Filipa César | Universidade do Porto (original) (raw)
Papers by Filipa César
Este trabalho pretende questionar o conceito de 'cidadania europeia' proposto pela Uniã... more Este trabalho pretende questionar o conceito de 'cidadania europeia' proposto pela União Europeia no Tratado da União, contextualizando o seu surgimento e sistematizando todo um conjunto de críticas de que foi alvo por parte de diversos autores de variados quadrantes teóricos. ...
A presente investigacao teve por objetivo identificar o modelo dematernidade predominante na soci... more A presente investigacao teve por objetivo identificar o modelo dematernidade predominante na sociedade portuguesa, e as suas principaiscaracteristicas e consequencias no bem-estar das maes. Para o efeito realizamos quatro estudos subsequentes e interligados. Oprimeiro estudo incidiu sobre a rede social mais utilizada em Portugal, onde foramidentificados todos os grupos fechados e paginas publicas portugueses criados porou dirigidos a maes, tendo sido feita uma analise de conteudo das suas descricoese publicacoes marcadas com o objetivo de aferir o modelo de maternidade nelesdifundido. No segundo estudo, foram selecionados duas paginas publicas e doisgrupos fechados do universo de analise do estudo anterior, onde se identificaramos sentimentos associados a maternidade decorrentes da adesao aquele modeloatraves da analise qualitativa e quantitativa da sua ocorrencia. O terceiro estudoanalisou os temas de capa da revista dirigida a maes e pais mais vendida emPortugal com o objetivo de ...
Sociology International Journal, 2018
more modern values in the professional world and are dual-career. This requires mothers to reconc... more more modern values in the professional world and are dual-career. This requires mothers to reconcile multiple roles. 6 knowing that, we designed a study that aimed a to identify the currently dominant motherhood model in Portugal. b To achieve this, we analysed the Goals (motherhood main purposes), Attitudes (the way motherhood is or should be performed), Feelings (the way motherhood is or should be emotionally experienced), and Practices (tasks commonly included in the act of caring for the child's basic needs) attributed to mothers and spread by Facebook Portuguese groups and pages dedicated to motherhood. We began by identifying 132 Public Pages, 47 Closed Groups and 5 Public Groups (N=184) in Portuguese facebook, in October 2015. Then, we analysed their descriptions and pinned posts looking for the two main motherhood models: the intensive and the extensive models. According to the intensive motherhood model, 7 mothers should dedicate themselves to offspring in a selflessly and significantly way in terms of care, feelings, education, schooling, and information seeking, therefore achieving happiness and ensuring children's well-being and good development. For the so-called extensive 8 or negotiated 9 motherhood model, the indispensable mother's constant presence with the child is questioned, and women who carry out various social roles seek to articulate their maternal and professional roles in a functional way. In this model, women try to reconcile more vectors of personal accomplishment beyond that of motherhood. None. Conflicts of interest The author declares there is no conflicts of interest.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? T... more What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents...
Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both par... more Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism. Method In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents). Results The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents. Conclusion The results con rm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly self-directed socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2022
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Parental burnout (PB) results from a chronic imbalance between risks and resources and has severe... more Parental burnout (PB) results from a chronic imbalance between risks and resources and has severe and extended consequences on the wellbeing of parents and their children. Because same-sex (SS) and different-sex (DS) families face partially different stressors (e.g., SS parents are more stigmatized) but have also partially different resources (e.g., more egalitarian task sharing in SS couples), the current research aimed to investigate whether PB differs or not according to family type. Two studies were conducted. In study 1, family type differences in PB were explored among 114 demographically matched SS and DS families from 18 countries. Study 2 further explored the predictive value of family type, age, gender, and balance between risks and resources (BR2) in PB, using a sample of 222 matched SS and DS families. Parental burnout was not associated with family type in either study. Although differentially composed, the global BR2 score did not differ across family type and was a si...
Frontiers in Psychology
Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, whic... more Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, which tends to refer mothers' pathological states of postpartum depression and anxiety, mainly seeking to understand their causes or predicting factors, and consequences on children's development. Objective: In this study, we aim to observe the diversity of mothers' emotional states, and to analyze both positive and negative feelings they disclose on specific public and closed motherhood sites on Facebook. We hypothesize that the intensive motherhood model is prevalent in Portuguese society, thus influencing the type of feelings and circumstances in which mothers disclose them. Methods: We collected posts and comments from the four most popular Portuguese Facebook motherhood sites during 2015 and, then, conducted a quantitative and content analysis to identify the expressed range of feelings concerning motherhood. Results: Mothers preferably share their positive feelings on public pages, whereas negative feelings are shared more in closed groups (CGs). Expressed positive and negative feelings were significantly different whether we look at normative or nonnormative, public or closed sites. Discussion: We assume that motherhood sites on Portuguese Facebook reflect an intensive motherhood model that is normative in Portuguese society. Positive feelings toward children are promoted and openly shared in public normative sites, while negative feelings concerning motherhood are dealt with in the privacy of CGs. We propose an extensive motherhood model to overcome this duality and to allow women to pursue several different social roles simultaneously in an equally rewarding way.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
Affective Science
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
Sociología y Tecnociencia, 2012
Pretendemos identificar as ideias/representacoes sociais que nos campos das Ciencias tendem a tra... more Pretendemos identificar as ideias/representacoes sociais que nos campos das Ciencias tendem a transformar as diferencas de percursos e formas de institucionalizacao da Sociologia e do Servico Social em impedimentos para a aproximacao entre estas duas areas de conhecimento (nocao de dualismo). Estes impedimentos merecem uma reflexao sobre as significacoes e as concepcoes que existem em Portugal no âmbito da Sociologia que legitimam este dualismo, ou que nos dao pistas para o superar, sendo certo que no plano institucional sempre existira competicao e lutas de poder simbolico que forcarao a existencia de dualidades entre ambas. Para melhor perceber as vantagens mutuas de ambas as disciplinas, pretendem-se apresentar exemplos ja realizados em Portugal no grupo de investigacao ASPTI (analise social do saber profissional em trabalho tecnico-intelectual) sobre o modo como temos lidado com as diferencas entre aquelas duas areas de conhecimento para fomentar o dialogo interdisciplinar.
Estudo realizado para servir de suporte a prevencao e combate a pobreza e a exclusao resultantes ... more Estudo realizado para servir de suporte a prevencao e combate a pobreza e a exclusao resultantes do desemprego, incidindo na regiao do Tâmaga (NUT III - Amarante, Baiao, Felgueiras, Lousada, Marco de Canaveses, Pacos de Ferreira, Paredes e Penafiel.
Affective Science, 2021
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; Mage = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of str...
New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development
ex aequo - Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Estudos sobre as Mulheres
Este trabalho pretende questionar o conceito de 'cidadania europeia' proposto pela Uniã... more Este trabalho pretende questionar o conceito de 'cidadania europeia' proposto pela União Europeia no Tratado da União, contextualizando o seu surgimento e sistematizando todo um conjunto de críticas de que foi alvo por parte de diversos autores de variados quadrantes teóricos. ...
A presente investigacao teve por objetivo identificar o modelo dematernidade predominante na soci... more A presente investigacao teve por objetivo identificar o modelo dematernidade predominante na sociedade portuguesa, e as suas principaiscaracteristicas e consequencias no bem-estar das maes. Para o efeito realizamos quatro estudos subsequentes e interligados. Oprimeiro estudo incidiu sobre a rede social mais utilizada em Portugal, onde foramidentificados todos os grupos fechados e paginas publicas portugueses criados porou dirigidos a maes, tendo sido feita uma analise de conteudo das suas descricoese publicacoes marcadas com o objetivo de aferir o modelo de maternidade nelesdifundido. No segundo estudo, foram selecionados duas paginas publicas e doisgrupos fechados do universo de analise do estudo anterior, onde se identificaramos sentimentos associados a maternidade decorrentes da adesao aquele modeloatraves da analise qualitativa e quantitativa da sua ocorrencia. O terceiro estudoanalisou os temas de capa da revista dirigida a maes e pais mais vendida emPortugal com o objetivo de ...
Sociology International Journal, 2018
more modern values in the professional world and are dual-career. This requires mothers to reconc... more more modern values in the professional world and are dual-career. This requires mothers to reconcile multiple roles. 6 knowing that, we designed a study that aimed a to identify the currently dominant motherhood model in Portugal. b To achieve this, we analysed the Goals (motherhood main purposes), Attitudes (the way motherhood is or should be performed), Feelings (the way motherhood is or should be emotionally experienced), and Practices (tasks commonly included in the act of caring for the child's basic needs) attributed to mothers and spread by Facebook Portuguese groups and pages dedicated to motherhood. We began by identifying 132 Public Pages, 47 Closed Groups and 5 Public Groups (N=184) in Portuguese facebook, in October 2015. Then, we analysed their descriptions and pinned posts looking for the two main motherhood models: the intensive and the extensive models. According to the intensive motherhood model, 7 mothers should dedicate themselves to offspring in a selflessly and significantly way in terms of care, feelings, education, schooling, and information seeking, therefore achieving happiness and ensuring children's well-being and good development. For the so-called extensive 8 or negotiated 9 motherhood model, the indispensable mother's constant presence with the child is questioned, and women who carry out various social roles seek to articulate their maternal and professional roles in a functional way. In this model, women try to reconcile more vectors of personal accomplishment beyond that of motherhood. None. Conflicts of interest The author declares there is no conflicts of interest.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? T... more What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents...
Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both par... more Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism. Method In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents). Results The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents. Conclusion The results con rm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly self-directed socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2022
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Parental burnout (PB) results from a chronic imbalance between risks and resources and has severe... more Parental burnout (PB) results from a chronic imbalance between risks and resources and has severe and extended consequences on the wellbeing of parents and their children. Because same-sex (SS) and different-sex (DS) families face partially different stressors (e.g., SS parents are more stigmatized) but have also partially different resources (e.g., more egalitarian task sharing in SS couples), the current research aimed to investigate whether PB differs or not according to family type. Two studies were conducted. In study 1, family type differences in PB were explored among 114 demographically matched SS and DS families from 18 countries. Study 2 further explored the predictive value of family type, age, gender, and balance between risks and resources (BR2) in PB, using a sample of 222 matched SS and DS families. Parental burnout was not associated with family type in either study. Although differentially composed, the global BR2 score did not differ across family type and was a si...
Frontiers in Psychology
Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, whic... more Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, which tends to refer mothers' pathological states of postpartum depression and anxiety, mainly seeking to understand their causes or predicting factors, and consequences on children's development. Objective: In this study, we aim to observe the diversity of mothers' emotional states, and to analyze both positive and negative feelings they disclose on specific public and closed motherhood sites on Facebook. We hypothesize that the intensive motherhood model is prevalent in Portuguese society, thus influencing the type of feelings and circumstances in which mothers disclose them. Methods: We collected posts and comments from the four most popular Portuguese Facebook motherhood sites during 2015 and, then, conducted a quantitative and content analysis to identify the expressed range of feelings concerning motherhood. Results: Mothers preferably share their positive feelings on public pages, whereas negative feelings are shared more in closed groups (CGs). Expressed positive and negative feelings were significantly different whether we look at normative or nonnormative, public or closed sites. Discussion: We assume that motherhood sites on Portuguese Facebook reflect an intensive motherhood model that is normative in Portuguese society. Positive feelings toward children are promoted and openly shared in public normative sites, while negative feelings concerning motherhood are dealt with in the privacy of CGs. We propose an extensive motherhood model to overcome this duality and to allow women to pursue several different social roles simultaneously in an equally rewarding way.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
Affective Science
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
Sociología y Tecnociencia, 2012
Pretendemos identificar as ideias/representacoes sociais que nos campos das Ciencias tendem a tra... more Pretendemos identificar as ideias/representacoes sociais que nos campos das Ciencias tendem a transformar as diferencas de percursos e formas de institucionalizacao da Sociologia e do Servico Social em impedimentos para a aproximacao entre estas duas areas de conhecimento (nocao de dualismo). Estes impedimentos merecem uma reflexao sobre as significacoes e as concepcoes que existem em Portugal no âmbito da Sociologia que legitimam este dualismo, ou que nos dao pistas para o superar, sendo certo que no plano institucional sempre existira competicao e lutas de poder simbolico que forcarao a existencia de dualidades entre ambas. Para melhor perceber as vantagens mutuas de ambas as disciplinas, pretendem-se apresentar exemplos ja realizados em Portugal no grupo de investigacao ASPTI (analise social do saber profissional em trabalho tecnico-intelectual) sobre o modo como temos lidado com as diferencas entre aquelas duas areas de conhecimento para fomentar o dialogo interdisciplinar.
Estudo realizado para servir de suporte a prevencao e combate a pobreza e a exclusao resultantes ... more Estudo realizado para servir de suporte a prevencao e combate a pobreza e a exclusao resultantes do desemprego, incidindo na regiao do Tâmaga (NUT III - Amarante, Baiao, Felgueiras, Lousada, Marco de Canaveses, Pacos de Ferreira, Paredes e Penafiel.
Affective Science, 2021
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; Mage = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of str...
New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development
ex aequo - Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Estudos sobre as Mulheres