RAFED ABBAS | University of Kufa - Iraq (original) (raw)

Papers by RAFED ABBAS

IEEE Access, 2022

In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended η-µ fadi... more In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended η-µ fading distribution is studied. In particular, the extended α-η-µ fading model in which the parameter α represents the non-linearity of the propagation environment is presented via providing the exact and asymptotic of the statistical properties, namely, the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and generalized-moment generating function (G-MGF). To this effect, exact closed-form mathematically tractable expressions of the outage probability (OP), average symbol error probability (ASEP), amount of fading (AoF), channel quality estimation index (CQEI) and effective rate (ER) are obtained. The asymptotic behaviour at high average signal-to-noise (SNR) values is also analysed to gain further insights into the influence of the index α on the performance metrics of the wireless communication systems. Moreover, the average channel capacity (ACC) under different adaptive transmission techniques, such as, optimum rate and adaptation (ORA), capacity of the channel with inversion and fixed rate (CIFR), and truncated inversion and fixed rate (TIFR) are derived. The validation of the derived expressions is verified via comparing the numerical results with the Monte-Carlo simulations as well as some previous works for different scenarios. INDEX TERMS Extended α-η-µ fading, statistical properties, outage probability, average symbol error probability, effective rate, average channel capacity.

Open Engineering

Speech processing is one of the fundamental operations in computer science and it is particularly... more Speech processing is one of the fundamental operations in computer science and it is particularly difficult to process and distinguish speech in different Arabic dialects when background noise is present. In any nation, communication skills are crucial. Pushing a button is all it takes for the typical person to make phone calls and leave voicemails but for telecommunications experts, the process is very different. We understand how communication actually works. The terms detection and demodulation are commonly used when addressing the full demodulation process. The procedures and circuits are substantially the same under both designations. As the name implies, demodulation is the opposite of modulation, which is applying a signal, such as an audio signal, to a carrier. The demodulation process isolates the output signal from the audio or other signal that was transmitted using amplitude shifts on the carrier. In this study, a system for distinguishing speech signals was developed us...

Electronics Letters

In this letter, probability density function (PDF) of the sum and maximum of non-identical fluctu... more In this letter, probability density function (PDF) of the sum and maximum of non-identical fluctuating two-ray (FTR) variates are derived in terms of the power and exponential functions. To this effect, novel mathematically tractable expressions of the outage probability (OP) and average bit error probability (ABEP) for both the maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) diversity receptions are provided. The numerical results are affirmed by the Monte-Carlo simulations for different scenarios.

In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended eta\etaeta-$... more In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended eta\etaeta-$\mu$ fading distribution is studied. In particular, the extended alpha\alphaalpha-$\eta$-$\mu$ fading model in which the parameter alpha\alphaalpha represents the non-linearity of the propagation environment is presented via providing the exact and asymptotic of the statistical properties, namely, the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and generalized-moment generating function (G-MGF).

Spectrum sensing continuing to emerge as an essential topic for the cognitive networks where two ... more Spectrum sensing continuing to emerge as an essential topic for the cognitive networks where two kinds of users primary and secondary will share the band. This paper proposes a method for real-time detection of secondary users at the base stations. Cognitive Radios may hide themselves in between the primary users and Rental secondary users based on spectrum pooling system to avoid being charged for using spectrum. To deal with such scenario, a cyclostationary Fast Fourier Transform FFT Accumulation Method (FAM) has been used to develop a new scheme for channels users recognition. Channels users are tracked according to the changes in their signal parameters for instance modulation techniques. The Matlab simulation runs three signals transmitted on spectrum pooling system channels. Obtained spectral correlation density functions show successful Differentiation between signals. Keywords— Cognitive Radio; Sensing; Cyclostationary Detection; Undefined.

A distributed wavelength assignment technology has been investigated in this work. The Distribute... more A distributed wavelength assignment technology has been investigated in this work. The Distributed Static Highest Number of Destination (DSHND) algorithm is analysed and compared with two other distributed algorithms. The tree network investigated in this work is a binary tree instead of random trees assumed in other works. The main purpose of the proposed algorithm is to increase network capacity, minimize number of converters and reduce conversion range between the input and output wavelength.

ArXiv, 2020

In this paper, the statistical properties of the product of independent and non-identically distr... more In this paper, the statistical properties of the product of independent and non-identically distributed mixture Gamma (MG) random variables (RVs) are provided first. Specifically, simple exact closed-form expressions for the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and moment generating function (MGF) are derived in terms of univariate Meijer's GGG-function. The statistical characterisations of the distribution of the ratio of products of MG variates are then derived. These statistics are used to analyse the outage probability (OP), the average error probability for different modulation schemes, the effective rate (ER) of communications systems and the average area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUC) curve of energy detection over cascaded fading channels. Additionally, the lower bound of secure outage probability (SOP$^L$) and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity (PNSC) of the physical layer and the OP of the multihop commun...

Cancer is a complex disease with multiple triggers and high mortality rate all over the world. Cu... more Cancer is a complex disease with multiple triggers and high mortality rate all over the world. Currently Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and invasive surgeries are in vogue for cancer therapeutics. There are certain delicate parts where the invasive surgeries are a great deal of risk; therefore we only need to rely on chemo and radiotherapy either separately or combined. These therapies in return highly compromise the patient’s life quality as adverse effects. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the radio and chemotherapy effects on the various blood cells correlated properties i.e. anemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia etc. Our results suggest that radiation and chemotherapy cause decrease in thrombocytes and leukocytes count in cancer treated patients. Total 80 samples were measured by hematological analyzer and found a significant decrease in the hematological parameters (thrombocytes, total leukocyte count, cell volume, and hemoglobin) mean values in cancer treat...

Cancer is an abnormal condition in which uncontrolled growth and proliferation of normal cells oc... more Cancer is an abnormal condition in which uncontrolled growth and proliferation of normal cells occurs. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments are used frequently to prevent cancer growth. These treatments can also reduce the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in response to their loss. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on the hypertension and weight loss in different types of cancer patients. A total of 80 samples for blood pressure and weight loss were compared as control and cancer patients. The Sphygmomanometer was used for the measurement of blood pressure and weight was measured by a Trimmer bathroom scale or weight machine. A significant difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure with 136.6+3.9 and 95+4.3 mmHg was noted in cancer patients as in normal samples the values were 125.7+2.9and 79.5+3.2 mmHg, respectively. In case of weight loss, the difference was also extensive as in cancer pati...

Abstract. Wavelength assignment is a widely research object and especially in optical networks. T... more Abstract. Wavelength assignment is a widely research object and especially in optical networks. The centralized algorithm has been proposed in this paper and there are two scenarios for our algorithm. The main effect and improvement in the algorithm is to save network capacity by decreasing network capacity after each wavelength assignment. The term network capacity and network capacity decreasing are well investigated and analyzed. There are also mathematical equations for them have been formed and created. By our knowledge, this is the first time the equations are created. The performance of our network is mainly depending on the perfect complete binary, ternary and quaternary. The idea is rare investigated in perfect complete network, while the other works usually study random networks. The work in this paper is concentrated on centralized algorithm wherever the future work will compare the distributed algorithms also. The research is found the blocking probability, capacity decr...

In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) considered as a practical solution for last-mile b... more In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) considered as a practical solution for last-mile broadband wireless internet access. In this mode of wireless ad hoc networks, nodes may play the role of APs or Mesh Routers (MRs) to offer a short way to packets to find their destinations. However, as each node in WMNs has to transmit extra relayed traffic as well as its own; the capacity of such networks is limited by traffic congestion. To alleviate such a problem, Cognitive Radio (CR) technology can be used in which mesh nodes are allowed to use the available frequency bands that are not utilized by any licensed user. However, using this technology will impose several challenges influence the performance of the network. Interference between simultaneous transmissions, fading and environmental noise are the most important challenges that have been discussed widely in the research field. In this paper, we present a cooperative sensing scheme with interference mitigation for WMNs. In pa...

Electronics Letters, 2014

ABSTRACT A theory to allocate a wavelength in the tree networks coordinated arrangement in m-arit... more ABSTRACT A theory to allocate a wavelength in the tree networks coordinated arrangement in m-arity networks is proposed. Wavelength required equations to support all-to-all unicasting in the network according to its depth are presented. Three cases are examined: when nodes are only targets, sources or target and source in the same time. The trade-off between wavelength cost and wavelength conversion cost is considered; therefore, concentration is on wavelength allocation without conversion.

Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013), 2013

ABSTRACT The accuracy for any spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio (CR) is affected by t... more ABSTRACT The accuracy for any spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio (CR) is affected by the transmission channel parameters such as the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, a special approach is used to estimate the SNR in the received primary user (PU) signal. This approach is based on using filter bank transform which is called hybrid slantlet transform (HST). This transform decomposes the input PU signal into some sub-bands where some of these sub-bands give the approximate signal power with low noise affects and the others give the approximate noise power. The results for this approach are compared with iterated discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approach. Moreover, these results are shown the superior for HST approach in comparison with iterated DWT approach in reduction of the system complexity computational that it is reduced by 9.75%.

Computer Networks, 2014

This paper introduces a smart data packet routing protocol (SMART) based on swarm technology for ... more This paper introduces a smart data packet routing protocol (SMART) based on swarm technology for mobile ad hoc networks. The main challenge facing a routing protocol is to cope with the dynamic environment of mobile ad hoc networks. The problem of finding best route between communication end points in such networks is an NP problem. Swarm algorithm is one of the methods used solve such a problem. However, copping with the dynamic environment will demand the use of a lot of training iterations. We present a new infrastructure where data packets are smart enough to guide themselves through best available route in the network. This approach uses distributed swarm learning approach which will minimize convergence time by using smart data packets. This will decrease the number of control packets in the network as well as it provides

In this thesis, the m-arity tree networks have been investigated to derive equations for their no... more In this thesis, the m-arity tree networks have been investigated to derive equations for their nodes, links and required wavelengths. The relationship among all parameters such as leaves nodes, destinations, paths and wavelengths has been found. Three situations have been explored, firstly when just one server and the leaves nodes are destinations, secondly when just one server and all other nodes are destinations, thirdly when all nodes are sources and destinations in the same time. The investigation has included binary, ternary, quaternary and finalized by general equations for all m-arity tree networks. Moreover, a multicast technology is analysed in this thesis to transmit data carried by specific wavelengths to several clients. Wavelengths multicast switching is well examined to propose split-convert-split-convert (S-C-S-C) multicast switch which consists of light splitters and wavelengths converters. It has reduced group delay by 13 % and 29 % compared with split-convert (S-C)...

2012 International Conference on Future Communication Networks, 2012

ABSTRACT Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching is investigated in this ... more ABSTRACT Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching is investigated in this paper. The aim for this investigation is to maximize the network capacity and minimize the blocking probability in the wavelength division multiplexer network (WDM). By using light splitters (LS) and wavelength converters (WC) in the joint nodes, the WDM network is improved and the wavelength reuse was increased. The result shows that our optimization has increased the network capacity by about 41% compared with previous work.

Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching has been investigated in this pap... more Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching has been investigated in this paper. The aim for this investigation is to maximize the network capacity and minimize the blocking probability in the wavelength division multiplexing network (WDM). By using light splitters (LS) and wavelength converters (WC) in the joint nodes, the WDM network has been improved. By using our multicast switch the power, delay and desperation have been reduced. The results show that our new algorithm called Highest Number of Destinations (HND) has increased the network capacity compared with previous work.

The construction of light-trees is one of the principal sub-problems for all-optical multicast te... more The construction of light-trees is one of the principal sub-problems for all-optical multicast technology in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. In this paper a new algorithm proposed to maximize quality of service by minimizing dispersion on the converted wavelength. Network cost is significantly reduced by decreasing number of wavelengths and Number of wavelength converters utilized to produce multicast services. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have a better performance when compared to existing optimal algorithms.

IEEE Access, 2022

In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended η-µ fadi... more In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended η-µ fading distribution is studied. In particular, the extended α-η-µ fading model in which the parameter α represents the non-linearity of the propagation environment is presented via providing the exact and asymptotic of the statistical properties, namely, the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and generalized-moment generating function (G-MGF). To this effect, exact closed-form mathematically tractable expressions of the outage probability (OP), average symbol error probability (ASEP), amount of fading (AoF), channel quality estimation index (CQEI) and effective rate (ER) are obtained. The asymptotic behaviour at high average signal-to-noise (SNR) values is also analysed to gain further insights into the influence of the index α on the performance metrics of the wireless communication systems. Moreover, the average channel capacity (ACC) under different adaptive transmission techniques, such as, optimum rate and adaptation (ORA), capacity of the channel with inversion and fixed rate (CIFR), and truncated inversion and fixed rate (TIFR) are derived. The validation of the derived expressions is verified via comparing the numerical results with the Monte-Carlo simulations as well as some previous works for different scenarios. INDEX TERMS Extended α-η-µ fading, statistical properties, outage probability, average symbol error probability, effective rate, average channel capacity.

Open Engineering

Speech processing is one of the fundamental operations in computer science and it is particularly... more Speech processing is one of the fundamental operations in computer science and it is particularly difficult to process and distinguish speech in different Arabic dialects when background noise is present. In any nation, communication skills are crucial. Pushing a button is all it takes for the typical person to make phone calls and leave voicemails but for telecommunications experts, the process is very different. We understand how communication actually works. The terms detection and demodulation are commonly used when addressing the full demodulation process. The procedures and circuits are substantially the same under both designations. As the name implies, demodulation is the opposite of modulation, which is applying a signal, such as an audio signal, to a carrier. The demodulation process isolates the output signal from the audio or other signal that was transmitted using amplitude shifts on the carrier. In this study, a system for distinguishing speech signals was developed us...

Electronics Letters

In this letter, probability density function (PDF) of the sum and maximum of non-identical fluctu... more In this letter, probability density function (PDF) of the sum and maximum of non-identical fluctuating two-ray (FTR) variates are derived in terms of the power and exponential functions. To this effect, novel mathematically tractable expressions of the outage probability (OP) and average bit error probability (ABEP) for both the maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) diversity receptions are provided. The numerical results are affirmed by the Monte-Carlo simulations for different scenarios.

In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended eta\etaeta-$... more In this paper, the impact of the non-linearity of the propagation medium on the extended eta\etaeta-$\mu$ fading distribution is studied. In particular, the extended alpha\alphaalpha-$\eta$-$\mu$ fading model in which the parameter alpha\alphaalpha represents the non-linearity of the propagation environment is presented via providing the exact and asymptotic of the statistical properties, namely, the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and generalized-moment generating function (G-MGF).

Spectrum sensing continuing to emerge as an essential topic for the cognitive networks where two ... more Spectrum sensing continuing to emerge as an essential topic for the cognitive networks where two kinds of users primary and secondary will share the band. This paper proposes a method for real-time detection of secondary users at the base stations. Cognitive Radios may hide themselves in between the primary users and Rental secondary users based on spectrum pooling system to avoid being charged for using spectrum. To deal with such scenario, a cyclostationary Fast Fourier Transform FFT Accumulation Method (FAM) has been used to develop a new scheme for channels users recognition. Channels users are tracked according to the changes in their signal parameters for instance modulation techniques. The Matlab simulation runs three signals transmitted on spectrum pooling system channels. Obtained spectral correlation density functions show successful Differentiation between signals. Keywords— Cognitive Radio; Sensing; Cyclostationary Detection; Undefined.

A distributed wavelength assignment technology has been investigated in this work. The Distribute... more A distributed wavelength assignment technology has been investigated in this work. The Distributed Static Highest Number of Destination (DSHND) algorithm is analysed and compared with two other distributed algorithms. The tree network investigated in this work is a binary tree instead of random trees assumed in other works. The main purpose of the proposed algorithm is to increase network capacity, minimize number of converters and reduce conversion range between the input and output wavelength.

ArXiv, 2020

In this paper, the statistical properties of the product of independent and non-identically distr... more In this paper, the statistical properties of the product of independent and non-identically distributed mixture Gamma (MG) random variables (RVs) are provided first. Specifically, simple exact closed-form expressions for the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and moment generating function (MGF) are derived in terms of univariate Meijer's GGG-function. The statistical characterisations of the distribution of the ratio of products of MG variates are then derived. These statistics are used to analyse the outage probability (OP), the average error probability for different modulation schemes, the effective rate (ER) of communications systems and the average area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUC) curve of energy detection over cascaded fading channels. Additionally, the lower bound of secure outage probability (SOP$^L$) and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity (PNSC) of the physical layer and the OP of the multihop commun...

Cancer is a complex disease with multiple triggers and high mortality rate all over the world. Cu... more Cancer is a complex disease with multiple triggers and high mortality rate all over the world. Currently Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and invasive surgeries are in vogue for cancer therapeutics. There are certain delicate parts where the invasive surgeries are a great deal of risk; therefore we only need to rely on chemo and radiotherapy either separately or combined. These therapies in return highly compromise the patient’s life quality as adverse effects. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the radio and chemotherapy effects on the various blood cells correlated properties i.e. anemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia etc. Our results suggest that radiation and chemotherapy cause decrease in thrombocytes and leukocytes count in cancer treated patients. Total 80 samples were measured by hematological analyzer and found a significant decrease in the hematological parameters (thrombocytes, total leukocyte count, cell volume, and hemoglobin) mean values in cancer treat...

Cancer is an abnormal condition in which uncontrolled growth and proliferation of normal cells oc... more Cancer is an abnormal condition in which uncontrolled growth and proliferation of normal cells occurs. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments are used frequently to prevent cancer growth. These treatments can also reduce the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in response to their loss. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on the hypertension and weight loss in different types of cancer patients. A total of 80 samples for blood pressure and weight loss were compared as control and cancer patients. The Sphygmomanometer was used for the measurement of blood pressure and weight was measured by a Trimmer bathroom scale or weight machine. A significant difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure with 136.6+3.9 and 95+4.3 mmHg was noted in cancer patients as in normal samples the values were 125.7+2.9and 79.5+3.2 mmHg, respectively. In case of weight loss, the difference was also extensive as in cancer pati...

Abstract. Wavelength assignment is a widely research object and especially in optical networks. T... more Abstract. Wavelength assignment is a widely research object and especially in optical networks. The centralized algorithm has been proposed in this paper and there are two scenarios for our algorithm. The main effect and improvement in the algorithm is to save network capacity by decreasing network capacity after each wavelength assignment. The term network capacity and network capacity decreasing are well investigated and analyzed. There are also mathematical equations for them have been formed and created. By our knowledge, this is the first time the equations are created. The performance of our network is mainly depending on the perfect complete binary, ternary and quaternary. The idea is rare investigated in perfect complete network, while the other works usually study random networks. The work in this paper is concentrated on centralized algorithm wherever the future work will compare the distributed algorithms also. The research is found the blocking probability, capacity decr...

In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) considered as a practical solution for last-mile b... more In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) considered as a practical solution for last-mile broadband wireless internet access. In this mode of wireless ad hoc networks, nodes may play the role of APs or Mesh Routers (MRs) to offer a short way to packets to find their destinations. However, as each node in WMNs has to transmit extra relayed traffic as well as its own; the capacity of such networks is limited by traffic congestion. To alleviate such a problem, Cognitive Radio (CR) technology can be used in which mesh nodes are allowed to use the available frequency bands that are not utilized by any licensed user. However, using this technology will impose several challenges influence the performance of the network. Interference between simultaneous transmissions, fading and environmental noise are the most important challenges that have been discussed widely in the research field. In this paper, we present a cooperative sensing scheme with interference mitigation for WMNs. In pa...

Electronics Letters, 2014

ABSTRACT A theory to allocate a wavelength in the tree networks coordinated arrangement in m-arit... more ABSTRACT A theory to allocate a wavelength in the tree networks coordinated arrangement in m-arity networks is proposed. Wavelength required equations to support all-to-all unicasting in the network according to its depth are presented. Three cases are examined: when nodes are only targets, sources or target and source in the same time. The trade-off between wavelength cost and wavelength conversion cost is considered; therefore, concentration is on wavelength allocation without conversion.

Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013), 2013

ABSTRACT The accuracy for any spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio (CR) is affected by t... more ABSTRACT The accuracy for any spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio (CR) is affected by the transmission channel parameters such as the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, a special approach is used to estimate the SNR in the received primary user (PU) signal. This approach is based on using filter bank transform which is called hybrid slantlet transform (HST). This transform decomposes the input PU signal into some sub-bands where some of these sub-bands give the approximate signal power with low noise affects and the others give the approximate noise power. The results for this approach are compared with iterated discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approach. Moreover, these results are shown the superior for HST approach in comparison with iterated DWT approach in reduction of the system complexity computational that it is reduced by 9.75%.

Computer Networks, 2014

This paper introduces a smart data packet routing protocol (SMART) based on swarm technology for ... more This paper introduces a smart data packet routing protocol (SMART) based on swarm technology for mobile ad hoc networks. The main challenge facing a routing protocol is to cope with the dynamic environment of mobile ad hoc networks. The problem of finding best route between communication end points in such networks is an NP problem. Swarm algorithm is one of the methods used solve such a problem. However, copping with the dynamic environment will demand the use of a lot of training iterations. We present a new infrastructure where data packets are smart enough to guide themselves through best available route in the network. This approach uses distributed swarm learning approach which will minimize convergence time by using smart data packets. This will decrease the number of control packets in the network as well as it provides

In this thesis, the m-arity tree networks have been investigated to derive equations for their no... more In this thesis, the m-arity tree networks have been investigated to derive equations for their nodes, links and required wavelengths. The relationship among all parameters such as leaves nodes, destinations, paths and wavelengths has been found. Three situations have been explored, firstly when just one server and the leaves nodes are destinations, secondly when just one server and all other nodes are destinations, thirdly when all nodes are sources and destinations in the same time. The investigation has included binary, ternary, quaternary and finalized by general equations for all m-arity tree networks. Moreover, a multicast technology is analysed in this thesis to transmit data carried by specific wavelengths to several clients. Wavelengths multicast switching is well examined to propose split-convert-split-convert (S-C-S-C) multicast switch which consists of light splitters and wavelengths converters. It has reduced group delay by 13 % and 29 % compared with split-convert (S-C)...

2012 International Conference on Future Communication Networks, 2012

ABSTRACT Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching is investigated in this ... more ABSTRACT Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching is investigated in this paper. The aim for this investigation is to maximize the network capacity and minimize the blocking probability in the wavelength division multiplexer network (WDM). By using light splitters (LS) and wavelength converters (WC) in the joint nodes, the WDM network is improved and the wavelength reuse was increased. The result shows that our optimization has increased the network capacity by about 41% compared with previous work.

Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching has been investigated in this pap... more Dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in multicast (MC) switching has been investigated in this paper. The aim for this investigation is to maximize the network capacity and minimize the blocking probability in the wavelength division multiplexing network (WDM). By using light splitters (LS) and wavelength converters (WC) in the joint nodes, the WDM network has been improved. By using our multicast switch the power, delay and desperation have been reduced. The results show that our new algorithm called Highest Number of Destinations (HND) has increased the network capacity compared with previous work.

The construction of light-trees is one of the principal sub-problems for all-optical multicast te... more The construction of light-trees is one of the principal sub-problems for all-optical multicast technology in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. In this paper a new algorithm proposed to maximize quality of service by minimizing dispersion on the converted wavelength. Network cost is significantly reduced by decreasing number of wavelengths and Number of wavelength converters utilized to produce multicast services. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have a better performance when compared to existing optimal algorithms.