vahid pourzarghan | University of Zabol (original) (raw)

articles by vahid pourzarghan

Research paper thumbnail of Traces of Indigenous Buff Pottery Industry of Shahr-I Sokhta; Using Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Elements XRF

Shahr-I Sokhta is a historical settlement in south-eastern of Iran in the province of sistan-balu... more Shahr-I Sokhta is a historical settlement in south-eastern of Iran in the province of sistan-baluchestan, where the first settlement history goes back to 3200 BC. The results of excavations show four cultural-settlement period (I-IV) in this city that is divided into 11 phases. Period (II) goes back to 2500-2800 BC. The history of period (III) is equivalent to 2300-2500 BC, and history of period (IV) is suggested between 1750 and 1800 BC. This archaeological site is located 57 km from Zabol-Zahedan road. This site is registered as seventeenth heritage of Iran in UNESCO. One of the prominent features of this archaeological area is the existence of a lot of pottery shards on the surface of hills. Most of these pottery shards are buff color and have extensive domain from light buff to brick and greenish. Also, red and grey potteries have put in the next classification which the number of them is so little. Archaeological excavations carried out in this site pulled out thousands of pottery shards from the soil that are mostly buff-colored pastes. Also, among the pottery remnants of this 150 hectare site, clay pottery with red and gray paste have been seen. Archaeologists believe that most of the buff pottery shards are locally made. Hence, to determine whether this hypothesis is true, a scientific analysis was done to determine the chemical compositions of the pottery shards. In this paper, 15 pottery sample have been selected which all of them belong to settlement period II-III and goes back to 2200-2800 BC. The samples was tested using instrument analysis XRF to determine the major and trace elements of these potteries. The results analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to specify pieces of pottery in two group local and nonnative. The results show that most of pottery is locating in a specific group with name of production group, where the samples no. 18259-9, 18265-10, 18266-13, 18273-4, 18271-15 are not locally made and located in another group. Based on the instrumental results, red and grey pottery are not related to Shahr-I Sokhta and probably these potteries are imported from another place.

Volume 17 - Issue 2 by vahid pourzarghan

Research paper thumbnail of MORPHOLOGY OF ANCIENT POTTERIES USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE IN SISTAN PLAIN, EASTERN IRAN

Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most signifi... more Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most significant cultural area in eastern Iran. This region is located between south Asia (Indus valley) and Western Asia (Mesopota-mia) and also has been a connector between cultures of Central Asia and South of Persian Gulf area. Sistan was the main area to connecting between west and south Asia. Much of the cultural items found in the site under exploration were huge bulk of diverse pottery. Most pieces of pottery found in the Sistan plain were of the pottery belonging to Shahr-e Sukhteh, and its villages dating back to the third millennium BC, Dahan-e Gholaman of the Achaemenid period 550 BC and a large number of sites belonging to the Islamic period, which vary in term of the colour ranging from buff, gray, black and red and in terms of thickness. This study aims to determine the morphological relations of the pottery of Sistan plain using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods. In this regard, 52 pieces of pottery from prehistoric , historic and Islamic eras, which were collected from archaeological surveys, were analysed. The samples were gathered from Gerdi domain, Dahaneh Gholaman, Shahr-e Sukhteh, south of the Hamoun Lake, Rostam castle and around the Shileh River. The instrumentation and cluster analysis of pottery sherds indicated that the prehistoric pottery pieces of Sistan plain have a different composition compared with that of Sistan area. Moreover, the glazed pottery pieces of the Islamic era are different from those of Sistan plain in terms of their chemical and have silica compounds, gypsum and aluminosilicate, which indicates the continuity of local technology, production and trade in Sistan to the Islamic period. In addition, the composition and structure of pottery in this region accounts for the high level of skills and knowledge of potters, who made a variety of pottery pieces with diverse applications in the local communities, which continued from prehistory to the Islamic era in this plain.

Papers by vahid pourzarghan

Research paper thumbnail of Application of electrochemical methods to assess the stability and investigation of factors influencing the ancient copper-arsenic artefacts from 3rd Millennium BC

Archaeological and anthropological sciences, Jul 1, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Studying the Pathology and Corrosion of Two Iron Bayonet Belonging to the Persian Gulf Anthropology Museum, Iran

Hormozgan Province is one of the important historical areas in South of Iran. In this ancient are... more Hormozgan Province is one of the important historical areas in South of Iran. In this ancient area many significant objects have been obtained such as graffito pottery, Celadon, Sasanian coins, and iron weapons. Among other objects of this ancient area, two iron bayonets belonging to the first millennium to seven hundred BC that are protected in Persian Gulf Museum. The damages and corrosions observed on the surface of these artifacts have led to the destruction of the blades of these bayonets. The main objective of present study is identifying the type of corrosions and damages that have destructed these artifacts. In the same vein, in order to investigate the metal core, X-ray Radiography device has been deployed. In order to identify the type of corrosion products, XRD analysis and in order to analyze the types of corrosions on the surface and matrix of the artifacts, SEM-EDX and metallography device have been utilized. The obtained results indicated the existence of ferric chloride corrosion including Akaganéite (β-FeOOH) and Lorensite FeCl2 which indicate the intensity of corrosion and delamination metal matrix. Corrosion layer of Goethite (γ-FeOOH) were also recognized at the level of the objects.

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Technology of a Bronze Dagger Discovered in Espidezh Region of Bazman in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Espidezh is historical cemetery and main heritage of Baluchistan with an area of 25 hectares. It ... more Espidezh is historical cemetery and main heritage of Baluchistan with an area of 25 hectares. It is one of the most important settlement centers of the prehistory era. Numerous bronze monuments and objects with multiple applications have been obtained from this archaeological site. One ofthe discovered artifacts is a bronze dagger belonging to the early second millennium BC. In the present study, the intended dagger is analyzed using metallographic microscopes (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and radiography. The results and data obtained from device analysis of the dagger indicated Copper-Arsenic alloy (Cu-As) which hasbeen made using casting method. The existence of Cuprite, Tenorite and Paratacamite phases indicated the variable environmental conditions which had resulted in the brittleness and flimsiness of the bronze dagger.

Research paper thumbnail of Ability to Use of Robinia Pseudoacania L Fruit Extract as a Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in the Protection of Historical Bronze Objects

Research Square (Research Square), Aug 27, 2020

Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the de... more Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to cope with it. The most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In the ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow down the activity of chlorine ion, but they leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was selected for this purpose. Material and methods: Natural inhibitor of Robinia fruit at concentrations of 200 ppm to 1800 ppm was evaluated in a corrosive solution of sodium chloride 0.5 M on a bronze alloy with a percentage similar to ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn) using potentiostat, weight loss method, and humidi er area. Results: Given the data derived from potentiostate device showed that Robinia pseudoacania L Inhibitory power at 1000 ppm with corrosion rate of 12.78% is 55% and the classic method of weight loss inhibitory power after four week at 1800 ppm Robinia pseudoacania L in contrast a corrosive solution of sodium chloride 0.5 M is 92% for bronze alloy (Cu-10Sn). In addition, SEM images suggest that the formation of lm on the coupon has been acked. Conclusion: While the results of the analyses suggest the inhibitory power of Robinia pseudoacania L, granular corrosion is evident on the coupons surfaces in SEM-EDX images and analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Morphology of ancient potteries using x-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray fluorescence in sistan plain, Eastern Iran

Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, 2017

Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most signifi... more Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most significant cultural area in eastern Iran. This region is located between south Asia (Indus valley) and Western Asia (Mesopotamia) and also has been a connector between cultures of Central Asia and South of Persian Gulf area. Sistan was the main area to connecting between west and south Asia. Much of the cultural items found in the site under exploration were huge bulk of diverse pottery. Most pieces of pottery found in the Sistan plain were of the pottery belonging to Shahr-e Sukhteh, and its villages dating back to the third millennium BC, Dahane Gholaman of the Achaemenid period 550 BC and a large number of sites belonging to the Islamic period, which vary in term of the colour ranging from buff, gray, black and red and in terms of thickness. This study aims to determine the morphological relations of the pottery of Sistan plain using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluor...

Research paper thumbnail of Traces of Indigenous Buff Pottery Industry of Shahr-I Sokhta; Using Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Elements XRF

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Research paper thumbnail of Feasibility Study of Natural Honey Use as Corrosion Inhibitor in Protecting the Bronze Artifacts

Bronze disease is the most important phenomenon giving rise to the destruction of the bronze obje... more Bronze disease is the most important phenomenon giving rise to the destruction of the bronze objects. There are various methods for preventing and slackening the disease. In this regard The use of corrosion inhibitors in the field of historical metal protection has been widely considered. But, the most important method which is also the best method offered for such a purpose is the use of benzotriazol (BTA) and 2-amino-5-mercapto1,3,4-thiadiazol (AMT) inhibitors. Under ideal circumstances, these inhibitors deliver good inhibition and can control the disease. The most important problem posed by such inhibitors is their being toxic and carcinogenic. In the current research paper, the natural inhibitors residing Honey in concentrations ranging from 1600ppm to 2000 ppm in sodium chloride corrosive solution, 0.5M, were applied on a bronze alloy in a percentage similar to the archeological alloys, 10% Wt Sn, Cu-10Sn composition. The effects were evaluated by the use of Potentiostat device...

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Robinia Pseudoacania L Fruit Extract as a Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in the Protection of Historical Bronze Objects

34 Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in 35 ... more 34 Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in 35 the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to deal with it. The 36 most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control 37 the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow 38 down the activity of chlorine ion, but leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, 39 plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was 40 selected for this purpose. 41 Material and methods: The acacia fruit extract (200ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the 42 prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M. 43 The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient 44 alloys (Cu-10Sn). This alloy was used for the effect of corrosion inhibitors in the potentiosta...

Research paper thumbnail of The use of Robinia pseudoacania L fruit extract as a green corrosion inhibitor in the protection of historical bronze objects

The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of... more The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to deal with it. The most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow down the activity of chlorine ion, but leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was selected for this purpose.The acacia fruit extract (200ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M. The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn). This alloy was used for the effect of corrosion inhibitors in the potentiostat device, the weight loss method. The experiment was conducted in sp...

Research paper thumbnail of Ability to Use of Robinia Pseudoacania L Fruit Extract as a Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in the Protection of Historical Bronze Objects

Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the de... more Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to cope with it. The most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In the ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow down the activity of chlorine ion, but they leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was selected for this purpose.Material and methods: Natural inhibitor of Robinia fruit at concentrations of 200 ppm to 1800 ppm was evaluated in a corrosive solution of sodium chloride 0.5 M on a bronze alloy with a percentage similar to ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn) using potentiostat, weight loss method, and humidifier area.Results: Given the data derived from potentiostate device showed that Robinia pseudoacania L Inhibit...

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of The use of Robinia pseudoacacia L fruit extract as a green corrosion inhibitor in the protection of copper-based objects

Heritage Science

The most important inhibitors used in bronze disease are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors cont... more The most important inhibitors used in bronze disease are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In this study, the acacia fruit extract (200 ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M, for 4 weeks consecutively. The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn). IE% was used to obtain the inhibitory efficiency percentage and Rp can be calculated from the resistance of polarization. SEM–EDX was used to evaluate the surfaces of alloy as well as inhibitory. The experiment was conducted in split plot design in time based on the RCD in four replications. ANOVA was performed and comparison of means square using Duncan's multiple range test at one percent probability level. The highest rate of corrosion inhibition (93.5%) was obtained at a concentration of 1800 ppm with an increase in the concentra...

Research paper thumbnail of Studying the Pathology and Corrosion of Two Iron Bayonet Belonging to the Persian Gulf Anthropology Museum, Iran

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Technology of a Bronze Dagger Discovered in Espidezh Region of Bazman in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Technology of a Bronze Dagger Discovered in Espidezh Region of Bazman in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology

Research paper thumbnail of Traces of Indigenous Buff Pottery Industry of Shahr-I Sokhta; Using Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Elements XRF

Shahr-I Sokhta is a historical settlement in south-eastern of Iran in the province of sistan-balu... more Shahr-I Sokhta is a historical settlement in south-eastern of Iran in the province of sistan-baluchestan, where the first settlement history goes back to 3200 BC. The results of excavations show four cultural-settlement period (I-IV) in this city that is divided into 11 phases. Period (II) goes back to 2500-2800 BC. The history of period (III) is equivalent to 2300-2500 BC, and history of period (IV) is suggested between 1750 and 1800 BC. This archaeological site is located 57 km from Zabol-Zahedan road. This site is registered as seventeenth heritage of Iran in UNESCO. One of the prominent features of this archaeological area is the existence of a lot of pottery shards on the surface of hills. Most of these pottery shards are buff color and have extensive domain from light buff to brick and greenish. Also, red and grey potteries have put in the next classification which the number of them is so little. Archaeological excavations carried out in this site pulled out thousands of pottery shards from the soil that are mostly buff-colored pastes. Also, among the pottery remnants of this 150 hectare site, clay pottery with red and gray paste have been seen. Archaeologists believe that most of the buff pottery shards are locally made. Hence, to determine whether this hypothesis is true, a scientific analysis was done to determine the chemical compositions of the pottery shards. In this paper, 15 pottery sample have been selected which all of them belong to settlement period II-III and goes back to 2200-2800 BC. The samples was tested using instrument analysis XRF to determine the major and trace elements of these potteries. The results analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to specify pieces of pottery in two group local and nonnative. The results show that most of pottery is locating in a specific group with name of production group, where the samples no. 18259-9, 18265-10, 18266-13, 18273-4, 18271-15 are not locally made and located in another group. Based on the instrumental results, red and grey pottery are not related to Shahr-I Sokhta and probably these potteries are imported from another place.

Research paper thumbnail of MORPHOLOGY OF ANCIENT POTTERIES USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE IN SISTAN PLAIN, EASTERN IRAN

Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most signifi... more Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most significant cultural area in eastern Iran. This region is located between south Asia (Indus valley) and Western Asia (Mesopota-mia) and also has been a connector between cultures of Central Asia and South of Persian Gulf area. Sistan was the main area to connecting between west and south Asia. Much of the cultural items found in the site under exploration were huge bulk of diverse pottery. Most pieces of pottery found in the Sistan plain were of the pottery belonging to Shahr-e Sukhteh, and its villages dating back to the third millennium BC, Dahan-e Gholaman of the Achaemenid period 550 BC and a large number of sites belonging to the Islamic period, which vary in term of the colour ranging from buff, gray, black and red and in terms of thickness. This study aims to determine the morphological relations of the pottery of Sistan plain using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods. In this regard, 52 pieces of pottery from prehistoric , historic and Islamic eras, which were collected from archaeological surveys, were analysed. The samples were gathered from Gerdi domain, Dahaneh Gholaman, Shahr-e Sukhteh, south of the Hamoun Lake, Rostam castle and around the Shileh River. The instrumentation and cluster analysis of pottery sherds indicated that the prehistoric pottery pieces of Sistan plain have a different composition compared with that of Sistan area. Moreover, the glazed pottery pieces of the Islamic era are different from those of Sistan plain in terms of their chemical and have silica compounds, gypsum and aluminosilicate, which indicates the continuity of local technology, production and trade in Sistan to the Islamic period. In addition, the composition and structure of pottery in this region accounts for the high level of skills and knowledge of potters, who made a variety of pottery pieces with diverse applications in the local communities, which continued from prehistory to the Islamic era in this plain.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of electrochemical methods to assess the stability and investigation of factors influencing the ancient copper-arsenic artefacts from 3rd Millennium BC

Archaeological and anthropological sciences, Jul 1, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Studying the Pathology and Corrosion of Two Iron Bayonet Belonging to the Persian Gulf Anthropology Museum, Iran

Hormozgan Province is one of the important historical areas in South of Iran. In this ancient are... more Hormozgan Province is one of the important historical areas in South of Iran. In this ancient area many significant objects have been obtained such as graffito pottery, Celadon, Sasanian coins, and iron weapons. Among other objects of this ancient area, two iron bayonets belonging to the first millennium to seven hundred BC that are protected in Persian Gulf Museum. The damages and corrosions observed on the surface of these artifacts have led to the destruction of the blades of these bayonets. The main objective of present study is identifying the type of corrosions and damages that have destructed these artifacts. In the same vein, in order to investigate the metal core, X-ray Radiography device has been deployed. In order to identify the type of corrosion products, XRD analysis and in order to analyze the types of corrosions on the surface and matrix of the artifacts, SEM-EDX and metallography device have been utilized. The obtained results indicated the existence of ferric chloride corrosion including Akaganéite (β-FeOOH) and Lorensite FeCl2 which indicate the intensity of corrosion and delamination metal matrix. Corrosion layer of Goethite (γ-FeOOH) were also recognized at the level of the objects.

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Technology of a Bronze Dagger Discovered in Espidezh Region of Bazman in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Espidezh is historical cemetery and main heritage of Baluchistan with an area of 25 hectares. It ... more Espidezh is historical cemetery and main heritage of Baluchistan with an area of 25 hectares. It is one of the most important settlement centers of the prehistory era. Numerous bronze monuments and objects with multiple applications have been obtained from this archaeological site. One ofthe discovered artifacts is a bronze dagger belonging to the early second millennium BC. In the present study, the intended dagger is analyzed using metallographic microscopes (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and radiography. The results and data obtained from device analysis of the dagger indicated Copper-Arsenic alloy (Cu-As) which hasbeen made using casting method. The existence of Cuprite, Tenorite and Paratacamite phases indicated the variable environmental conditions which had resulted in the brittleness and flimsiness of the bronze dagger.

Research paper thumbnail of Ability to Use of Robinia Pseudoacania L Fruit Extract as a Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in the Protection of Historical Bronze Objects

Research Square (Research Square), Aug 27, 2020

Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the de... more Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to cope with it. The most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In the ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow down the activity of chlorine ion, but they leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was selected for this purpose. Material and methods: Natural inhibitor of Robinia fruit at concentrations of 200 ppm to 1800 ppm was evaluated in a corrosive solution of sodium chloride 0.5 M on a bronze alloy with a percentage similar to ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn) using potentiostat, weight loss method, and humidi er area. Results: Given the data derived from potentiostate device showed that Robinia pseudoacania L Inhibitory power at 1000 ppm with corrosion rate of 12.78% is 55% and the classic method of weight loss inhibitory power after four week at 1800 ppm Robinia pseudoacania L in contrast a corrosive solution of sodium chloride 0.5 M is 92% for bronze alloy (Cu-10Sn). In addition, SEM images suggest that the formation of lm on the coupon has been acked. Conclusion: While the results of the analyses suggest the inhibitory power of Robinia pseudoacania L, granular corrosion is evident on the coupons surfaces in SEM-EDX images and analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Morphology of ancient potteries using x-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray fluorescence in sistan plain, Eastern Iran

Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, 2017

Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most signifi... more Sistan plain, located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province, is one of the most significant cultural area in eastern Iran. This region is located between south Asia (Indus valley) and Western Asia (Mesopotamia) and also has been a connector between cultures of Central Asia and South of Persian Gulf area. Sistan was the main area to connecting between west and south Asia. Much of the cultural items found in the site under exploration were huge bulk of diverse pottery. Most pieces of pottery found in the Sistan plain were of the pottery belonging to Shahr-e Sukhteh, and its villages dating back to the third millennium BC, Dahane Gholaman of the Achaemenid period 550 BC and a large number of sites belonging to the Islamic period, which vary in term of the colour ranging from buff, gray, black and red and in terms of thickness. This study aims to determine the morphological relations of the pottery of Sistan plain using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluor...

Research paper thumbnail of Traces of Indigenous Buff Pottery Industry of Shahr-I Sokhta; Using Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Elements XRF

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Research paper thumbnail of Feasibility Study of Natural Honey Use as Corrosion Inhibitor in Protecting the Bronze Artifacts

Bronze disease is the most important phenomenon giving rise to the destruction of the bronze obje... more Bronze disease is the most important phenomenon giving rise to the destruction of the bronze objects. There are various methods for preventing and slackening the disease. In this regard The use of corrosion inhibitors in the field of historical metal protection has been widely considered. But, the most important method which is also the best method offered for such a purpose is the use of benzotriazol (BTA) and 2-amino-5-mercapto1,3,4-thiadiazol (AMT) inhibitors. Under ideal circumstances, these inhibitors deliver good inhibition and can control the disease. The most important problem posed by such inhibitors is their being toxic and carcinogenic. In the current research paper, the natural inhibitors residing Honey in concentrations ranging from 1600ppm to 2000 ppm in sodium chloride corrosive solution, 0.5M, were applied on a bronze alloy in a percentage similar to the archeological alloys, 10% Wt Sn, Cu-10Sn composition. The effects were evaluated by the use of Potentiostat device...

Research paper thumbnail of The Use of Robinia Pseudoacania L Fruit Extract as a Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in the Protection of Historical Bronze Objects

34 Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in 35 ... more 34 Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in 35 the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to deal with it. The 36 most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control 37 the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow 38 down the activity of chlorine ion, but leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, 39 plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was 40 selected for this purpose. 41 Material and methods: The acacia fruit extract (200ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the 42 prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M. 43 The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient 44 alloys (Cu-10Sn). This alloy was used for the effect of corrosion inhibitors in the potentiosta...

Research paper thumbnail of The use of Robinia pseudoacania L fruit extract as a green corrosion inhibitor in the protection of historical bronze objects

The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of... more The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to deal with it. The most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow down the activity of chlorine ion, but leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was selected for this purpose.The acacia fruit extract (200ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M. The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn). This alloy was used for the effect of corrosion inhibitors in the potentiostat device, the weight loss method. The experiment was conducted in sp...

Research paper thumbnail of Ability to Use of Robinia Pseudoacania L Fruit Extract as a Natural Corrosion Inhibitor in the Protection of Historical Bronze Objects

Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the de... more Background: The phenomenon of bronze disease is considered as the most important factor in the destruction of bronze objects. Different methods have been proposed to cope with it. The most important inhibitors used in this regard are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control the corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In the ideal conditions, these inhibitors are able to slow down the activity of chlorine ion, but they leave some side effects after a period of treatment. Today, plant extracts are used for this purpose. In this study, Robinia pseudoacania L extract was selected for this purpose.Material and methods: Natural inhibitor of Robinia fruit at concentrations of 200 ppm to 1800 ppm was evaluated in a corrosive solution of sodium chloride 0.5 M on a bronze alloy with a percentage similar to ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn) using potentiostat, weight loss method, and humidifier area.Results: Given the data derived from potentiostate device showed that Robinia pseudoacania L Inhibit...

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of Microscopic and microstructural study of arsenic copper from Spidej of Bazman

Journal of Research on Archaeometry

Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their al... more Undoubtedly, one of the most important man-made objects in history is copper objects and their alloys, and in this regard, according to the available evidence, its oldest alloy, as copper-arsenic, has an important role in history. The existence of these works in various sites, especially in southeastern Iran since the Early Bronze Age, confirms this claim. One of the most significant strategic sites is located in the southeastern of Iran, is Spidezh. It is one of the most important settlement centers belonging to the third and second millennium BC, which is located 40 km southwest of Bazman. The site is located 3 km from Makhsan village and about 160 km from Iranshahr. Significant artifacts were brought to light from Spidezh cemetery such as stamps, ornaments (beads, pins, kohl holder pin, mirrors), agricultural tools, different types of weapons, etc. Spidezh registered under the number 6745 in the list of national monuments of Iran. In this study, a number of metal objects in Spidezh cemetery were examined to identify copper-arsenic compounds and the properties of this alloy. To study these objects, the SEM-EDS method was used to identify the microstructure of the metal matrix and the chemical composition of the elements, as well as the metallographic method to study the fabrication technique and phases studies. SEM-EDX analysis shows that some objects are made of Cu-As-Zn alloy and others are made of Cu-As alloy by casting and are considered as arsenic-containing bronze alloys. Arsenic acts as an excellent oxidant element in metal, reducing the porosity of the alloy and significantly increasing its hardness. Deliberate addition of low levels of arsenic can act as a dioxin in the samples. Also, the presence of sulfide in the impurities of these objects can be due to the use of sulfide ores. The amount of calcium and potassium in the EDS spot analysis of the inclusions indicates that this amount of elements is owing to coal fuel. These elements are considered as flux charge melt and eventually absorb the slag. The SEM images suggest that the impurities in the whole matrix of the metal in a point and elongated from can be the reason for the presence of unrefined copper with spiess in the process of making these works. This discarded waste contains sulfide, arsenide and iron-like compounds. The uniform and high percentage of 5% arsenic in these works shows that the manufacturing process of these alloys has been done by Co-Smelting method. Metallographic studies show that the physical operation on these works was a repetition of a cycle of cold work and annealing (irradiation) to further shape these works.

Research paper thumbnail of The use of Robinia pseudoacacia L fruit extract as a green corrosion inhibitor in the protection of copper-based objects

Heritage Science

The most important inhibitors used in bronze disease are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors cont... more The most important inhibitors used in bronze disease are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In this study, the acacia fruit extract (200 ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M, for 4 weeks consecutively. The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn). IE% was used to obtain the inhibitory efficiency percentage and Rp can be calculated from the resistance of polarization. SEM–EDX was used to evaluate the surfaces of alloy as well as inhibitory. The experiment was conducted in split plot design in time based on the RCD in four replications. ANOVA was performed and comparison of means square using Duncan's multiple range test at one percent probability level. The highest rate of corrosion inhibition (93.5%) was obtained at a concentration of 1800 ppm with an increase in the concentra...

Research paper thumbnail of Studying the Pathology and Corrosion of Two Iron Bayonet Belonging to the Persian Gulf Anthropology Museum, Iran

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Technology of a Bronze Dagger Discovered in Espidezh Region of Bazman in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Technology of a Bronze Dagger Discovered in Espidezh Region of Bazman in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology