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Papers by Fotios Chatzitheodoridis

Research paper thumbnail of Innovations and green development: are a way out for the small and medium enterprises of the Western Macedonia Region

International journal of sustainable agricultural management and informatics, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Contribution of the Cultural and Creative Industries to Regional Development and Revitalization: A European Perspective

Urban science, Apr 22, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Defining priority issues for managing stray dog populations: The case of Greece

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, Apr 18, 2023

Recent literature on stray dogs offers evidence about their increasing overpopulation. However, v... more Recent literature on stray dogs offers evidence about their increasing overpopulation. However, very few studies have attempted to investigate and explain the overpopulation of stray dogs in Greece. The aim of this study is to define how different social and professional groups prioritize issues related to management practices and programs that could be adopted at national and regional level. The Delphi method was applied for drawing, experiences, information, knowledge and opinions of fourteen experts serving from different professions and positions the topic of the study in order to demonstrate how the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders will lead to a sustainable management of their population. The process was completed in three rounds of online meetings in which participants were asked to fulfill questionnaires to analyze their choices. It was concluded that stray dogs are overpopulated mainly due to the "irresponsible ownership of the pet dog" which usually leads to its abandonment (most often without neutering), and the uncontrolled reproduction of stray dogs. Also, the lack of interest in adopting stray dogs was a matter of high priority. Finally, neutering strays and pets was demonstrated by the majority of experts as a solution against overpopulation of stray dogs.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Predictive Risk Assessment for Business Continuity: A Case Study of Greece

Risks, Jan 22, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Connection between Land Use Planning, Water Resources, and Global Climate Change

Water, Jan 18, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Impact of Communication on Customer Relationship Marketing: A Case Study of Mobile Telecom Companies

Wseas Transactions On Business And Economics, Dec 7, 2023

The long-term relationship between customers and companies is essential for desired business grow... more The long-term relationship between customers and companies is essential for desired business growth. Most cellular industries rely on different forms of communication and marketing to achieve desired levels of relationships with their customers. This study focused on establishing the general effect of communication on customer relationship marketing in different businesses or organizations. The mobile telecom industry of Greece was used as the case study. A cross-sectional survey design based on a quantitative methodology was used in the study. A well-designed questionnaire was utilized to collect quantitative data from 204 customers of different mobile telecom companies based in Kozani, Greece. Results showed that communication techniques improve the strength of relationships between customers and the business, improving business profitability. The results also showed that the approach of communication in a company plays a very important role in influencing the satisfaction levels of customers which in the long run enhances relationship marketing. The findings confirmed that customer relationships through communication and marketing are essential for the growth of the business through improved performance and profitability. Therefore, companies or companies need to employ the best communication techniques to achieve the desired relationship marketing and sustainable long-term relationships.

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Online Communications on Different Users' Social, Emotional, and Moral Competence as a Potential Business Communication Tool

Journal of system and management sciences, Oct 19, 2022

The digital age has seen a great increase in the number of internet users and reliance on online ... more The digital age has seen a great increase in the number of internet users and reliance on online communications in particular. Youths or young people are among the most common groups who use the internet to interact or communicate with their peers, family, and friends. The current study explored the impact of online communications on the social, emotional, and moral competence of different users. The study findings revealed that online communication or interactions are essential in connecting distant friends or relatives through virtual communication. However, it was revealed that over dependence on different online interaction platforms could relatively impact the social, emotional, and moral competence of the users, especially the youth or young.

Research paper thumbnail of An Empirical Study on the Role of Media in Crisis Communication Management in Uncertain Times

Journal of logistics, informatics and service science, Mar 27, 2023

Mass media was one of the most significant ways of networking in the information age. Thanks to u... more Mass media was one of the most significant ways of networking in the information age. Thanks to universal access to the internet, the mass media plays an important part in fostering political unity and reshaping popular opinion. Crisis, in all of its manifestations, is an inextricable part of humanity's life, and its diversity is growing all the time. During times of crisis, the media plays a critical part in disseminating information and making people aware of the situation. The media has the ability to calm the public and inspire them to take constructive steps, or it can terrorize the public and cause havoc. This is a crosssectional survey-based applied research project. The statistical population consisted of residents of Kozani city and simple random sampling technique was used to select 300 residents for further investigation. A questionnaire created by the researcher was used to gather data. Descriptive, correlational and regression analysis were used to analyses the study variables. According to the results, the news media plays a significant and constructive role in reporting events concerning mitigation and recovery from a crisis, in addition, the majority of respondents prefer to watch the incident's headlines before the news from emergency zones returns to normal. According to the findings, crisis managers should think about the kind of newspaper they'll use when packaging crisis material. Furthermore, crisis coordination is supported by print media management techniques for core audiences. Similarly, factual emergency analysis of the print media continues to create confidence in the public domain for the press, and facilitates crisis coordination. As a result, crisis management must study the history of a catastrophe before communicating; they must raise questions like "why," "how," and "what happened before" in order to examine the present scenario for crisis reduction.

Research paper thumbnail of Empirical Study on Tourism and Economic Growth of Bahrain: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2015

This paper empirically investigates the tourism-led-growth hypothesis (TLGH) in case of Bahrain. ... more This paper empirically investigates the tourism-led-growth hypothesis (TLGH) in case of Bahrain. Using time series econometrics techniques the study examines the long run relationship between international tourism and economic growth in Bahrain by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model over the period of 1990 to 2014. The results obtained from the analyses show that there is a positive relationship between tourism development and economic growth in Bahrain. Moreover, the results indicate that there is unidirectional Granger causality flow from tourism to economic growth in Bahrain. Hence, the development of tourism activity will thus have a positive impact on Bahrain economy. Our findings imply that Bahrain may enhance its economic growth by strategically strengthening the tourism industry in the country.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Hydroponic Production of Vegetables and Ornamental Pot-Plants in a Heated Greenhouse in Western Macedonia, Greece

American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Mar 1, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Review of: "Attitude towards business activity risk: evidence using logit models for two groups of OECD countries

Research paper thumbnail of Agricultural resources and practices in the circular bioeconomy adoption: evidence from a rural region of Greece

Journal of agribusiness in developing and emerging economies, Jul 7, 2023

PurposeThis study aims to assess the factors influencing the adoption of circular bioeconomy prac... more PurposeThis study aims to assess the factors influencing the adoption of circular bioeconomy practices by crop farmers.Design/methodology/approachData collected from 303 farmers in the region of Western Macedonia (WM) were used to identify the adoption factors of the circular bioeconomy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) techniques were applied through a custom-designed and specially structured questionnaire.FindingsThe results reveal four main motivations that lead farmers to adopt circular bioeconomy practices in their farming activities: interest in physical-economic resources and factors related to production and consumption; technology and renewable energy and the environment.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based solely on farmers in WM. Furthermore, this study assumes that there will be a strategy to promote a circular bioeconomy under the auspices of the government.Originality/valueFew studies have focused on the perspectives of crop farmers and what encourages them to adopt circular bioeconomy practices in their crops. Existing barriers are related to economic incentives and constraints. The more circular bioeconomy practices farmers adopt, the greater the positive impact on the environment and rural development, and the factors influencing the adoption of these practices are investigated here.

Research paper thumbnail of Climate change and agricultural productivity

African Journal of Agricultural Research, Sep 11, 2012

Agriculture is the economic sector that is most vulnerable to climate change. According to the la... more Agriculture is the economic sector that is most vulnerable to climate change. According to the latest estimates, farmers' adaptation of farm production to climate change is inevitable. The climate attributes that are expected to have the most direct impacts on agricultural productivity are the rise in temperature, the change in the frequency and intensity of precipitation and of extreme weather phenomena, and the increase in the level of CO 2 available for photosynthesis. This paper analyzes the economic costs of climate change in Greek agricultural productivity during the last thirty years and discusses the implications for policymakers and for agricultural research. Empirical evidence suggests that climate change is already present and has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Farmers need to adapt to the expected impacts of climate change in order to maintain their standard of living. The adaptation of agriculture to climate change involves both the restructuring of crops, as well as changes in cultivation practices. Policies must take into account the multidimensionality of modern agriculture and the importance of sustainable agricultural development.

Research paper thumbnail of Bioeconomy and Livestock Production Nexus: A Bibliometric Network Analysis

Sustainability, Nov 9, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Meta Covid Era: Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Economy and Ecosystems and Opportunities for Circular Economy Strategies

Springer proceedings in business and economics, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of A Bibliometric Analysis on Energy Transition with Emphasis on Decarbonization of Lignite Towards a Post-Lignite Era

Springer proceedings in business and economics, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Real Options Methodology to Pasturelands Evaluation

American Journal of Applied Sciences, Aug 1, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Scenarios Analysis of Tourism Destinations

Journal of social sciences, Feb 1, 2006

This study describes a multi-criteria decision-making framework employed to evaluate and rank thr... more This study describes a multi-criteria decision-making framework employed to evaluate and rank three tourism destinations, located in the northern and central Greece. Additionally, innovatory elements are the incorporation of differing levels of socioeconomic data (destination image and destination personality) within the decision framework and the direct determination of the PROMETHEE II preference thresholds. The developed methodology provides a user-friendly approach, promotes the synergy between different stakeholders, and could pave a way towards consensus. The main aim of this study was to describe the design implementation and use of a Decision Support System (D.S.S), which applies new methodological approaches for the evaluation and ranking of several tourism destinations.

Research paper thumbnail of Rain-Use Efficiency Factor and Grazing Capacity in Preveza Prefecture Rangelands, Greece

World applied sciences journal, 2010

This study was carried out to examine the short-term response of different types of Preveza Prefe... more This study was carried out to examine the short-term response of different types of Preveza Prefecture rangelands in Greece to annual rainfall in terms of rain-use efficiency and grazing capacity. The herbaceous and browse rain-use efficiency factors were estimated after a two-year study (2007-2008) of 54 sites spread over three different altitudinal zones within Preveza Prefecture, representing typical rangeland conditions. The results indicated that the current grazing-livestock population exceeds the total grazing capacity in the grasslands and phrygana range types, where the lowest values of both grazing capacity and rain use efficiency were observed. Also, the evaluation of the grazing capacity and rain use efficiency factors showed that they were independent of rainfall fluctuations across all range types and altitudinal zones. While these factors can be very useful in range management, long-term results are required to improve the accuracy of the evaluations and also to better understand the interactions between these two factors with the altitudinal zones and the range types in Greece.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the benefits of circular bioecomony in agriculture: a bibliometric network analysis

International journal of sustainable agricultural management and informatics, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Innovations and green development: are a way out for the small and medium enterprises of the Western Macedonia Region

International journal of sustainable agricultural management and informatics, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Contribution of the Cultural and Creative Industries to Regional Development and Revitalization: A European Perspective

Urban science, Apr 22, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Defining priority issues for managing stray dog populations: The case of Greece

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, Apr 18, 2023

Recent literature on stray dogs offers evidence about their increasing overpopulation. However, v... more Recent literature on stray dogs offers evidence about their increasing overpopulation. However, very few studies have attempted to investigate and explain the overpopulation of stray dogs in Greece. The aim of this study is to define how different social and professional groups prioritize issues related to management practices and programs that could be adopted at national and regional level. The Delphi method was applied for drawing, experiences, information, knowledge and opinions of fourteen experts serving from different professions and positions the topic of the study in order to demonstrate how the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders will lead to a sustainable management of their population. The process was completed in three rounds of online meetings in which participants were asked to fulfill questionnaires to analyze their choices. It was concluded that stray dogs are overpopulated mainly due to the "irresponsible ownership of the pet dog" which usually leads to its abandonment (most often without neutering), and the uncontrolled reproduction of stray dogs. Also, the lack of interest in adopting stray dogs was a matter of high priority. Finally, neutering strays and pets was demonstrated by the majority of experts as a solution against overpopulation of stray dogs.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Predictive Risk Assessment for Business Continuity: A Case Study of Greece

Risks, Jan 22, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Connection between Land Use Planning, Water Resources, and Global Climate Change

Water, Jan 18, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Impact of Communication on Customer Relationship Marketing: A Case Study of Mobile Telecom Companies

Wseas Transactions On Business And Economics, Dec 7, 2023

The long-term relationship between customers and companies is essential for desired business grow... more The long-term relationship between customers and companies is essential for desired business growth. Most cellular industries rely on different forms of communication and marketing to achieve desired levels of relationships with their customers. This study focused on establishing the general effect of communication on customer relationship marketing in different businesses or organizations. The mobile telecom industry of Greece was used as the case study. A cross-sectional survey design based on a quantitative methodology was used in the study. A well-designed questionnaire was utilized to collect quantitative data from 204 customers of different mobile telecom companies based in Kozani, Greece. Results showed that communication techniques improve the strength of relationships between customers and the business, improving business profitability. The results also showed that the approach of communication in a company plays a very important role in influencing the satisfaction levels of customers which in the long run enhances relationship marketing. The findings confirmed that customer relationships through communication and marketing are essential for the growth of the business through improved performance and profitability. Therefore, companies or companies need to employ the best communication techniques to achieve the desired relationship marketing and sustainable long-term relationships.

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Online Communications on Different Users' Social, Emotional, and Moral Competence as a Potential Business Communication Tool

Journal of system and management sciences, Oct 19, 2022

The digital age has seen a great increase in the number of internet users and reliance on online ... more The digital age has seen a great increase in the number of internet users and reliance on online communications in particular. Youths or young people are among the most common groups who use the internet to interact or communicate with their peers, family, and friends. The current study explored the impact of online communications on the social, emotional, and moral competence of different users. The study findings revealed that online communication or interactions are essential in connecting distant friends or relatives through virtual communication. However, it was revealed that over dependence on different online interaction platforms could relatively impact the social, emotional, and moral competence of the users, especially the youth or young.

Research paper thumbnail of An Empirical Study on the Role of Media in Crisis Communication Management in Uncertain Times

Journal of logistics, informatics and service science, Mar 27, 2023

Mass media was one of the most significant ways of networking in the information age. Thanks to u... more Mass media was one of the most significant ways of networking in the information age. Thanks to universal access to the internet, the mass media plays an important part in fostering political unity and reshaping popular opinion. Crisis, in all of its manifestations, is an inextricable part of humanity's life, and its diversity is growing all the time. During times of crisis, the media plays a critical part in disseminating information and making people aware of the situation. The media has the ability to calm the public and inspire them to take constructive steps, or it can terrorize the public and cause havoc. This is a crosssectional survey-based applied research project. The statistical population consisted of residents of Kozani city and simple random sampling technique was used to select 300 residents for further investigation. A questionnaire created by the researcher was used to gather data. Descriptive, correlational and regression analysis were used to analyses the study variables. According to the results, the news media plays a significant and constructive role in reporting events concerning mitigation and recovery from a crisis, in addition, the majority of respondents prefer to watch the incident's headlines before the news from emergency zones returns to normal. According to the findings, crisis managers should think about the kind of newspaper they'll use when packaging crisis material. Furthermore, crisis coordination is supported by print media management techniques for core audiences. Similarly, factual emergency analysis of the print media continues to create confidence in the public domain for the press, and facilitates crisis coordination. As a result, crisis management must study the history of a catastrophe before communicating; they must raise questions like "why," "how," and "what happened before" in order to examine the present scenario for crisis reduction.

Research paper thumbnail of Empirical Study on Tourism and Economic Growth of Bahrain: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2015

This paper empirically investigates the tourism-led-growth hypothesis (TLGH) in case of Bahrain. ... more This paper empirically investigates the tourism-led-growth hypothesis (TLGH) in case of Bahrain. Using time series econometrics techniques the study examines the long run relationship between international tourism and economic growth in Bahrain by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model over the period of 1990 to 2014. The results obtained from the analyses show that there is a positive relationship between tourism development and economic growth in Bahrain. Moreover, the results indicate that there is unidirectional Granger causality flow from tourism to economic growth in Bahrain. Hence, the development of tourism activity will thus have a positive impact on Bahrain economy. Our findings imply that Bahrain may enhance its economic growth by strategically strengthening the tourism industry in the country.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Hydroponic Production of Vegetables and Ornamental Pot-Plants in a Heated Greenhouse in Western Macedonia, Greece

American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Mar 1, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Review of: "Attitude towards business activity risk: evidence using logit models for two groups of OECD countries

Research paper thumbnail of Agricultural resources and practices in the circular bioeconomy adoption: evidence from a rural region of Greece

Journal of agribusiness in developing and emerging economies, Jul 7, 2023

PurposeThis study aims to assess the factors influencing the adoption of circular bioeconomy prac... more PurposeThis study aims to assess the factors influencing the adoption of circular bioeconomy practices by crop farmers.Design/methodology/approachData collected from 303 farmers in the region of Western Macedonia (WM) were used to identify the adoption factors of the circular bioeconomy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) techniques were applied through a custom-designed and specially structured questionnaire.FindingsThe results reveal four main motivations that lead farmers to adopt circular bioeconomy practices in their farming activities: interest in physical-economic resources and factors related to production and consumption; technology and renewable energy and the environment.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based solely on farmers in WM. Furthermore, this study assumes that there will be a strategy to promote a circular bioeconomy under the auspices of the government.Originality/valueFew studies have focused on the perspectives of crop farmers and what encourages them to adopt circular bioeconomy practices in their crops. Existing barriers are related to economic incentives and constraints. The more circular bioeconomy practices farmers adopt, the greater the positive impact on the environment and rural development, and the factors influencing the adoption of these practices are investigated here.

Research paper thumbnail of Climate change and agricultural productivity

African Journal of Agricultural Research, Sep 11, 2012

Agriculture is the economic sector that is most vulnerable to climate change. According to the la... more Agriculture is the economic sector that is most vulnerable to climate change. According to the latest estimates, farmers' adaptation of farm production to climate change is inevitable. The climate attributes that are expected to have the most direct impacts on agricultural productivity are the rise in temperature, the change in the frequency and intensity of precipitation and of extreme weather phenomena, and the increase in the level of CO 2 available for photosynthesis. This paper analyzes the economic costs of climate change in Greek agricultural productivity during the last thirty years and discusses the implications for policymakers and for agricultural research. Empirical evidence suggests that climate change is already present and has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Farmers need to adapt to the expected impacts of climate change in order to maintain their standard of living. The adaptation of agriculture to climate change involves both the restructuring of crops, as well as changes in cultivation practices. Policies must take into account the multidimensionality of modern agriculture and the importance of sustainable agricultural development.

Research paper thumbnail of Bioeconomy and Livestock Production Nexus: A Bibliometric Network Analysis

Sustainability, Nov 9, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Meta Covid Era: Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Economy and Ecosystems and Opportunities for Circular Economy Strategies

Springer proceedings in business and economics, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of A Bibliometric Analysis on Energy Transition with Emphasis on Decarbonization of Lignite Towards a Post-Lignite Era

Springer proceedings in business and economics, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Real Options Methodology to Pasturelands Evaluation

American Journal of Applied Sciences, Aug 1, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Scenarios Analysis of Tourism Destinations

Journal of social sciences, Feb 1, 2006

This study describes a multi-criteria decision-making framework employed to evaluate and rank thr... more This study describes a multi-criteria decision-making framework employed to evaluate and rank three tourism destinations, located in the northern and central Greece. Additionally, innovatory elements are the incorporation of differing levels of socioeconomic data (destination image and destination personality) within the decision framework and the direct determination of the PROMETHEE II preference thresholds. The developed methodology provides a user-friendly approach, promotes the synergy between different stakeholders, and could pave a way towards consensus. The main aim of this study was to describe the design implementation and use of a Decision Support System (D.S.S), which applies new methodological approaches for the evaluation and ranking of several tourism destinations.

Research paper thumbnail of Rain-Use Efficiency Factor and Grazing Capacity in Preveza Prefecture Rangelands, Greece

World applied sciences journal, 2010

This study was carried out to examine the short-term response of different types of Preveza Prefe... more This study was carried out to examine the short-term response of different types of Preveza Prefecture rangelands in Greece to annual rainfall in terms of rain-use efficiency and grazing capacity. The herbaceous and browse rain-use efficiency factors were estimated after a two-year study (2007-2008) of 54 sites spread over three different altitudinal zones within Preveza Prefecture, representing typical rangeland conditions. The results indicated that the current grazing-livestock population exceeds the total grazing capacity in the grasslands and phrygana range types, where the lowest values of both grazing capacity and rain use efficiency were observed. Also, the evaluation of the grazing capacity and rain use efficiency factors showed that they were independent of rainfall fluctuations across all range types and altitudinal zones. While these factors can be very useful in range management, long-term results are required to improve the accuracy of the evaluations and also to better understand the interactions between these two factors with the altitudinal zones and the range types in Greece.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the benefits of circular bioecomony in agriculture: a bibliometric network analysis

International journal of sustainable agricultural management and informatics, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience in Agriculture and Their Impact on Sustainable Rural Economy Development: A Case Study of Greece

Agriculture , 2023

Promoting rural development is essential for the general economic transformation of people, hence... more Promoting rural development is essential for the general economic transformation of people, hence requiring great attention from different government systems. This study assessed the risk, vulnerability, and resilience of agriculture, as well as its impact on sustainable rural economy
development, using Greece as the case study. The study employed a quantitative research approach based on a cross-sectional survey design. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data from 304 Greek farmers. The results show that, although farmers are no longer at risk of being short of food and clothing in Greece, they still face different challenges associated with climate change or low productivity, and this can greatly affect yields if not given great attention. The study showed that increasing farmers’ resilience and the efficacy of risk response are both essential tactics to use in order to effectively combat threats to the residential environment. However, the results show that vulnerability in agriculture has a significant negative influence on rural development. This research
demonstrates how the development of a new, beautiful nation must involve improvements to and a guarantee of the safety of farmers’ rural living environments, in order to reduce the impacts of risk and vulnerability, as well as strengthen the nation’s resilience. The results show that, in rural
governance, the general preservation of living conditions is not only one of farmers’ top priorities, but is also a crucial factor in enhancing their ability to deal with risks, and is the only route to real rural development. Governments should design their social protection programs to enhance agricultural production, safeguard the lives of the most vulnerable populations, strengthen their resilience, and achieve the broadest possible rural transformation.