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Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites. Processing, Performance and Application, 2014
ABSTRACT The nanocellulose and its composites have been covered in this chapter which is confirme... more ABSTRACT The nanocellulose and its composites have been covered in this chapter which is confirmed to be a very versatile material having the wide range of medical applications, including cardiovascular implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, repair of articular cartilage, vascular grafts, urethral catheters, mammary prostheses, penile prostheses, adhesion barriers, and artificial skin. These implants were produced from bioresorbable and/or biodegradable materials. Nanocellulose, such as that produced other than microfibrillated cellulose and cellulose nanowhiskers, is also produced by the bacteria (bacterial cellulose, BC) which is also an emerging biomaterial with great potential as a biological implant, wound and burn dressing material, and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Moreover, the nanostructure and morphological similarities with collagen make cellulose attractive for cell immobilization and cell support. This article describes current and future applications of cellulosic nanofibers in the biomedical field. Cellulose micro-/nanofibril as a reinforcing material for composites is becoming more and more attractive to researchers in composite science because of its potential lightweight and high strength. In the present article, we have reviewed the nanocellulosic fibers-based nanocomposites for medical applications. Processing methods, properties, and various applications of cellulosic composites are also discussed in this article. However, the separation of cellulose nanofibers along with the manufacture of cellulose nanocomposites is still challengeable. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the current state of development in the field of cellulose nanofibril-based nanocomposite research and application through examples.
In this study, 25-year-old oil palm biomass (OPB) fiber—polypropylene (PP) composites are prepare... more In this study, 25-year-old oil palm biomass (OPB) fiber—polypropylene (PP) composites are prepared by five different fiber loadings (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%). The types of OPB used are oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm frond, and oil palm trunk. Transmission electron microscopy has confirmed that the cell wall structures of the various oil palm fibers have different cell wall thicknesses and exhibit the same ultrastructure as that of wood. The fibers consist of middle lamella, primary, and thick secondary walls with different thicknesses for different types of fibers. The secondary wall is differentiated into a S1 layer, a unique multi-lamellae S 2 layer, and a S3 layer. OPB fibers are compounded with PP using a Brabender DSK 42/7 twin screw extruder. The mechanical features such as tensile, flexural and impact properties of the OPB—PP composite are studied. The melt flow index (MFI) of the composite materials is also studied. Generally, the results show that lower fiber loading (10%) exhibits the highest tensile strength and MFI properties as compared to higher fiber loading (50%). Evidence of a fiber—matrix interphase is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.
The hybrid composites were fabricated by taking cheaply available empty fruit bunch fibers and ju... more The hybrid composites were fabricated by taking cheaply available empty fruit bunch fibers and jute fibers trilayers as reinforcement in epoxy matrix using simple hand lay-up-technique. Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties were characterized. The notched izod impact strength of most hybrids increased with respect to the virgin matrix. The laminates coupled with 2-Hydoxy ethyl acrylate (HEA) showed better impact properties than the one without coupling agent. The addition of fibers and coupling agent considerably improved the thermal stability (i.e., decomposition and residue content) of the hybrids. The thermal properties measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that fibres and coupling agents improved thermal properties. The impact fractured composite specimens were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to know the morphological behaviour.
In this article, we study laminated bio-composites that were reinforced with empty fruit bunches.... more In this article, we study laminated bio-composites that were reinforced with empty fruit bunches. Five-ply veneer laminated bio-composites were prepared by alternately arranging oil palm trunk veneer and empty fruit bunch mat. Composites were made with a gluing layer of 250 or 450 g/m2of phenol formaldehyde. The mechanical, physical, and thermal (TGA) properties of the composite were studied. Results indicated an improvement in mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of the laminated bio-composites with the use of empty fruit bunches as reinforcement. The water absorption and thickness swelling of laminated bio-composites that were reinforced with empty fruit bunches were better than bio-composites not reinforced with empty fruit bunches. Laminated bio-composites with the use of empty fruit bunch as reinforcement showed better bending strength, bending modulus, and screw withdrawal. Thermal stability for laminated bio-composites with empty fruit bunch also improved. Images taken with a scanning electron micrograph indicated an improvement in the fiber-matrix bonding for the laminated panel glued with 450 g/m2of phenol formaldehyde.
Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites. Processing, Performance and Application, 2014
ABSTRACT The nanocellulose and its composites have been covered in this chapter which is confirme... more ABSTRACT The nanocellulose and its composites have been covered in this chapter which is confirmed to be a very versatile material having the wide range of medical applications, including cardiovascular implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, repair of articular cartilage, vascular grafts, urethral catheters, mammary prostheses, penile prostheses, adhesion barriers, and artificial skin. These implants were produced from bioresorbable and/or biodegradable materials. Nanocellulose, such as that produced other than microfibrillated cellulose and cellulose nanowhiskers, is also produced by the bacteria (bacterial cellulose, BC) which is also an emerging biomaterial with great potential as a biological implant, wound and burn dressing material, and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Moreover, the nanostructure and morphological similarities with collagen make cellulose attractive for cell immobilization and cell support. This article describes current and future applications of cellulosic nanofibers in the biomedical field. Cellulose micro-/nanofibril as a reinforcing material for composites is becoming more and more attractive to researchers in composite science because of its potential lightweight and high strength. In the present article, we have reviewed the nanocellulosic fibers-based nanocomposites for medical applications. Processing methods, properties, and various applications of cellulosic composites are also discussed in this article. However, the separation of cellulose nanofibers along with the manufacture of cellulose nanocomposites is still challengeable. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the current state of development in the field of cellulose nanofibril-based nanocomposite research and application through examples.
In this study, 25-year-old oil palm biomass (OPB) fiber—polypropylene (PP) composites are prepare... more In this study, 25-year-old oil palm biomass (OPB) fiber—polypropylene (PP) composites are prepared by five different fiber loadings (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%). The types of OPB used are oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm frond, and oil palm trunk. Transmission electron microscopy has confirmed that the cell wall structures of the various oil palm fibers have different cell wall thicknesses and exhibit the same ultrastructure as that of wood. The fibers consist of middle lamella, primary, and thick secondary walls with different thicknesses for different types of fibers. The secondary wall is differentiated into a S1 layer, a unique multi-lamellae S 2 layer, and a S3 layer. OPB fibers are compounded with PP using a Brabender DSK 42/7 twin screw extruder. The mechanical features such as tensile, flexural and impact properties of the OPB—PP composite are studied. The melt flow index (MFI) of the composite materials is also studied. Generally, the results show that lower fiber loading (10%) exhibits the highest tensile strength and MFI properties as compared to higher fiber loading (50%). Evidence of a fiber—matrix interphase is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.
The hybrid composites were fabricated by taking cheaply available empty fruit bunch fibers and ju... more The hybrid composites were fabricated by taking cheaply available empty fruit bunch fibers and jute fibers trilayers as reinforcement in epoxy matrix using simple hand lay-up-technique. Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties were characterized. The notched izod impact strength of most hybrids increased with respect to the virgin matrix. The laminates coupled with 2-Hydoxy ethyl acrylate (HEA) showed better impact properties than the one without coupling agent. The addition of fibers and coupling agent considerably improved the thermal stability (i.e., decomposition and residue content) of the hybrids. The thermal properties measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that fibres and coupling agents improved thermal properties. The impact fractured composite specimens were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to know the morphological behaviour.
In this article, we study laminated bio-composites that were reinforced with empty fruit bunches.... more In this article, we study laminated bio-composites that were reinforced with empty fruit bunches. Five-ply veneer laminated bio-composites were prepared by alternately arranging oil palm trunk veneer and empty fruit bunch mat. Composites were made with a gluing layer of 250 or 450 g/m2of phenol formaldehyde. The mechanical, physical, and thermal (TGA) properties of the composite were studied. Results indicated an improvement in mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of the laminated bio-composites with the use of empty fruit bunches as reinforcement. The water absorption and thickness swelling of laminated bio-composites that were reinforced with empty fruit bunches were better than bio-composites not reinforced with empty fruit bunches. Laminated bio-composites with the use of empty fruit bunch as reinforcement showed better bending strength, bending modulus, and screw withdrawal. Thermal stability for laminated bio-composites with empty fruit bunch also improved. Images taken with a scanning electron micrograph indicated an improvement in the fiber-matrix bonding for the laminated panel glued with 450 g/m2of phenol formaldehyde.