Prof. Dr Ayad Alalaf | University Of Mosul (original) (raw)

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Papers by Prof. Dr Ayad Alalaf

The Future of Agriculture, 2023

The effect of the quality of the packaging containers (glass, plastic, metal) on some chemical pr... more The effect of the quality of the packaging containers (glass, plastic, metal) on some chemical properties and quality of olive oil was examined in the Sourani variety from a modern bi-phase press in Ariha area. The oil samples were analyzed immediately after pressing and then stored for3, 6 and 9 months. Significant differences were found for the type of packaging and storage duration on the degree of oil's acidity and the peroxide number and its content of some fatty acids, so that these properties were the least affected by glass containers, while plastic and metal containers were most affected, especially in oil stored for nine months. Acidity increased from 0.32% in fresh oil directly after pressing to 0.38 in glass containers and 0.44 in plastic packaging after 9 months. Peroxide number increased from 3.50 mmol / O2 / kg oil to 0.38 in glassstored oil and to 6.20 mmol / O2/ kg oil in oil stored in plastic containers for nine months. The percentage of oleic acid decreased from 70.75% in olive oil samples taken immediately after pressing to 68.48% in olive oil stored in plastic containers and 68.65% in plastic bottles after nine months. The percentage of linoleic acid in the oil stored in the plastic containers decreased after nine months (0.79%) compared to its value in the samples taken from plastic packaging after six months (0.84%) Therefore, the glass containers were the best in preserving the properties of the olive oil studied.

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2022

Salinity is the most limiting factor for growth and production in pomegranate trees in the newly ... more Salinity is the most limiting factor for growth and production in pomegranate trees in the newly
reclaimed lands this study aimed to alleviate the adverse effect of salinity on pomegranate wonderful CV. which grown under
salinity stress and improve vegetative growth and fruit quality by using some of Nano-materialʼs fertilizers as a foliar application.
Materials and Methods: This investigation study carried out during two successive seasons (2019 and 2020) at a private orchard located
in the desert of West Minia Governorate the pomegranate trees were at vigour status and selected by choosing 21 trees (seven treatments
and each treatment was replicated three times) the chosen trees were 5 years old, cultivated 3×4 m, irrigated with drip irrigation system,
all trees were free of pathogens and physiological disorders and took all agricultural processes and fertilization treatments except the foliar
application of examined materials. Results: Application of Nano silicon with Nano clay was better than using silicon with clay together.
The use of silicon at Nano size was significantly more than using silicon at normal size while Nano-clay treatment and clay treatment were
non-significant compare to control. The examined Parameters were leaf nutrient contents, fruit physical and chemical characterization
and yield. Conclusion: Application of Nano silicon with Nano clay was the superior treatment in all of the parameters which have been
examined.

Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 2022

The research was carried out to find out the response of grapefruit transplants (Citrus paradise)... more The research was carried out to find out the response of grapefruit transplants (Citrus paradise) to foliar application of nano-fertilizer (NPK) at levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)g.L-1 with the addition of liquid organic fertilizer Botminn Plus to the soil at levels (4, 6,8 and 10) ml.L-1 , to study the characteristics of growth and content of the leaves of nutrients, the treatment of (2.0 g.L-1 nano NPK) recorded significant values in all of the study parameters.

Iranian Society of Ichthyology, 2022

This study aimed to investigate spraying two organic fertilizers viz. Delfan plus and Vegeamino, ... more This study aimed to investigate spraying two organic fertilizers viz. Delfan plus and Vegeamino, which contain amino acids, on the vegetative growth of pomelo seedlings using concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4ml/l. The study was designed according to a completely randomized block design, and each treatment was repeated three times, and one experimental unit included four seedlings. The results showed that the application of organic had containing amino acids especially at the levels of 3 and 4 ml/l of Vegeamino, which achieved a significant increase in all the studied traits except the zinc content of the leaves.

Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 2022

during the 2020 growing season. The aim was to demonstrate the importance of foliar spraying with... more during the 2020 growing season. The aim was to demonstrate the importance of foliar spraying with three levels for each of the Nano iron chelate (15, 30 and 45 mg. L-1), liquid organic fertilizer (Compo) (2, 4, and 6 ml. 1 liter-1) and seaweed extract fertilizer (Alga600) (5, 10 and 15 g. 1 liter-1) in improving vegetative growth and mineral content of olive seedlings variety "Manzanillo. The comparison treatment consisted of spraying with distilled water only." The most important results obtained showed the significant superiority of the treatment of foliar spray with liquid organic fertilizer (Compo) in most of the studied characteristics. This was particularly obvious in the spraying treatment with a concentration of 6 ml. 1-1. This recorded a significant superiority over the rest of the treatments, especially the comparison treatment, in terms of leaf content of nitrogen, zinc, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein, and the increase in seedling height. This was followed by the treatment of foliar spraying with nano iron chelate fertilizer at a concentration of 45 mg. L-1 was significantly superior to the comparison treatment with compared with the traits, the iron content of the leaves and the increase in the diameter of the seedlings. There were no significant differences in all the fertilizer treatments, including the comparison treatment compared with the traits, the leaves content of phosphorus and potassium.

Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 2022

The experience aimed to demonstrate the response of Citrus grandis and Citrus paradise grafts gro... more The experience aimed to demonstrate the response of Citrus grandis and Citrus paradise grafts growing on twoyear-old Sour orange seedlings to bio-fertilizer (Gorabac G, liquid organic (Compo) and chemical urea in improving growth and its mineral content. The obtained results showed that the type of grafted seedlings did not have any significant effect on all the studied traits, while the addition of fertilizer combinations for each of the bio-fertilizer (Gorapac G) and the liquid organic fertilizer (Compo) led to a significant increase in all the studied traits, especially the treatment (20 gm. seedlings of Gorabac G biofertilizer + 10 ml. liter of liquid organic fertilizer Compo). The highest significant values were recorded for most of the studied traits.

Name: Dr. Ayad Hani Ismail Ahmed Al Allaf Born: Mosul / 1976 Academic Rank: Assistant Professor ... more Name: Dr. Ayad Hani Ismail Ahmed Al Allaf
Born: Mosul / 1976
Academic Rank: Assistant Professor
Specialization: Horticultural sciences/production of evergreen fruits
Date of appointment in the College of Agriculture and Forestry: 27/12/2005

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2022

: Salinity is the most limiting factor for growth and production in pomegranate trees in the newl... more : Salinity is the most limiting factor for growth and production in pomegranate trees in the newly
reclaimed lands this study aimed to alleviate the adverse effect of salinity on pomegranate wonderful CV. which grown under
salinity stress and improve vegetative growth and fruit quality by using some of Nano-materialʼs fertilizers as a foliar application.
Materials and Methods: This investigation study carried out during two successive seasons (2019 and 2020) at a private orchard located
in the desert of West Minia Governorate the pomegranate trees were at vigour status and selected by choosing 21 trees (seven treatments
and each treatment was replicated three times) the chosen trees were 5 years old, cultivated 3×4 m, irrigated with drip irrigation system,
all trees were free of pathogens and physiological disorders and took all agricultural processes and fertilization treatments except the foliar
application of examined materials. Results: Application of Nano silicon with Nano clay was better than using silicon with clay together.
The use of silicon at Nano size was significantly more than using silicon at normal size while Nano-clay treatment and clay treatment were
non-significant compare to control. The examined Parameters were leaf nutrient contents, fruit physical and chemical characterization
and yield. Conclusion: Application of Nano silicon with Nano clay was the superior treatment in all of the parameters which have been
examined.

Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 2020

This study was carried out in the wooden canopy belonging to the Department of Horticulture and G... more This study was carried out in the wooden canopy belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering Faculty of Agriculture "Mosal Univ" during the growing season 2018 in order to demonstrate the importance of the effect of two dates for spring grafting (2 nd and 17 th April) and fertilization of local oranges seedlings grafted on bitter orange rootstock to compound fertilizer (NPK) at 30 g/seedling, organic liquid fertilizer "Nutrigreen" at 6 ml/L and using three types of bio-fertilizers such as Biogen at 3 and 6 g/ seedling, Potasiomag at 5 and 10 g/ seedling and Fulzyme at 1 g/ seedling as a nutrient elements. The experiment was designed using of the complete randomized block design (RCBD) with three replicates and five seedlings per experimental unit. Averages were compared using Dunkin test at 5% level.The results showed that the first date of grafting (2 nd April) affected significantly the characteristics studied, especially the percentage of successful grafts, the number of leaves and the leaf content of nitrogen. The bio-fertilization treatments with Biogen and Potasiomag were significantly superior to other fertilizer treatments, especially the control treatment by the percentage of successful grafts, the number of leaves and the leaf content of nitrogen phosphorous and potassium.

Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 2020

The experiment aimed to show the demonstrate of two spring grafting dates (2 nd and 17 th April) ... more The experiment aimed to show the demonstrate of two spring grafting dates (2 nd and 17 th April) and fertilization of local oranges seedlings grafted on bitter orange rootstock to compound fertilizer (NPK) at 30 g/seedling, organic liquid fertilizer "Nutrigreen" at 6 ml/L and using three types of bio-fertilizers such as Biogen at 3 and 6 g/ seedling, Potasiomag at 5 and 10 g/ seedling and Fulzyme at 1 g/ seedling as a nutrient elements. The experiment was designed using of the complete randomized block design (RCBD) with three replicates and five seedlings per experimental unit. Averages were compared using Dunkin test at 5% level. The results showed that there were significant differences between the dates of grafting with nutrient elements, while treatment of NPK compound fertilizer was superior to the treatment of 30 g/seedling comparison with the nutrient elements of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. In addition, the organic and bio liquid fertilizers were significantly superior to the comparison treatment with the nutrient elements of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in the soil.

The Future Journal of Agriculture, 2020

Clean agriculture is defined as a method of agricultural production that avoids the use of chemic... more Clean agriculture is defined as a method of agricultural production that avoids the use of chemicals, especially fertilizers and pesticides, and on this basis, this agriculture, including organic, has a positive impact because it depends on available natural resources, which in turn reduces environmental pollution resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers and improving the environment And food security, and organic fertilizers of various types are an important and essential source of the elements needed by the larger and smaller plants as well as its very important role in improving the physical, chemical and biological soil properties, and in recent times. The importance of using liquid organic fertilizers has emerged as one of the most important clean alternatives to the nutrients needed for fruit seedlings, because it contains some organic acids such as humic and fulvic acids and amino acids and other substances that are cheap and easy to use and low pollution to the environment and agricultural products and their contribution to improving physical, chemical and biological characteristics soil, which is reflected positively in the growth and production of different plants.

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2020

Mesopotamia J. of Agric, 2020

Soil and irrigation water salinity are among the main problems hindering agricultural development... more Soil and irrigation water salinity are among the main problems hindering agricultural development, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, which depends on especially surface irrigation as the main means in agriculture. The salinity lead to low growth and production of plants, including fruit, as a result of the temporal, azalotic, or nutrients imbalance. Salinity of the soil or irrigation water greatly reduces the growth, productivity and quality of fruit crops by affecting their physiological, chemical and biological functions as they cause obstruction to the absorption of some elements by the plant and if it increased absorption of salts, it causes ion poisoning of the cell, as well as increased salts cause less absorption of water by the plant due to the high osmosis of soil water. There are many ways to reduce the salt stress in the growth of fruit plants, the most important of which is adding organic fertilizers such as humic acid or spraying with the amino acid proline.

Plant Archives, 2020

This study was conducted in the Lath Hause / Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design / Co... more This study was conducted in the Lath Hause / Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul, during 9102 growing season , to study the effect of two factors and its interactions on the concentrations of some heavy metals in the leaves of Lokal orange (Citrus sinensis L.) transplants budded on soure orange (Citrus aurantium L.) cultivated on plastic pots filled with 8 kg of media (soil + sheep manuier 3:1),first factor was NPK fertilizer (20:20:20) which were added at two levels (0 and 30 gm.transplant-1) ,Meanwhile the second factor included five levels of biofertilizers (3 and 6 gm.Biogeain ,5 and 10 gm. Potasiomag and 1gm.Fulzyme.transplant-1) and Nutrigreen organic fertilizer at a concentration of 6ml.l-1 in respect to control. NPK fertilizer were added at two equal doses (15gm.transplant-1 in each dose), at 21/3 and 2/5/2020 respectively, biofertilizers were added at 21/3/2020 , Meanwhile the organic fertilizer were added at two times (26/3 and 3/5/ 2020) at the amounte of 200 ml. in each time. Resultes indicated that all biofertilizers and organic fertilizer significantly decresed leaves Co,As,Se,Ag and Cr concentrations, While the application of NPK significantly increased leaves As concentration only as compared with control.The best treatment was 30gm NPK +10gm Potasiomag .transplant-1 which gave the minimum concentrations of Co,Ag and Cr in the leaves , Meanwhile the minimum leaves As and Se concentrations was in the treatment of 0gm NPK + 10gm Potasiomag .transplant-1 .

Plant Archives, 2020

This study was conducted during the 2019-2020 growing season in the field of the Department of Ho... more This study was conducted during the 2019-2020 growing season in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Gardening Engineering/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul, to find the effect of fertilizing with three types of liquid organic fertilizers (humic acid, Tikamine Max and Neutergreen and four levels for each type) 2, 4, 6 and 8 ml Seedling-1) In addition to the comparison treatment (not adding) in some of the vegetative growth characteristics and nutrient content of the grafted apricot seedlings Zaginia cultivar, the implementation of the study followed the design of complete randomized sectors (RCBD) with three replicates and by using three seedlings per experimental unit, organic fertilizers were added Mentioned above and Transactions twice in the season (beginning and end of April), the results confirmed that all studied traits were significantly affected by the addition of liquid organic fertilizers, whereby fertilizing with 8 ml. Liters-1 of Neutergreen fertilizer gave the highest averages of (increase in height and diameter of seedlings, nitrogen ratio and content Iron in leaves), and fertilizing with 4 ml.Liters-1 of Neutergreen fertilizer gave the highest chlorophyll content and phosphorous ratio in the leaves, while fertilizing with 6 ml.Liters-1 and 4 ml.Liters-1 of Tikamine Max fertilizer resulted in Significant increase in potassium and zinc content in the leaves respectively.

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 2020

The expansion of the use of safe alternatives such as bio-fertilizers and organic fertilizer prog... more The expansion of the use of safe alternatives such as bio-fertilizers and organic fertilizer programs in fruit seedlings has become part of a system known as clean cultivation because of its many advantages that contribute to improving growth, productivity, quality and production of a safe crop as well as preserving the environment by reducing or avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers, Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate the importance of adding biological fertilizer (Gorabac G) in three concentrations (5, 10 and 15 grams. Seedlings-1), liquid organic fertilizer (Compo) in three concentrations (4, 6 and 8 ml-1) and organic fertilizer (Rice residues (in three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg. Seedlings-1) in addition to the comparison treatment (without adding any type of fertilizer) in improving the vegetative growth and mineral content of grapefruit seedlings grafted on Sour orange, he biological fertilizer (Gorabac G) used in the study and in particular the concentration was 15 grams. Seedlings-1 had a significant effect in obtaining the highest values for most of the studied traits, as this treatment was significantly superior to the comparison treatment with the traits (leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, chlorophyll, carbohydrates and proteins in addition to the increase in the height and diameter of seedlings), so within similar circumstances the study recommends using This concentration of this vital fertilizer is to get strong, well-growing seedlings.

Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 2020

A study was carried out in the lath house at Horticulture and Landscape Department, College of Ag... more A study was carried out in the lath house at Horticulture and Landscape Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul during the 2020 growing season. The aim was to demonstrate the importance of foliar spraying with three levels for each of the Nano iron chelate (15, 30 and 45 mg. L-1), liquid organic fertilizer (Compo) (2, 4, and 6 ml. 1 liter-1) and seaweed extract fertilizer (Alga600) (5, 10 and 15 g. 1 liter-1) in improving vegetative growth and mineral content of olive seedlings variety "Manzanillo. The comparison treatment consisted of spraying with distilled water only." The most important results obtained showed the significant superiority of the treatment of foliar spray with liquid organic fertilizer (Compo) in most of the studied characteristics. This was particularly obvious in the spraying treatment with a concentration of 6 ml. 1-1. This recorded a significant superiority over the rest of the treatments, especially the comparison treatment, in terms of leaf content of nitrogen, zinc, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein, and the increase in seedling height. This was followed by the treatment of foliar spraying with nano iron chelate fertilizer at a concentration of 45 mg. L-1 was significantly superior to the comparison treatment with compared with the traits, the iron content of the leaves and the increase in the diameter of the seedlings. There were no significant differences in all the fertilizer treatments, including the comparison treatment compared with the traits, the leaves content of phosphorus and potassium.

Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci., 2020

The nanofertilization technique is considered one of the most important recent methods used in fe... more The nanofertilization technique is considered one of the most important recent methods used in fertilizing fruit seedlings as it plays an important role in improving its growth and its content of mineral elements, which later ensures obtaining strong, fast-growing seedlings in the permanent garden. This study was carried out in the lath house at Horticulture and Landscape Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul during the growth season 2020 with the aim of showing the importance of foliar spray in four concentrations (15, 30, 45 and 60 mg-1) in addition to the comparison treatment for both chelated nano-iron and chelated nano-zinc in improving vegetative growth and mineral content of seedlings Citrus grandis grafted onto the rootstock of Sour orange. The obtained results showed that the highest significant values of the traits (increase in seedling height, leaf content of chlorophyll, carbohydrates and protein, and their content of mineral elements such as nitrogen and iron) were obtained as a result of foliar spraying with a concentration of 60 mg.liter-1 of chelated iron nano fertilizer. For the values of these characteristics for the comparison treatment and the treatments for foliar spraying with chelated zinc fertilizer recorded a significant increase in the seedling diameter and the zinc content of the leaves, while there were no significant differences between all the fertilizer treatments, including the comparison treatment with the leaves content of phosphorous and potassium.

The Future Journal of Agriculture, 2020

The seedlings of Sour orange grown in plastic bags under the conditions of the Lath houses of the... more The seedlings of Sour orange grown in plastic bags under the conditions of the Lath houses of the Horticulture Landscape Design were treated with two levels of gibberellic acid (75 and 100 mg L-1) and three levels of liquid Nutrigreen fertilizer (2, 4 and 6 ml L-1) as well as all Interactions between them in addition to the comparison treatment in order to improve the vegetative growth of the seedlings, the study was designed according to the complete random design (CRD) by three replicates and 4 seedlings per experimental unit and used the Dunkin polynomial test at a 5% error probability level to compare the averages of the treatments, the results confirmed the treatment of 100 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid + 6 ml L-1 of Nutrigreen fertilizer significantly outperformed the treatment of comparators as the increase in the main stem diameter and leaf content of chlorophyll, and the highest increase in seedlings length was obtained for the treatment of Nutrigreen fertilizer at a concentration of 6 ml L-1 while recorded treatment 100 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid + 4 ml L-1 of Nutrigreen fertilizer the highest significant increase in the number of leaves as measured by the comparison treatment.

The Future of Agriculture, 2023

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2022

Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 2022

Iranian Society of Ichthyology, 2022

Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 2022

Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 2022

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2022

Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 2020

The Future Journal of Agriculture, 2020

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2020

Mesopotamia J. of Agric, 2020

Plant Archives, 2020

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 2020

Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 2020

Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci., 2020

The Future Journal of Agriculture, 2020

University of Mosul College of Agriculture and Forestry, 2019

The study was conducted in the lath house / Hort. Dept. /College of Agriculture and Forestry duri... more The study was conducted in the lath house / Hort. Dept. /College of Agriculture and Forestry during 2018 season to study the effect of two spring budding dates (2 and 17 April) of local orange Citrus sinensis on sour orange seedlings Citrus aurantium, and adding of chemical fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer (Nutrigreen) and the biological fetilizers (Biogeain, Potsiomag and Fulzyme) on the following growth of the budded seedlings. The studied factors were as follows:
1- Spring budding dates (2 and 17 April)
2- chemical fertilizer (0 and 30 gm.seedling-1).
3- Seven levels of biological and organic fertilizers:
a- Zero.
b- Biogeain (3 and 6 gm.pot-1).
c- Potsiomag (5 and 10 gm.pot-1).
d- Fulzyme (1 gm.pot-1).
e- Nutrigreen organic fertilizer (6 ml.seedling-1).
The study was performed by using split split plots within factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 3 factors and 3 replicates, by using 5 seedlings for each treatment, so the number of seedlings will be 2×2×7×3×5=420 seedlings. Treatment means were compared by using Duncan multiple levels at 5% p. the more important results obtained were as follows:
1- 2nd April budding date was superior significantly on 17th April date budding in budding success percent (44.76% and 31.42%, respectively). Also 2nd April budding date was effective significantly in vegetative growth characteristics (budding length, leaves number, leaves area, leaves wet weight, leaves chlorophyll content, leaves protein, carbohydrates and nitrogen percent. In contrast no superiority were noticed of the second budding date except in leaves dry weight, where, no significant differences were noticed in the other characteristics.

2- NPK addition had no effects on all of studied traits, as control treatment was superior in budding success percent, budding length, leaves number, leaves area, growth number, leaves chlorophyll content, leaves protein and carbohydrates content, leaves nitrogen and phosphorus percent and the available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, as compared with 30 gm.seedlings-1 of NPK.

3- Addition of Potsiomag biofertilizer resulted in an increment in budding success percent and most of vegetative growth (budding length and diameter, leaves number, leaves area, leaves dry weight, leaves chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrates content), and root growth (dry weight and dry matter weight percent), leaves nitrogen and phosphorus percent and potassium content of the soil. Also biogeain biofertilizer addition resulted in an increase in leaf area, leaves wet weight and available nitrogen of the leaves as compared with control treatment. While, fulzyme biofertilizer treatment recorded a significant increase in phosphorus content of the leaves and soil as compared with control treatment, which resulted in a significant increase in leaves sodium and soil pH.

4- Interaction between the factors resulted in a significant superiority in the studied characteristics, as the interaction between 0 NPK + 5 and 10 gm.pot-1 of Potsiomag bio fertilizer for the first budding date seedling have the highest values of budding success percent, budding length and diameter, leaves number, leaves area, leaves wet and dry weight, leaves chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrates content, dry weight of the roots, leaves nitrogen and potassium content and available phosphorus and potassium content of the soil.

International journal of agriculture and statistical sciences, 2020

Extravagance in chemical fertilizers and pesticides has become a threat to the lives of citizens ... more Extravagance in chemical fertilizers and pesticides has become a threat to the lives of citizens and infect them with serious diseases after these fertilizers were one of the most important factors that helped in increasing and developing agricultural production, but the unfair and indiscriminate use of them by farmers, left negative effects on the environment and the health of citizens as they interact with the soil and leave traces Negative to the various elements of the environment, Biofertilizers are considered environmentally friendly fertilizers, which are fertilizers containing microorganisms that are able to supply plants with the necessary nutrients from natural sources, which reduces dependence on fertilizers. Different chemicals, which leads to reducing environmental pollution and production costs and increasing the yield in terms of quality and quantity, bacteria and fungi and blue green algae are among the most important sources of biological fertilizers, as these organisms play an important role in serving plants by providing nutrients that It contributes to improving growth, increasing yield, disease resistance or resilience in the face of bad conditions surrounding plant growth, such as environmental stress in the soil or climate changes, and a large number of these organisms are associated with plants with what is called mutual benefit.