Ali H . Majeed | University of Kufa - Iraq (original) (raw)

Papers by Ali H . Majeed

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI), 2021

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging nano-electronic technology. Owing to its ma... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging nano-electronic technology. Owing to its many favorable features, such as low energy requirements, high speed, and small size, QCA is being actively suggested as a future CMOS replacement by researchers. Many digital circuits have been introduced in QCA technology, most of them aiming to reach the function with optimum construction in terms of area, cell count and power consumption. The memory circuit is the main building block in the digital system therefore the researchers paid attention to design the memory cells with minimum requirements. In this paper, a new methodology is introduced to design two forms of CAM cells. The proposed designs required two 2:1 multiplexers, one OR gate and one inverter. The first proposed design reduces the power consumption by 53.3%, 35% and 25.9% at (0.5 Ek, 1 Ek, and 1.5 Ek) while the second design by 53.2%, 31.9% and 20.5% (0.5 Ek, 1 Ek, and 1.5 Ek) respectively.

Jordanian Journal of Computers and Information Technology

Using a vacuumed spray method, Zinc Oxide has been synthesized in a vacuum at a room temperature ... more Using a vacuumed spray method, Zinc Oxide has been synthesized in a vacuum at a room temperature with different thicknesses. Absorbance and transparency have been studied as a function of wavelength variation before and after annealing the samples. Peaks have occurred at different wavelengths. Energy gap variation of the same samples has been examined with wavelength variation, Eg has been dramatically reduced as wavelength increased, its best value was 1.95 eV at 700 nm. Annealing has no abrupt change on energy gap.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021

The limitations related to CMOS such as power consumption and parasitic capacitance lead scientis... more The limitations related to CMOS such as power consumption and parasitic capacitance lead scientists to search for new technologies. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a CMOS alternative technology that uses charges instead of voltage level for binary representation. In QCA, many metrics are used for circuit differentiation such as delay, complexity and area. In this work, a new simple block of 2:1 QCA-Multiplexer is proposed. The proposed block is more efficient than previous designs by 0.43%, 0.53%, 50% and 0.72 in terms of area, complexity, delay and cost. QCADesigner software is used to design and verify the proposed circuit.

Sensor fault detection is carried out based on the characteristics of the soft computing techniqu... more Sensor fault detection is carried out based on the characteristics of the soft computing techniques; neural network and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system ANFIS. In this paper, a neural network (non-model based technique) and ANFIS has been used for detection and isolation of temperature sensor fault TMP36. The measured states are then compared with true estimated states and if their difference exceeds threshold value, the particular sensor measurement is ignored and replaced by the true estimated state. Residual generation is an essential part of model-based fault detection schemes. This paper develops and implements neural-network and ANFIS based system identification techniques for nonlinear systems with the specific goal of residual generation for fault detection purposes. The two approaches are tested on a temperature sensor model. Performance comparisons of the two neural network and ANFIS are presented.

The Power Losses in distribution system are changed depending on the configuration of the network... more The Power Losses in distribution system are changed depending on the configuration of the network, distributedgeneration (DG) can reduce distribution loss if they are placed appropriately in the distribution system. The optimum location, size and number of DG units are necessary to avoid the negative impacts on electric power system. In this paper, Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) is used to find the optimal size and locations of DG in order to minimize the active power losses.

Purpose This study aims to replace current multi-layer and coplanar wire crossing methods in QCA ... more Purpose This study aims to replace current multi-layer and coplanar wire crossing methods in QCA technology to avoid fabrication difficulties caused by them. Design/methodology/approach Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the newly emerging nanoelectronics technology tools that is proposed as a good replacement for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. This technology has many challenges, among them being component interconnection and signal routing. This paper will propose a new wire crossing method to enhance layout use in a single layer. The presented method depends on the central cell clock phase to enable two signals to cross over without interference. QCADesigner software is used to simulate a full adder circuit designed with the proposed wire crossing method to be used as a benchmark for further analysis of the presented wire crossing approach. QCAPro software is used for power dissipation analysis of the proposed adder. Findings A new cost func...

Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. Home security is becoming necessary nowadays... more Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. Home security is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. In this paper, home security system has been designed that has a special feature and which make a dial with the owner of the house to inform him that his house has been hacked. Arduino card was used, which is considered one of modern programmable device and utilize from speed dial function in mobile phone.

Journal of Electronic Science and Technology

3D SCEEER Conference

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging technology for designing electronic circuit... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging technology for designing electronic circuits in nanoscale. QCA technology comes to overcome the CMOS limitation and to be a good alternative as it can work in ultra-high-speed. QCA brought researchers attention due to many features such as low power consumption, small feature size in addition to high frequency. Designing circuits in QCA technology with minimum costs such as cells count and the area is very important. This paper presents novel structures of D-latch and D-Flip Flop with the lower area and cell count. The proposed Flip-Flop has SET and RESET ability. The proposed latch and Flip-Flop have lower complexity compared with counterparts in terms of cell counts by 32% and 26% respectively. The proposed circuits are designed and simulated in QCADesigner software.

International Journal of Integrated Engineering

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one of the most important new nanotechnologies ... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one of the most important new nanotechnologies and is a suitable replacement for CMOS circuits. Majority gate and Inverter are the primary building blocks in QCA circuits. Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is a type of memory used in applications that require high speed. In this paper, a novel five input majority gate is introduced. This gate is simulated with QCADesigner tool and compared with previous same structures. Then, the proposed gate used to design a CAM cell in a single layer after deriving the minority gate from the proposed majority gate. The proposed CAM cell has a simple and robust structure and does not require wire crossover, also it reduces circuit complexity by 7% in term of cell count compared to existing structures.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most important computing technologies for the f... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most important computing technologies for the future and will be the alternative candidate for current CMOS technology. QCA is attracting a lot of researchers due to many features such as high speed, small size, and low power consumption. QCA has two main building blocks (majority gate and inverter) used for design any Boolean function. QCA also has an inherent capability that used to design many important gates such as XOR and Multiplexer in optimal form without following any Boolean function. This paper presents a novel design 2:1 QCA-Multiplexer in two forms. The proposed design is very simple, highly efficient and can be used to produce many logical functions. The proposed design output comes from the inherent capabilities of quantum technology. New 4:1 QCA-Multiplexer has been built using the proposed structure. The output waveforms showed the wonderful performance of the proposed design in terms of the number of cells, area, an...

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Background/Objectives: Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale technology that is ... more Background/Objectives: Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale technology that is expected to be a persuasive replacement of CMOS technology. QCA technology competing for features concerning low power consumption, small physical size, and ultra-high speed. These features are beneficial for memory design. This study presents a new structure of the CAM cell in QCA technology. The presented cell is carried out in an optimal form by using a proposed unique block. Method: In this study, the QCADesigner tool was used for circuit design and the QCAPro tool was used for power analysis. Both of these tools were used in default parameters. Findings: It was found that the proposed CAM cell is less complexity and efficient in power consumption with improvements by 6%, 29% and 15% in terms of leakage, switching and total energy consumption. Improvement: The CAM cell is the main building block for the whole memory. So, the reduction in complexity and power consumption in the CAM cells is important to reach an optimal memory circuit.

Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new technology for designing digital circuits in Nanosca... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new technology for designing digital circuits in Nanoscale. This technology utilizes quantum dots rather than diodes and transistors. QCA supplies a new computation platform, where binary data can be represented by polarized cells, which can define by the electron’s configurations inside the cell. This paper explains QCA based combinational circuit design; such as half-adder and full-adder, by only one uniform layer of cells. The proposed design is accomplished using a novel XOR gate. The proposed XOR gate has a 50% speed improvement and 35% reduction in the number of cells needed over the best reported XOR. The results of QCADesigner software show that the proposed designs have less complexity and less power consumption than previous designs.

Circuit World

Purpose Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has attracted computer scientists as new emerging nan... more Purpose Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has attracted computer scientists as new emerging nanotechnology for replacement the current CMOS technology because it has unique characteristics such as high frequency, extremely small feature size and low power consumption. The main building blocks in QCA are the majority gate and inverter so any Boolean function can be represented using these gates. Many important circuits were the target for implemented in this technology in an optimal form, such as random-access memory (RAM) cell. QCA-RAM cells were introduced in literature with different forms but most of them are not optimized enough. This paper aims to demonstrate QCA inherent capabilities that can facilitate the design of many important gates such as the XOR gate and multiplexer (MUX) without following any Boolean function to get an optimum design in terms of complexity and delay. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a novel structure of QCA-MUX in an optimal form will be u...

SN Applied Sciences

The limitations of the Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology such as the diss... more The limitations of the Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology such as the dissipated power, hard lithography, and short channel effects, led the researchers to look for an alternative technology. The unique properties of the QCA technology such as low dissipated power, speed, and the small feature size were the reason for considering it as a CMOS alternative in this work. In this paper, a new layout for five input single layer majority gate is proposed. The proposed majority gate is used in order to carry out new low power RAM cell with the ability to set the output or to reset it. Designing a cost efficient memory cell is an important issue because it is a brick unit for the whole RAM that considers the most essential component in the digital system. The proposed RAM cell shows improvement around 7% in terms of cost function and a noticeable reduction in switching energy. The QCADesigner tool is used in this work for circuit design and verification while the QCAPro tool is used for power analysis.

Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications

The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nano-technique has attracted computer scientists due to i... more The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nano-technique has attracted computer scientists due to its noticeable features such as low power consumption and small size. Many papers have been published in the literature about the utilization of this technology for de-signing many QCA circuits and for presenting logic gates in an optimal structure. The T flip-flop, which is an essential part of digital designs, can be used to design synchronous and asynchronous counters. This paper presents a novel T flip-flop structure in an optimal form. The presented novel gate was used to design an N-bit binary synchronous counter. The QCADesigner software was used to verify the designed circuits and to present the simulation results, while the QCAPro tool was used for the power analysis. The proposed design required minimal power and showed good improvements over previous designs.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Transistor based CMOS technology has many drawbacks such as power consumption and cannot continue... more Transistor based CMOS technology has many drawbacks such as power consumption and cannot continue in following the scaling of Moore's law and system-on-a-chip in near future. These drawbacks lead the researchers to think about an alternative technology. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale technology can implement the logical functionality by controlling the position of the electron. The basic building blocks for QCA circuit are majority gate and inverter, where AND and OR gate can be implemented using Majority gate by setting one of the inputs to "0" and "1" respectively. A lot of papers was introduced to propose a new gates construction such as XOR and 5-input majority gate in last few years. The complexity of the gate leads to the complexity of the whole circuit so whenever the proposed gate has a lower number of cells, that's mean it's a better. In this paper, we introduce a new construction of a novel 5-input majority gate. QCADesigner tool will be used to show the simulation result of the proposed gate. Then we will compare the proposed gate with the most important previous counterpart gates.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI), 2021

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging nano-electronic technology. Owing to its ma... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging nano-electronic technology. Owing to its many favorable features, such as low energy requirements, high speed, and small size, QCA is being actively suggested as a future CMOS replacement by researchers. Many digital circuits have been introduced in QCA technology, most of them aiming to reach the function with optimum construction in terms of area, cell count and power consumption. The memory circuit is the main building block in the digital system therefore the researchers paid attention to design the memory cells with minimum requirements. In this paper, a new methodology is introduced to design two forms of CAM cells. The proposed designs required two 2:1 multiplexers, one OR gate and one inverter. The first proposed design reduces the power consumption by 53.3%, 35% and 25.9% at (0.5 Ek, 1 Ek, and 1.5 Ek) while the second design by 53.2%, 31.9% and 20.5% (0.5 Ek, 1 Ek, and 1.5 Ek) respectively.

Jordanian Journal of Computers and Information Technology

Using a vacuumed spray method, Zinc Oxide has been synthesized in a vacuum at a room temperature ... more Using a vacuumed spray method, Zinc Oxide has been synthesized in a vacuum at a room temperature with different thicknesses. Absorbance and transparency have been studied as a function of wavelength variation before and after annealing the samples. Peaks have occurred at different wavelengths. Energy gap variation of the same samples has been examined with wavelength variation, Eg has been dramatically reduced as wavelength increased, its best value was 1.95 eV at 700 nm. Annealing has no abrupt change on energy gap.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021

The limitations related to CMOS such as power consumption and parasitic capacitance lead scientis... more The limitations related to CMOS such as power consumption and parasitic capacitance lead scientists to search for new technologies. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a CMOS alternative technology that uses charges instead of voltage level for binary representation. In QCA, many metrics are used for circuit differentiation such as delay, complexity and area. In this work, a new simple block of 2:1 QCA-Multiplexer is proposed. The proposed block is more efficient than previous designs by 0.43%, 0.53%, 50% and 0.72 in terms of area, complexity, delay and cost. QCADesigner software is used to design and verify the proposed circuit.

Sensor fault detection is carried out based on the characteristics of the soft computing techniqu... more Sensor fault detection is carried out based on the characteristics of the soft computing techniques; neural network and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system ANFIS. In this paper, a neural network (non-model based technique) and ANFIS has been used for detection and isolation of temperature sensor fault TMP36. The measured states are then compared with true estimated states and if their difference exceeds threshold value, the particular sensor measurement is ignored and replaced by the true estimated state. Residual generation is an essential part of model-based fault detection schemes. This paper develops and implements neural-network and ANFIS based system identification techniques for nonlinear systems with the specific goal of residual generation for fault detection purposes. The two approaches are tested on a temperature sensor model. Performance comparisons of the two neural network and ANFIS are presented.

The Power Losses in distribution system are changed depending on the configuration of the network... more The Power Losses in distribution system are changed depending on the configuration of the network, distributedgeneration (DG) can reduce distribution loss if they are placed appropriately in the distribution system. The optimum location, size and number of DG units are necessary to avoid the negative impacts on electric power system. In this paper, Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) is used to find the optimal size and locations of DG in order to minimize the active power losses.

Purpose This study aims to replace current multi-layer and coplanar wire crossing methods in QCA ... more Purpose This study aims to replace current multi-layer and coplanar wire crossing methods in QCA technology to avoid fabrication difficulties caused by them. Design/methodology/approach Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the newly emerging nanoelectronics technology tools that is proposed as a good replacement for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. This technology has many challenges, among them being component interconnection and signal routing. This paper will propose a new wire crossing method to enhance layout use in a single layer. The presented method depends on the central cell clock phase to enable two signals to cross over without interference. QCADesigner software is used to simulate a full adder circuit designed with the proposed wire crossing method to be used as a benchmark for further analysis of the presented wire crossing approach. QCAPro software is used for power dissipation analysis of the proposed adder. Findings A new cost func...

Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. Home security is becoming necessary nowadays... more Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. Home security is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. In this paper, home security system has been designed that has a special feature and which make a dial with the owner of the house to inform him that his house has been hacked. Arduino card was used, which is considered one of modern programmable device and utilize from speed dial function in mobile phone.

Journal of Electronic Science and Technology

3D SCEEER Conference

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging technology for designing electronic circuit... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging technology for designing electronic circuits in nanoscale. QCA technology comes to overcome the CMOS limitation and to be a good alternative as it can work in ultra-high-speed. QCA brought researchers attention due to many features such as low power consumption, small feature size in addition to high frequency. Designing circuits in QCA technology with minimum costs such as cells count and the area is very important. This paper presents novel structures of D-latch and D-Flip Flop with the lower area and cell count. The proposed Flip-Flop has SET and RESET ability. The proposed latch and Flip-Flop have lower complexity compared with counterparts in terms of cell counts by 32% and 26% respectively. The proposed circuits are designed and simulated in QCADesigner software.

International Journal of Integrated Engineering

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one of the most important new nanotechnologies ... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one of the most important new nanotechnologies and is a suitable replacement for CMOS circuits. Majority gate and Inverter are the primary building blocks in QCA circuits. Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is a type of memory used in applications that require high speed. In this paper, a novel five input majority gate is introduced. This gate is simulated with QCADesigner tool and compared with previous same structures. Then, the proposed gate used to design a CAM cell in a single layer after deriving the minority gate from the proposed majority gate. The proposed CAM cell has a simple and robust structure and does not require wire crossover, also it reduces circuit complexity by 7% in term of cell count compared to existing structures.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most important computing technologies for the f... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most important computing technologies for the future and will be the alternative candidate for current CMOS technology. QCA is attracting a lot of researchers due to many features such as high speed, small size, and low power consumption. QCA has two main building blocks (majority gate and inverter) used for design any Boolean function. QCA also has an inherent capability that used to design many important gates such as XOR and Multiplexer in optimal form without following any Boolean function. This paper presents a novel design 2:1 QCA-Multiplexer in two forms. The proposed design is very simple, highly efficient and can be used to produce many logical functions. The proposed design output comes from the inherent capabilities of quantum technology. New 4:1 QCA-Multiplexer has been built using the proposed structure. The output waveforms showed the wonderful performance of the proposed design in terms of the number of cells, area, an...

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Background/Objectives: Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale technology that is ... more Background/Objectives: Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale technology that is expected to be a persuasive replacement of CMOS technology. QCA technology competing for features concerning low power consumption, small physical size, and ultra-high speed. These features are beneficial for memory design. This study presents a new structure of the CAM cell in QCA technology. The presented cell is carried out in an optimal form by using a proposed unique block. Method: In this study, the QCADesigner tool was used for circuit design and the QCAPro tool was used for power analysis. Both of these tools were used in default parameters. Findings: It was found that the proposed CAM cell is less complexity and efficient in power consumption with improvements by 6%, 29% and 15% in terms of leakage, switching and total energy consumption. Improvement: The CAM cell is the main building block for the whole memory. So, the reduction in complexity and power consumption in the CAM cells is important to reach an optimal memory circuit.

Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new technology for designing digital circuits in Nanosca... more Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new technology for designing digital circuits in Nanoscale. This technology utilizes quantum dots rather than diodes and transistors. QCA supplies a new computation platform, where binary data can be represented by polarized cells, which can define by the electron’s configurations inside the cell. This paper explains QCA based combinational circuit design; such as half-adder and full-adder, by only one uniform layer of cells. The proposed design is accomplished using a novel XOR gate. The proposed XOR gate has a 50% speed improvement and 35% reduction in the number of cells needed over the best reported XOR. The results of QCADesigner software show that the proposed designs have less complexity and less power consumption than previous designs.

Circuit World

Purpose Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has attracted computer scientists as new emerging nan... more Purpose Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has attracted computer scientists as new emerging nanotechnology for replacement the current CMOS technology because it has unique characteristics such as high frequency, extremely small feature size and low power consumption. The main building blocks in QCA are the majority gate and inverter so any Boolean function can be represented using these gates. Many important circuits were the target for implemented in this technology in an optimal form, such as random-access memory (RAM) cell. QCA-RAM cells were introduced in literature with different forms but most of them are not optimized enough. This paper aims to demonstrate QCA inherent capabilities that can facilitate the design of many important gates such as the XOR gate and multiplexer (MUX) without following any Boolean function to get an optimum design in terms of complexity and delay. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a novel structure of QCA-MUX in an optimal form will be u...

SN Applied Sciences

The limitations of the Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology such as the diss... more The limitations of the Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology such as the dissipated power, hard lithography, and short channel effects, led the researchers to look for an alternative technology. The unique properties of the QCA technology such as low dissipated power, speed, and the small feature size were the reason for considering it as a CMOS alternative in this work. In this paper, a new layout for five input single layer majority gate is proposed. The proposed majority gate is used in order to carry out new low power RAM cell with the ability to set the output or to reset it. Designing a cost efficient memory cell is an important issue because it is a brick unit for the whole RAM that considers the most essential component in the digital system. The proposed RAM cell shows improvement around 7% in terms of cost function and a noticeable reduction in switching energy. The QCADesigner tool is used in this work for circuit design and verification while the QCAPro tool is used for power analysis.

Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications

The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nano-technique has attracted computer scientists due to i... more The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nano-technique has attracted computer scientists due to its noticeable features such as low power consumption and small size. Many papers have been published in the literature about the utilization of this technology for de-signing many QCA circuits and for presenting logic gates in an optimal structure. The T flip-flop, which is an essential part of digital designs, can be used to design synchronous and asynchronous counters. This paper presents a novel T flip-flop structure in an optimal form. The presented novel gate was used to design an N-bit binary synchronous counter. The QCADesigner software was used to verify the designed circuits and to present the simulation results, while the QCAPro tool was used for the power analysis. The proposed design required minimal power and showed good improvements over previous designs.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Transistor based CMOS technology has many drawbacks such as power consumption and cannot continue... more Transistor based CMOS technology has many drawbacks such as power consumption and cannot continue in following the scaling of Moore's law and system-on-a-chip in near future. These drawbacks lead the researchers to think about an alternative technology. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale technology can implement the logical functionality by controlling the position of the electron. The basic building blocks for QCA circuit are majority gate and inverter, where AND and OR gate can be implemented using Majority gate by setting one of the inputs to "0" and "1" respectively. A lot of papers was introduced to propose a new gates construction such as XOR and 5-input majority gate in last few years. The complexity of the gate leads to the complexity of the whole circuit so whenever the proposed gate has a lower number of cells, that's mean it's a better. In this paper, we introduce a new construction of a novel 5-input majority gate. QCADesigner tool will be used to show the simulation result of the proposed gate. Then we will compare the proposed gate with the most important previous counterpart gates.