horse Racing Industry Association and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Competing interests: none.

Research paper thumbnail of Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte-supplemented horses

Experimental Physiology, Jun 18, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Fluid and electrolytes: In short supply? 1

Research paper thumbnail of in horsesimpedance analysis and indicator dilution Total body water and ECFV measured using

Research paper thumbnail of Sweating rate and sweat composition during exercise and recovery in ambient heat and humidity

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 10, 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the composition and extent of sweat losses du... more SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the composition and extent of sweat losses during submaximal exercise under hot and humid conditions and to compare these findings with the same exercise protocol conducted under cool, dry and hot, dry conditions. Five Thoroughbred horses (age 3 to 6) completed exercise tests under each of 3 environmental conditions in random order: cool, dry (CD), room temperature (T) = 20°C, relative humidity (RH) = 45–55%; hot, dry (HD), T=32–34°C, RH=45–55%; and hot, humid (HH), T=32–34°C, RH=80–85%. Horses exercised at 50% of their predetermined V̇O2max on a treadmill set at a 10% slope until attainment of a pulmonary artery blood temperature of 41.5°C followed by a 60 min recovery. Sweat was collected from a sealed polyethylene pouch enclosing a 150 cm2 area on the lateral thorax. During exercise and the first 30 min of recovery, sweat fluid losses were 7.9 ± 0.7 litres, 9.9 ± 0.5 litres and 6.6 ± 1.2 litres (mean ± s.e.m.) for CD, HD and HH, respectively. Sweating rate (SR), calculated from sweat volume per unit area of enclosed skin, was lowest in CD and similar in HD and HH during exercise such that at end of exercise in HH (16.5 min) calculated sweat losses were approximately 5% and 32% higher than in HD and CD, respectively. In recovery, SR declined in all conditions but was significantly lower in CD (P&lt;0.05). Sweating was detectable until 30 min recovery in CD, 45 min recovery in HD and 60 min recovery in HH. Sweat composition and osmolality was different under the 3 environmental conditions and changed gradually during exercise and recovery in all conditions. Osmolality and [Na] was highest in HD and lowest in CD. During exercise, [Na] increased with increasing SR. Although exercise duration was significantly decreased in HH (16.5 ± 1 min) when compared to HD (28 ± 2 min) and CD (37 ± 2 min), fluid and ion losses in HH were comparable to those in HD as a result of a high SR and prolonged sweating during recovery.

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of equine rhinovirus, influenza virus and herpesvirus infection on tracheal clearance rate in horses

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 1992

The response of horses exposed to three common respiratory viruses was studied by measuring trach... more The response of horses exposed to three common respiratory viruses was studied by measuring tracheal mucociliary clearance rates in the trachea. Tracheal clearance rates (TCR) were determined before, during illness and following recovery in horses exposed to equine rhinovirus (ERhV-2), equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV-4) by means of lateral scintigraphs made following an injection of technetium-99m sulphide colloid into the tracheal lumen. In six horses exposed to ERhV-2, TCR remained within normal limits. Exposure to EIV resulted in reduced TCR in six of seven horses, with TCR remaining below the 95% confidence limits of normal values for each horse for up to 32 days despite the resolution of clinical signs. Moderate changes were observed in six horses exposed to EHV-4, but significant reductions in TCR were evident in three animals. Measurement of TCR was a useful, minimally-invasive technique which demonstrated that respiratory viruses may cause persistent...

Research paper thumbnail of Fluid and electrolytes: In short supply? 1

Research paper thumbnail of Use of scintigraphy for the determination of mucociliary clearance rates in normal, sedated, diseased and exercised horses

Canadian Journal of …, 1991

Research paper thumbnail of during 21 days of heat acclimation Equine sweating responses to submaximal exercise

Research paper thumbnail of Large animal rescue and livestock emergency response training best practices

The Australian journal of emergency management, Jul 1, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Impedance Analysis and Indicator Dilution

Total body water and ECFV measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and indicator dilution ... more Total body water and ECFV measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and indicator dilution in horses. J Appl Physiol 89: 663-671, 2000.-The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the compartmentation of body water in horses by using indicator dilution techniques and 2) to simultaneously measure bioelectrical impedance to current flow at impulse current frequencies of 5 and 200 kHz to formulate predictive equations that could be used to estimate total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), and intracellular fluid volume (ICFV). Eight horses and ponies weighing from 214 to 636 kg had catheters placed into the left and right jugular veins. Deuterium oxide, sodium thiocyanate, and Evans blue were infused for the measurement of TBW, ECFV, and plasma volume (PV), respectively. Bioelectrical impedance was measured by using a tetrapolar electrode configuration, with electrode pairs secured above the knee and hock. Measured TBW, ECFV, and PV were 0.677 Ϯ 0.022, 0.253 Ϯ 0.006, and 0.040 Ϯ 0.002 l/kg body mass, respectively. Strong linear correlations were determined among measured variables that allowed for the prediction of TBW, ECFV, ICFV, and PV from measures of horse length or height and impedance. It is concluded that bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can be used to improve the predictive accuracy of noninvasive estimates of ECFV and PV in euhydrated horses at rest.

Research paper thumbnail of Large animal technical rescue training workshop

Negeri 2 Bocor has implemented the 2013 curriculum since academic year of 2016/2017. The research... more Negeri 2 Bocor has implemented the 2013 curriculum since academic year of 2016/2017. The researcher was interested in analyzing the implementation of 2013 Curriculum learning for fourth grade of SDN 2 Bocor. The purpose of the research was to describe, analyze the obstacles, and the solutions faced by teacher in implementing the 2013 Curriculum to the theme of my dream for fourth grade of SD Negeri 2 Bocor. The research used qualitative research method. The subject was the fourth grade teacher of SDN 2 Bocor. The results showed that lesson plan reached 78.02% classified as adequate category, learning implementation reached 45.77% classified as low category, and assessment reached 69.92% classified as sufficient category when those met the research indicators. The main obstacle was the limited number of textbooks. The solution was to distribute a textbook to every two students. It indicates that the 2013 Curriculum learning has been well implemented and the teacher has handled the obstacles.

Research paper thumbnail of Equine Guelph: Delivering what the Industry is looking for

Research paper thumbnail of in horsesimpedance analysis and indicator dilution Total body water and ECFV measured using

Research paper thumbnail of Fluid and ion regulation: a primer on water and ion losses during exercise

Equine Veterinary Education

Research paper thumbnail of Electrolyte Supplementation Prior to Prolonged Submaximal Exercise Results in Decreased PCO2and tCO2During Exercise and Recovery

Equine Veterinary Journal

Research paper thumbnail of Heat storage in horses during submaximal exercise before and after humid heat acclimation

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2000

The effect of humid heat acclimation on thermoregulatory responses to humid and dry exercise-heat... more The effect of humid heat acclimation on thermoregulatory responses to humid and dry exercise-heat stress was studied in six exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses. Horses were heat acclimated by performing moderate-intensity exercise for 21 days in heat and humidity (HH) [34.2-35.7 degrees C; 84-86% relative humidity (RH); wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index approximately 32 degrees C]. Horses completed exercise tests at 50% of peak O(2) uptake until a pulmonary arterial temperature (T(pa)) of 41.5 degrees C was attained in cool dry (CD) (20-21.5 degrees C; 45-50% RH; WBGT approximately 16 degrees C), hot dry (HD 0) [32-34 degrees C room temperature (RT); 45-55% RH; WBGT approximately 25 degrees C], and HH conditions (HH 0), and during the second hour of HH on days 3, 7, 14, and 21, and in HD on the 18th day (HD 18) of heat acclimation. The ratios of required evaporative capacity to maximal evaporative capacity of the environment (E(req)/E(max)) for CD, HD, and HH were approximate...

Research paper thumbnail of Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na<sup>+</sup> content during exercise in horses

Journal of Applied Physiology, Mar 1, 2000

Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na ϩ content during exercise in ... more Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na ϩ content during exercise in horses.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of terrain, speed, temperature and distance on water and ion losses

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 10, 2010

SummaryFactors contributing to water and ion losses due to sweating have not been well studied du... more SummaryFactors contributing to water and ion losses due to sweating have not been well studied during prolonged exercise in horses. This study examined temperature (T; °C; range 6–32°C), distance (D; km; 48–161 km), speed (S; km/h; 8–19 km/h) and muddy terrain (M) as factors determining water and ion losses. Jugular venous blood samples (analysed for plasma ions and refractive index) and body mass (BM) were obtained from 176 endurance horses at 13 events at rest, mid‐ride and finish. Regression analysis determined correlations between losses of total body water (TBW) and extracellular (ECF) ions and the variables T, M, S and D. Losses of ECF ions and TBW were calculated assuming an ECF volume (ECFV) of 1 litre/5 kg BM. There were significant decreases in BM (range of means 2–7%) and ECFV (range of means 2–14%) at mid‐ride and finish; however, these were independent of the variables tested. Losses of Na+, K+, Cl− and Ca++ were correlated with T, D, S and M. Inclusion of S in the model eliminated T and M as factors for Na+, Cl− and Ca++ loss. Speed was not a predictor of K+ loss. ECF ion losses at the mid‐ride were correlated to T, S, D and M. In conclusion, factors affecting ion losses at the finish, in descending order of importance, were speed (except for K+ due to rapid intercompartmental shifts), muddy terrain, temperature, then distance (for Cl−). Using the data from the literature models were used to predict ECF ion losses in endurance events.

Research paper thumbnail of Water and ion losses during the cross-country phase of eventing

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 10, 2010

SummaryLoss of total body water and ions during prolonged exercise can predispose the horse to he... more SummaryLoss of total body water and ions during prolonged exercise can predispose the horse to health and performance problems. This study examined total body water (TBW) losses and extracellular (ECF) ion losses during the crosscountry (XC) phase of Preliminary, Intermediate and Advanced Horse Trials and CCI level 3‐day‐events. Jugular venous blood samples and body mass (BM) were collected on 49 horses at rest, Pre‐XC, Post‐XC and following 30 min of recovery. Plasma was separated from blood cells within 10 min of collection. Plasma was analysed for [Na+], [K+], [Cl−], ionised [Ca++], [glucose], [lactate] and packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma [protein] ([PP]). Distances ranged from 3000–6000 m for the XC phase with speeds of 500–570 m/min. In general, losses of TBW, Na+ and Cl− increased with increasing level of difficulty. Loss of TBW Post‐XC ranged from 2–6.1% of resting values or 8.9–12.6 litres for the Preliminary level to mean ± s.e. 20.4 ± 1.8 litres for CCI. Losses of ECF ions ranged from 0.5–6.4% for Na+, 1.2–7.7% for Cl−, gains of 8% to losses of 23% for K+, and gains of 7% to losses of 11.7% for Ca++ at 30 min Post‐XC. There was little recovery following 30 min and deficits of 5.3 ± 2.5 litres persisted overnight in horses that were tested. Plasma protein and PCV increased Post‐XC and PCV remained elevated above resting values at 30 min recovery. It is concluded that significant water and ion losses occur and, in general, increase with increased level of difficulty. There was little change with 30 min of recovery and for some horses losses persisted overnight.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrolyte Supplementation Prior to Prolonged Submaximal Exercise Results in Decreased PCO2and tCO2During Exercise and Recovery

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 1, 2014

IntroductionElectrolyte supplementation prior to exercise is known to benefit both performance an... more IntroductionElectrolyte supplementation prior to exercise is known to benefit both performance and recovery; however its effects on acid‐base status remain not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to use the physicochemical approach to provide a comprehensive time‐course of the acid‐base alterations that occur following pre‐exercise electrolyte supplementation in horses. It was hypothesized that electrolyte supplementation will attenuate the alkalosis occurring with prolonged moderate intensity exercise.MethodsIn a randomized crossover experiment four conditioned mares were given, via nasogastric tube, 3 L of a commercial electrolyte solution (ES; designed to fully replace sweat electrolyte and fluid losses), or water alone (Control), 1 hour before they exercised on a treadmill at 30% VO2max until voluntary fatigue (inability to keep pace with belt speed). Blood was sampled from jugular venous catheters at frequent intervals before, during, and until 20 h of exercise recovery, and analyzed for all dependent and independent plasma acid‐base variables. Differences (P&lt;0.05) over time and between groups were assessed by 1‐ or 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsHorses exercised for 57.5 ± 10.3 and 72.5 ± 17.0 min and lost 2.73 ± 0.82 and 4.63 ± 1.35 L in Control and ES trials, respectively. ES horses had lower pCO2 and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) concentrations during exercise and early recovery. Control horses exhibited decreased [H+]. pCO2 was the primary contributor to changes in [H+] and [TCO2], while there were no differences in strong ion difference ([SID]) or total weak acid concentration ([Atot]).ConclusionsElectrolyte supplementation prior to prolonged exercise leads to sustained effects on equine acid‐base variables, even in the absence of significant changes in plasma electrolytes or hydration.Ethical Animal ResearchThe experiments and use of animals were approved by the University of Guelph Animal Care Committee, in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Sources of funding: Ontario Horse Racing Industry Association and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Competing interests: none.

Research paper thumbnail of Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte-supplemented horses

Experimental Physiology, Jun 18, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Fluid and electrolytes: In short supply? 1

Research paper thumbnail of in horsesimpedance analysis and indicator dilution Total body water and ECFV measured using

Research paper thumbnail of Sweating rate and sweat composition during exercise and recovery in ambient heat and humidity

Equine Veterinary Journal, Jun 10, 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the composition and extent of sweat losses du... more SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the composition and extent of sweat losses during submaximal exercise under hot and humid conditions and to compare these findings with the same exercise protocol conducted under cool, dry and hot, dry conditions. Five Thoroughbred horses (age 3 to 6) completed exercise tests under each of 3 environmental conditions in random order: cool, dry (CD), room temperature (T) = 20°C, relative humidity (RH) = 45–55%; hot, dry (HD), T=32–34°C, RH=45–55%; and hot, humid (HH), T=32–34°C, RH=80–85%. Horses exercised at 50% of their predetermined V̇O2max on a treadmill set at a 10% slope until attainment of a pulmonary artery blood temperature of 41.5°C followed by a 60 min recovery. Sweat was collected from a sealed polyethylene pouch enclosing a 150 cm2 area on the lateral thorax. During exercise and the first 30 min of recovery, sweat fluid losses were 7.9 ± 0.7 litres, 9.9 ± 0.5 litres and 6.6 ± 1.2 litres (mean ± s.e.m.) for CD, HD and HH, respectively. Sweating rate (SR), calculated from sweat volume per unit area of enclosed skin, was lowest in CD and similar in HD and HH during exercise such that at end of exercise in HH (16.5 min) calculated sweat losses were approximately 5% and 32% higher than in HD and CD, respectively. In recovery, SR declined in all conditions but was significantly lower in CD (P&lt;0.05). Sweating was detectable until 30 min recovery in CD, 45 min recovery in HD and 60 min recovery in HH. Sweat composition and osmolality was different under the 3 environmental conditions and changed gradually during exercise and recovery in all conditions. Osmolality and [Na] was highest in HD and lowest in CD. During exercise, [Na] increased with increasing SR. Although exercise duration was significantly decreased in HH (16.5 ± 1 min) when compared to HD (28 ± 2 min) and CD (37 ± 2 min), fluid and ion losses in HH were comparable to those in HD as a result of a high SR and prolonged sweating during recovery.

Research paper thumbnail of The effects of equine rhinovirus, influenza virus and herpesvirus infection on tracheal clearance rate in horses

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 1992

The response of horses exposed to three common respiratory viruses was studied by measuring trach... more The response of horses exposed to three common respiratory viruses was studied by measuring tracheal mucociliary clearance rates in the trachea. Tracheal clearance rates (TCR) were determined before, during illness and following recovery in horses exposed to equine rhinovirus (ERhV-2), equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV-4) by means of lateral scintigraphs made following an injection of technetium-99m sulphide colloid into the tracheal lumen. In six horses exposed to ERhV-2, TCR remained within normal limits. Exposure to EIV resulted in reduced TCR in six of seven horses, with TCR remaining below the 95% confidence limits of normal values for each horse for up to 32 days despite the resolution of clinical signs. Moderate changes were observed in six horses exposed to EHV-4, but significant reductions in TCR were evident in three animals. Measurement of TCR was a useful, minimally-invasive technique which demonstrated that respiratory viruses may cause persistent...

Research paper thumbnail of Fluid and electrolytes: In short supply? 1

Research paper thumbnail of Use of scintigraphy for the determination of mucociliary clearance rates in normal, sedated, diseased and exercised horses

Canadian Journal of …, 1991

Research paper thumbnail of during 21 days of heat acclimation Equine sweating responses to submaximal exercise

Research paper thumbnail of Large animal rescue and livestock emergency response training best practices

The Australian journal of emergency management, Jul 1, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Impedance Analysis and Indicator Dilution

Total body water and ECFV measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and indicator dilution ... more Total body water and ECFV measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and indicator dilution in horses. J Appl Physiol 89: 663-671, 2000.-The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the compartmentation of body water in horses by using indicator dilution techniques and 2) to simultaneously measure bioelectrical impedance to current flow at impulse current frequencies of 5 and 200 kHz to formulate predictive equations that could be used to estimate total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), and intracellular fluid volume (ICFV). Eight horses and ponies weighing from 214 to 636 kg had catheters placed into the left and right jugular veins. Deuterium oxide, sodium thiocyanate, and Evans blue were infused for the measurement of TBW, ECFV, and plasma volume (PV), respectively. Bioelectrical impedance was measured by using a tetrapolar electrode configuration, with electrode pairs secured above the knee and hock. Measured TBW, ECFV, and PV were 0.677 Ϯ 0.022, 0.253 Ϯ 0.006, and 0.040 Ϯ 0.002 l/kg body mass, respectively. Strong linear correlations were determined among measured variables that allowed for the prediction of TBW, ECFV, ICFV, and PV from measures of horse length or height and impedance. It is concluded that bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can be used to improve the predictive accuracy of noninvasive estimates of ECFV and PV in euhydrated horses at rest.

Research paper thumbnail of Large animal technical rescue training workshop

Negeri 2 Bocor has implemented the 2013 curriculum since academic year of 2016/2017. The research... more Negeri 2 Bocor has implemented the 2013 curriculum since academic year of 2016/2017. The researcher was interested in analyzing the implementation of 2013 Curriculum learning for fourth grade of SDN 2 Bocor. The purpose of the research was to describe, analyze the obstacles, and the solutions faced by teacher in implementing the 2013 Curriculum to the theme of my dream for fourth grade of SD Negeri 2 Bocor. The research used qualitative research method. The subject was the fourth grade teacher of SDN 2 Bocor. The results showed that lesson plan reached 78.02% classified as adequate category, learning implementation reached 45.77% classified as low category, and assessment reached 69.92% classified as sufficient category when those met the research indicators. The main obstacle was the limited number of textbooks. The solution was to distribute a textbook to every two students. It indicates that the 2013 Curriculum learning has been well implemented and the teacher has handled the obstacles.

Research paper thumbnail of Equine Guelph: Delivering what the Industry is looking for

Research paper thumbnail of in horsesimpedance analysis and indicator dilution Total body water and ECFV measured using

Research paper thumbnail of Fluid and ion regulation: a primer on water and ion losses during exercise

Equine Veterinary Education

Research paper thumbnail of Electrolyte Supplementation Prior to Prolonged Submaximal Exercise Results in Decreased PCO2and tCO2During Exercise and Recovery

Equine Veterinary Journal

Research paper thumbnail of Heat storage in horses during submaximal exercise before and after humid heat acclimation

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2000

The effect of humid heat acclimation on thermoregulatory responses to humid and dry exercise-heat... more The effect of humid heat acclimation on thermoregulatory responses to humid and dry exercise-heat stress was studied in six exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses. Horses were heat acclimated by performing moderate-intensity exercise for 21 days in heat and humidity (HH) [34.2-35.7 degrees C; 84-86% relative humidity (RH); wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index approximately 32 degrees C]. Horses completed exercise tests at 50% of peak O(2) uptake until a pulmonary arterial temperature (T(pa)) of 41.5 degrees C was attained in cool dry (CD) (20-21.5 degrees C; 45-50% RH; WBGT approximately 16 degrees C), hot dry (HD 0) [32-34 degrees C room temperature (RT); 45-55% RH; WBGT approximately 25 degrees C], and HH conditions (HH 0), and during the second hour of HH on days 3, 7, 14, and 21, and in HD on the 18th day (HD 18) of heat acclimation. The ratios of required evaporative capacity to maximal evaporative capacity of the environment (E(req)/E(max)) for CD, HD, and HH were approximate...