Tulia Falleti | University of Pennsylvania (original) (raw)
Papers by Tulia Falleti
Critique …, 2007
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Qualitative & Multi-Method Research, Mar 31, 2008
Social processes are rarely instantaneous. Periodization–specifying the beginning and ending of t... more Social processes are rarely instantaneous. Periodization–specifying the beginning and ending of the temporal context within which a causal process plays out–is essential for a great many of the political processes that we study. Historically oriented political science research, in particular, is notable for its theoretically based expectation that various aspects of the temporal context matter for explaining outcomes. If comparative historical research is insufficiently attentive to the methodological importance of specifying completely the temporal context within which causal mechanisms work, then we can be sure that fault plagues other modes of political analysis, as well. We consider here some of the pitfalls inherent to the standard periodization techniques utilized by even those researchers most sensitive to temporal context
RESUMO: O artigo analisa a evolução institucional do sistema de saúde que resultou na universaliz... more RESUMO: O artigo analisa a evolução institucional do sistema de saúde que resultou na universalização da cobertura e na municipalização da provisão de serviços de saúde no Brasil. Eu argumento que o processo de transformação da relação entre Estado e sociedade no contexto do Estado autoritário facilitou a infi ltração de grupos sociais reformistas na burocracia estatal. Esses ativistas reorientaram a política de saúde autoritária através do estabelecimento de novos objetivos. Ao analisar este caso de mudança institucional, o artigo utiliza uma perspectiva gradualista para compreender a evolução institucional e alerta os estudiosos do tema sobre a inadequação de priorizar as explicações centradas em conjunturas críticas ou nos efeitos predeterminados para explicar as mudanças ou a inércia institucional. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Reforma dos serviços de saúde. Municipalização. Movimento sanitário. Mudança institucional. Federalismo Brasil. Política no Brasil muda mais por agregação do que por s...
Abstract: Critical for our understanding of clientelism is to measure the size and structure of p... more Abstract: Critical for our understanding of clientelism is to measure the size and structure of political networks. That is, to measure whether parties have a large enough supply of patrons, bureaucrats, activists, and volunteers, which would allow party leaders to properly invest particularistic resources among adequately chosen voters. In this article we take advantage of new developments in network analysis to measure the size of hard to count populations and to explore network structure in survey data. Using information about the ideological and physical proximity of voters to political networks, we estimate individual level vote choices in Argentina and Chile.
While much has been written about democracy and democratization, far less attention has been paid... more While much has been written about democracy and democratization, far less attention has been paid to the institutional organization of authoritarian regimes. Scholars have focused on the causes, economic policies, societal support, intra-elite conflicts, or human-rights violations of authoritarian regimes. More recently, political scientists have also studied the role of elections and legislatures on the survival of authoritarian regimes. However, the very different ways in which authoritarian regimes, and military regimes in particular, organize the government, occupy the state apparatus, and modify the country’s political institutions have largely gone under-theorized. This essay contributes to fill in this void by analyzing how the last military regimes of Argentina (1976–1983) and Brazil (1964–1985) organized power within the state and the legacies of such organization on the institutions of federalism. The essay argues that variation in the organization of the state under the m...
Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases ... more Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases the power of subnational governments. However, a closer examination of the consequences of decentralization across countries reveals that the magnitude of such change can range from substantial to insignificant. To explain this variation, I propose a sequential theory of decentralization that has three main characteristics: a) it defines decentralization as a process; b) it takes into account the territorial interests of bargaining actors; and c) it incorporates policy feedback effects in the analysis of bargaining situations. I argue that the sequencing of different types of decentralization (fiscal, administrative, and political) is a key determinant of the evolution of intergovernmental balance of power. I measure this evolution in the four largest Latin American countries and apply the theory to the two extreme cases: Colombia and Argentina. I show that, contrary to commonly held opi...
Polis, 2010
... Magda Bianca e Paolo Sestito (a cura di), I servizi pubblici locali. ... la complessità e l&#... more ... Magda Bianca e Paolo Sestito (a cura di), I servizi pubblici locali. ... la complessità e l'articolazione delle questioni che si vogliono affrontare nel volume: i) quando è efficiente la concorrenza nel mercato; ii) quando può essere «sosti-tuita» dalla concorrenza per il merca-to; iii ...
ABSTRACT: Much has been written in the social sciences about why and how institutions come about ... more ABSTRACT: Much has been written in the social sciences about why and how institutions come about and gradually change. Less attention, however, has been paid to the questions of why and how institutions strengthen. Prior consultation, when applied in the hydrocarbons sectors, is an institution that articulates the conflicting interests of states, extractive corporations, and indigenous communities. As such, it is a hard test for institutional strengthening. In this chapter, building upon the editors’ understanding of weak institutions, I propose a conceptualization of institutional strength based on social actors’ compliance (rooted in the legitimacy and efficacy of the institution) and on state’s enforcement. I trace these dimensions in the institutionalization of prior consultation in Bolivia since that country’s ratification of the International Labor Organization Convention 169 in 1991 until the present. I argue that prior consultation was adopted due to mobilization and politic...
This article explores the impact of an institutional feature that is intrinsic to most federal sy... more This article explores the impact of an institutional feature that is intrinsic to most federal systems: the overrepresentation of states and provinces in national legislative chambers. The argument presented is that territorial overrepresentation in effect shapes the regional distribution of funds transferred by central governments in ways that benefit overrepresented states and provinces. Statiscal analyses suggest that, contrary to prevailing expectations, overrepresentation in lower houses of congress has a significantly higher impact than overrepresentation in the senate. The argument is supported by evidence from a comparative analysis of federal revenue sharing programs in the united States, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, and by a case study of the use of pulic spending to support regional electoral coalitions by the government of President Menem in Argentina between 1990 and 1995.
Coproduction between state and civil society raises many questions: from state capture, to civil ... more Coproduction between state and civil society raises many questions: from state capture, to civil society cooptation, and accountability in public goods and services’ delivery. We analyze a collaboration among Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and two health-care non-governmental organizations that provide prenatal care to women in the Great Chaco region, where a majority of the population is indigenous and maternal and infant mortality are high. Based on participant observation and in-depth interviews, we assess complementarity and embeddedness of the intervention along four dimensions: 1) patients’ access to health-care, 2) diagnostics and treatment, 3) human resources, and 4) financial resources. We argue this intervention is a valuable strategy to improve access and delivery of health care to pregnant women and attend neglected diseases. We also raise concerns about institutional racism and the absence of an intercultural approach to health-care. We contribute to the literatures o...
Latin American Politics and Society
The essay by Murillo, Shrank, and Luna constitutes a much-needed and welcome wake-up call for tho... more The essay by Murillo, Shrank, and Luna constitutes a much-needed and welcome wake-up call for those of us who study Latin America—and for political scientists more generally. The authors make a plea for “a rigorous, comparative, and empirically grounded” study of Latin American political economy. I fully agree with their diagnosis of this field and their recommendations. I also praise the authors for defining political economy broadly—rather than narrowly, through a focus on research methods. They understand political economy to encompass all the economic, social, and political factors that are either contextual conditions or consequences of major macroeconomic transformations. Thus the authors lay out an important research agenda for the study of Latin American political economy that includes not only issues of economic development and inequality, but also patterns of democratic politics, state capacities, the rule of law, identity politics, and international linkages, among others...
Latin American Politics and Society
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tenta... more O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Stepan, Alfred. 1973. The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion. In Authoritarian Brazil, ed. Stepan. New Haven: Yale University Press. 47–68. ———. 1988. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Trinkunas, Harold A. 2005. Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Cadernos de Saúde Pública
Since the Alma Ata World Health Organization Conference in 1978, countries around the world have ... more Since the Alma Ata World Health Organization Conference in 1978, countries around the world have adopted institutions that promote the participation of citizens in their public health systems. The main objectives of this article are twofold. First, we describe the origins and implementation of a nationallevel civic participatory program that was in place in Argentina in the mid-2000s: the Local Participatory Projects (Proyectos Locales Participativos). Second, we analyze the 201 local participatory projects that were carried out in Argentina between 2007 and 2008. We study health and environmental problems that prompt people's participation in the program and the social dynamics through which such participation is executed.
World Politics
Why and how do institutions strengthen? This article offers an explanation of institutional stren... more Why and how do institutions strengthen? This article offers an explanation of institutional strength based on the study of participatory institutions. Combining the insights of historical institutionalism and participatory democracy literatures, the authors propose an endogenous theory of participation and argue that the strength of participatory institutions depends on the historic process of their creation and the subsequent political incorporation of the mobilized groups that bring them about. The authors comparatively study prior consultation in Bolivia and Ecuador since its inception in the 1990s. This institution is highly relevant in Latin America, particularly as countries in the region intensify the extraction of nonrenewable resources. The article shows that different paths of political incorporation of the groups mobilized for institutional adoption were consequential to the resulting institutional strength. The findings shed light on the tensions between participatory de...
Critique …, 2007
RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...
Qualitative & Multi-Method Research, Mar 31, 2008
Social processes are rarely instantaneous. Periodization–specifying the beginning and ending of t... more Social processes are rarely instantaneous. Periodization–specifying the beginning and ending of the temporal context within which a causal process plays out–is essential for a great many of the political processes that we study. Historically oriented political science research, in particular, is notable for its theoretically based expectation that various aspects of the temporal context matter for explaining outcomes. If comparative historical research is insufficiently attentive to the methodological importance of specifying completely the temporal context within which causal mechanisms work, then we can be sure that fault plagues other modes of political analysis, as well. We consider here some of the pitfalls inherent to the standard periodization techniques utilized by even those researchers most sensitive to temporal context
RESUMO: O artigo analisa a evolução institucional do sistema de saúde que resultou na universaliz... more RESUMO: O artigo analisa a evolução institucional do sistema de saúde que resultou na universalização da cobertura e na municipalização da provisão de serviços de saúde no Brasil. Eu argumento que o processo de transformação da relação entre Estado e sociedade no contexto do Estado autoritário facilitou a infi ltração de grupos sociais reformistas na burocracia estatal. Esses ativistas reorientaram a política de saúde autoritária através do estabelecimento de novos objetivos. Ao analisar este caso de mudança institucional, o artigo utiliza uma perspectiva gradualista para compreender a evolução institucional e alerta os estudiosos do tema sobre a inadequação de priorizar as explicações centradas em conjunturas críticas ou nos efeitos predeterminados para explicar as mudanças ou a inércia institucional. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Reforma dos serviços de saúde. Municipalização. Movimento sanitário. Mudança institucional. Federalismo Brasil. Política no Brasil muda mais por agregação do que por s...
Abstract: Critical for our understanding of clientelism is to measure the size and structure of p... more Abstract: Critical for our understanding of clientelism is to measure the size and structure of political networks. That is, to measure whether parties have a large enough supply of patrons, bureaucrats, activists, and volunteers, which would allow party leaders to properly invest particularistic resources among adequately chosen voters. In this article we take advantage of new developments in network analysis to measure the size of hard to count populations and to explore network structure in survey data. Using information about the ideological and physical proximity of voters to political networks, we estimate individual level vote choices in Argentina and Chile.
While much has been written about democracy and democratization, far less attention has been paid... more While much has been written about democracy and democratization, far less attention has been paid to the institutional organization of authoritarian regimes. Scholars have focused on the causes, economic policies, societal support, intra-elite conflicts, or human-rights violations of authoritarian regimes. More recently, political scientists have also studied the role of elections and legislatures on the survival of authoritarian regimes. However, the very different ways in which authoritarian regimes, and military regimes in particular, organize the government, occupy the state apparatus, and modify the country’s political institutions have largely gone under-theorized. This essay contributes to fill in this void by analyzing how the last military regimes of Argentina (1976–1983) and Brazil (1964–1985) organized power within the state and the legacies of such organization on the institutions of federalism. The essay argues that variation in the organization of the state under the m...
Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases ... more Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases the power of subnational governments. However, a closer examination of the consequences of decentralization across countries reveals that the magnitude of such change can range from substantial to insignificant. To explain this variation, I propose a sequential theory of decentralization that has three main characteristics: a) it defines decentralization as a process; b) it takes into account the territorial interests of bargaining actors; and c) it incorporates policy feedback effects in the analysis of bargaining situations. I argue that the sequencing of different types of decentralization (fiscal, administrative, and political) is a key determinant of the evolution of intergovernmental balance of power. I measure this evolution in the four largest Latin American countries and apply the theory to the two extreme cases: Colombia and Argentina. I show that, contrary to commonly held opi...
Polis, 2010
... Magda Bianca e Paolo Sestito (a cura di), I servizi pubblici locali. ... la complessità e l&#... more ... Magda Bianca e Paolo Sestito (a cura di), I servizi pubblici locali. ... la complessità e l'articolazione delle questioni che si vogliono affrontare nel volume: i) quando è efficiente la concorrenza nel mercato; ii) quando può essere «sosti-tuita» dalla concorrenza per il merca-to; iii ...
ABSTRACT: Much has been written in the social sciences about why and how institutions come about ... more ABSTRACT: Much has been written in the social sciences about why and how institutions come about and gradually change. Less attention, however, has been paid to the questions of why and how institutions strengthen. Prior consultation, when applied in the hydrocarbons sectors, is an institution that articulates the conflicting interests of states, extractive corporations, and indigenous communities. As such, it is a hard test for institutional strengthening. In this chapter, building upon the editors’ understanding of weak institutions, I propose a conceptualization of institutional strength based on social actors’ compliance (rooted in the legitimacy and efficacy of the institution) and on state’s enforcement. I trace these dimensions in the institutionalization of prior consultation in Bolivia since that country’s ratification of the International Labor Organization Convention 169 in 1991 until the present. I argue that prior consultation was adopted due to mobilization and politic...
This article explores the impact of an institutional feature that is intrinsic to most federal sy... more This article explores the impact of an institutional feature that is intrinsic to most federal systems: the overrepresentation of states and provinces in national legislative chambers. The argument presented is that territorial overrepresentation in effect shapes the regional distribution of funds transferred by central governments in ways that benefit overrepresented states and provinces. Statiscal analyses suggest that, contrary to prevailing expectations, overrepresentation in lower houses of congress has a significantly higher impact than overrepresentation in the senate. The argument is supported by evidence from a comparative analysis of federal revenue sharing programs in the united States, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, and by a case study of the use of pulic spending to support regional electoral coalitions by the government of President Menem in Argentina between 1990 and 1995.
Coproduction between state and civil society raises many questions: from state capture, to civil ... more Coproduction between state and civil society raises many questions: from state capture, to civil society cooptation, and accountability in public goods and services’ delivery. We analyze a collaboration among Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and two health-care non-governmental organizations that provide prenatal care to women in the Great Chaco region, where a majority of the population is indigenous and maternal and infant mortality are high. Based on participant observation and in-depth interviews, we assess complementarity and embeddedness of the intervention along four dimensions: 1) patients’ access to health-care, 2) diagnostics and treatment, 3) human resources, and 4) financial resources. We argue this intervention is a valuable strategy to improve access and delivery of health care to pregnant women and attend neglected diseases. We also raise concerns about institutional racism and the absence of an intercultural approach to health-care. We contribute to the literatures o...
Latin American Politics and Society
The essay by Murillo, Shrank, and Luna constitutes a much-needed and welcome wake-up call for tho... more The essay by Murillo, Shrank, and Luna constitutes a much-needed and welcome wake-up call for those of us who study Latin America—and for political scientists more generally. The authors make a plea for “a rigorous, comparative, and empirically grounded” study of Latin American political economy. I fully agree with their diagnosis of this field and their recommendations. I also praise the authors for defining political economy broadly—rather than narrowly, through a focus on research methods. They understand political economy to encompass all the economic, social, and political factors that are either contextual conditions or consequences of major macroeconomic transformations. Thus the authors lay out an important research agenda for the study of Latin American political economy that includes not only issues of economic development and inequality, but also patterns of democratic politics, state capacities, the rule of law, identity politics, and international linkages, among others...
Latin American Politics and Society
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tenta... more O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Stepan, Alfred. 1973. The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion. In Authoritarian Brazil, ed. Stepan. New Haven: Yale University Press. 47–68. ———. 1988. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Trinkunas, Harold A. 2005. Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Cadernos de Saúde Pública
Since the Alma Ata World Health Organization Conference in 1978, countries around the world have ... more Since the Alma Ata World Health Organization Conference in 1978, countries around the world have adopted institutions that promote the participation of citizens in their public health systems. The main objectives of this article are twofold. First, we describe the origins and implementation of a nationallevel civic participatory program that was in place in Argentina in the mid-2000s: the Local Participatory Projects (Proyectos Locales Participativos). Second, we analyze the 201 local participatory projects that were carried out in Argentina between 2007 and 2008. We study health and environmental problems that prompt people's participation in the program and the social dynamics through which such participation is executed.
World Politics
Why and how do institutions strengthen? This article offers an explanation of institutional stren... more Why and how do institutions strengthen? This article offers an explanation of institutional strength based on the study of participatory institutions. Combining the insights of historical institutionalism and participatory democracy literatures, the authors propose an endogenous theory of participation and argue that the strength of participatory institutions depends on the historic process of their creation and the subsequent political incorporation of the mobilized groups that bring them about. The authors comparatively study prior consultation in Bolivia and Ecuador since its inception in the 1990s. This institution is highly relevant in Latin America, particularly as countries in the region intensify the extraction of nonrenewable resources. The article shows that different paths of political incorporation of the groups mobilized for institutional adoption were consequential to the resulting institutional strength. The findings shed light on the tensions between participatory de...