samiaa abdulwahid | UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia (original) (raw)

Papers by samiaa abdulwahid

Most of the world's population relies on medicinal plants as their main source of healthcare.... more Most of the world's population relies on medicinal plants as their main source of healthcare. Therefore, it is crucial to ascertain the amount of heavy metals accumulated in medicinal plants. In this study, elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, V, Cr, Ni, Ag, Be, Sr, Ba, Al, Pb, Bi, Rb, B, As, and Sb) found in Celtis tournefortii Lam and Prosopis farcta that were gathered from the Mazne sub-district of Kurdistan in Iraq were identified. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), concentrations of 25 elements in the leaves, fruit (Celtis tournefortii Lam), pod, and seed (Prosopis farcta) were identified. An exploratory study of samples was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). For Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and As. The elements quantified by ppm are: Ca (3403–81948), Mg (1573–7578 ), Na (108–291), K (6481–23212), Fe (184–623), Cu (8–16),...

ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016

Hypertension is a major global problem results from the combined effects of genes, environment, l... more Hypertension is a major global problem results from the combined effects of genes, environment, lifestyle and the interactions of these factors. Genetic variations of angiotensin I-converting enzyme ACE gene may play a role in the development of human essential hypertension. In this study, the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and hypertension was evaluated by determine the distribution of genotypes and alleles frequency of ACE gene in 123 volunteers, 50 normal (21 males and 29 females) and 73 hypertensive (21 males and 52 females) in Erbil city. The ACE DD genotype (50%vs 24.1%) in female was found to be significantly associated with hypertension ( P =0.02) and the odd ratio was (OR= 3.14: 95% CI; 1.15-8.62)which indicated that the odds of hypertensive is about three times higher in DD genotype compered to control (RR= 2.16,95% CI;1.05-4.5) in females, whereas ACE ID heterozygotes were significantly more frequent in controls (47.6 % vs. 19% P =0.04) for male only which ind...

Obesity is a major health concern that has reached epidemic proportions globally. Malaysia has th... more Obesity is a major health concern that has reached epidemic proportions globally. Malaysia has the highest obesity rate at 14% in the Southeast Asia region. The cost and side effects of synthetic anti-obesity drugs necessitate the finding of suitable herbal alternatives. The current study investigated the antiobesity effects of Clinacanthus nutanus crude leaf extract in 80 % methanol (MECN). The sub-acute oral toxicity of MECN was evaluated in 6-week-old ICR mice (21 males, 21 females). The mice were randomly divided into six treatment groups of seven animals each, comprising of untreated control, mice treated with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg MECN, for males and females. Animals were gavaged with the treatment agents once daily for 28 days. Despite the incidental lesions noted for the livers and kidneys, there no difference (P>0.05) between the histolopathological changes seen among mice treated with MECN, and that of the untreated controls in both sexes. No significant changes were also noted for the physical, hematological and serum biochemical parameters between the control and treatment groups for both sexes. However, the serum sodium level in mice treated with 2000 mg/kg MECN was lower than the controls (P<0.05). In the ensuing experiment, MECN was used at 2000 mg/kg as a potential anti-obesity agent in obese mice. Fifty (4-weeks-old) male mice were randomly assigned into 2 groups: (1) a normal diet group (NC, n=10); and (2) treatment group (fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks, n=40). At 20 weeks of age, the mice fed high-fat diet were randomly assigned into 4 subgroups comprising of, high-fat diet only (HFDC); MECN at 500 mg/kg (HFD+CN500); 1000 mg/kg (HFD+CN1000) and 1500 mg/kg (HFD+CN1500). All mice were then subjected to 21 days of treatment. The current study showed that MECN treatment at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg reduced body weight, relative visceral fat, serum lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle, cholesterol and saturated fatty acid composition (P<0.05). Visceral fat among MECNtreated mice showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in hypertrophic adipocyte cell size compared to the HFDC group after treatment. The PPARγ and SCD1 genes expression v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise is due to Allah and may peace and blessings be upon Mohammed and all his family members and companions. I will be forever grateful to the people in my life who believed in me and who stood by me when all the doors were closed. First, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Goh Yong Meng, the chairman of my supervisory committee. Also, I have never met a more honest and positive man than Dr. Goh Yong Meng. It was a privilege for me to have Dr. Goh Yong-Meng, Prof. Zailina binti Hashim and Dr. Mahdi Ebrahimi as my co-supervisors and thank them for their advice and suggestions. Without their perceptive supervision and encouragement, this work would not have been accomplished. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Mahdi Ebrahimi for his valuable insights, his intellectual, moral support, wisdom and sustenance, as well as giving me the opportunity to continue my PhD study.

Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2017

A peptic ulcer is one of the more severe diseases and most classic treatment protocol produce adv... more A peptic ulcer is one of the more severe diseases and most classic treatment protocol produce adverse drug reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of two natural extracts, namely Pomegranate and Ginger, on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Animals were divided into five groups; 1. Normal control group, 2. An ulcer control group Indomethacin (0.3 mg /rats), 3. Omeprazole (3 mg /rats), a4. Pomegranate (40 mg /rats), 5. Ginger (20 mg /rats). The ulcers were induced made from groups 2 - 5 by oral administration of Indomethacin. Rats subjected to indomethacin administration showed significant ulceration in the glandular area of their stomachs compared to normal control rats. In addition, significant elevations S.GPT, S.GOT, S. creatinine and S. Urea (P< 0.05) were observed. Alternatively, pretreatment with pomegranate and ginger significantly corrected macroscopic and biochemical parameters. These results demonstrate that administration of ...

Hypertension is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder where several susceptible genes interact ... more Hypertension is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder where several susceptible genes interact with the environmental factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) produces nitric oxide (NO) which is involved in many physiologic regulatory functions. Variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4 of endothelial nitricoxide synthase gene are reported to be associated with blood pressure regulation. In the present study, we examined possible association between the 27 base pair (bp) repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of the eNOS3 gene and hypertension in a Kurdish population from Erbil city. Fifty eight patients with hypertension and 42 apparently healthy controls were included in the study. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genotype frequencies for eNOS4b/b, eNOS4a/b and eNOS4a/a were 55%, 23.8% and 21.2% in control group, and 70.7%, 24.2% and 5.1% in hypertensive group, respectively. The eNOS bb genotype (70.7%vs 55%) was found to be significantly as...

Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research

Context: The current study, the first of its type, focuses on the ethnobotanical uses of 97 medic... more Context: The current study, the first of its type, focuses on the ethnobotanical uses of 97 medicinal plant species by the inhabitants in the Soran area, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Aims: To evaluate local knowledge of medicinal plants and provision of preliminary data on the user-benefit of the accessible plant species in the area. Methods: Between October 2021 and May 2022, key informant interviews were conducted as part of an ethnobotanical survey. Information about a particular study through face-to-face interviews with 171 participants (98 males and 73 females) were collected. For the therapeutic plants considered in the study, quantitative indices such as use value (UV), family use value (FUV), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF) were applied in addition to detailed notes on each plant species. Results: The survey discovered 97 plant species and 41 plant families. Leaves were the plant portion that was used the most...

Obesity is a universal health concern that can lead to serious diseases. The side effects of synt... more Obesity is a universal health concern that can lead to serious diseases. The side effects of synthetic anti-obesity drugs necessitate the finding of suitable natural/herbal alternatives. Mother nature offers a wide range of plants with medicinal properties that include crude extracts and isolated compounds which are effective for controlling and reducing weight gain. Obesity was induced in 60, 3-week-old male ICR mice, using high-fat diet (60% dietary energy from fat) for 16-week. The mice were divided at random into six groups with 10 mice: mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) only, mice fed normal diet only (NC), and orlistat at 15.9 mg/kg (HFD+Orlistat), and mice in three other high-fat diet groups treated with methanolic leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans (MECN) at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg. After 21-day of the treatment, MECN significantly reduced (P<0.05) the body weight, visceral fat and muscle saturated fatty acid compositions. There was also significant downregulation of HS...

AbstractPlastic debris is widespread and ubiquitous in the marine environment and ingestion of pl... more AbstractPlastic debris is widespread and ubiquitous in the marine environment and ingestion of plastic debris by marine organisms is well-documented. Viscera and gills of 110 individual marine fish from 11 commercial fish species collected from the marine fish market were examined for presence of plastic debris. Isolated particles were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis was assessed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Nine (of 11) species contained plastic debris. Out of 56 isolated particles, 76.8% were plastic polymers, 5.4% were pigments, and 17.8% were unidentified. Extracted plastic particle sizes ranged from 200 to 34900 μm (mean = 2600 μm ±7.0 SD). Hazardous material was undetected using inorganic elemental analysis of extracted plastic debris and pigment particles. The highest number of ingested microplastics were measured in Eleutheronema tridactylum and Clarias gariepinus, suggesting their potential as indicator species to monitor and...

During a period extended from 1978 to 2011 many studies for water quality assessment in springs, ... more During a period extended from 1978 to 2011 many studies for water quality assessment in springs, streams, rivers, lakes and wells have been done in Kurdistan region of Iraq within Erbil, Sulaimani and Duhok provinces. Parameters related to water quality evaluation and monitoring concerned were turbidity, pH, EC, total hardness, total alkalinity, total acidity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium and sodium ions were involved. Heavy metals in water and in sediments such as iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cadmium, and lead were concerned were included. Also attentions to hydrocarbon and polycyclic hydrocarbon in lake were paid. So on the base of the results of these studies water characteristics and comparison with that of recommended by WHO and EPA, the surface and the ground waters of Kurdistan are either better or equal to the waters of the most part of the world, which are potable and suitable after conventional treatments for ...

Water quality index (WQI) was applied in Delizhiyan springs and Shawrawa river within Soran distr... more Water quality index (WQI) was applied in Delizhiyan springs and Shawrawa river within Soran district, Kurdisdtan region, in order to certain the quality of water for public consumption, recreation and other purposes. In this study water quality index was determined on the basis of twelve physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, calcium, sodium and potassium. The relative weight assigned to each parameters ranged from 1 to 5 ,based on the important parameters for aquatic life and drinking purposes. Because water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizen and policy makers. The results indicated that water quality of springs and river declined from poor water.

This paper describes the first study of algal assemblages at 6 spring sites within Sherwan Mazn s... more This paper describes the first study of algal assemblages at 6 spring sites within Sherwan Mazn subdistrict between October 2011 to March 2012, with particular reference to abundance, distribution and periodicity were investigated in the samples collected. A total of 42 species was identified in 3 divisions, among them, 24 taxa was belonged of Bacillariophyta, 13 taxa was Chlorophyta and 5 taxa was Cyanophyta. The seasonality of algal flora was decreased at all springs in December and January. The dominant species among non-diatoms were, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Tribonema, Vaucheria and Spirogyra whereas among the diatoms were Navicula, Syndra, Gomphonema, and Nitzschia.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objective: This study aims to investigate the sub-acute oral toxicity of a methanolic leaf extrac... more Objective: This study aims to investigate the sub-acute oral toxicity of a methanolic leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans (MECN) in male and female mice.Methods: The study used three groups of male and female mice, the crude MECN was dissolved in distilled water and administered orally in single doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight for 28 d by gavage, at a dosing volume of 10 ml/kg body weight, while the control group received only the distilled water. Mice were weighed weekly for the duration of the study period. After the treatment period, the blood samples were collected and examined for hematology changes, total red blood cell (RBC) and total white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma protein concentration. The serum was analyzed for liver and kidney function test. The degree of injury of the liver and kidney tissue was histopathologically assessed and scored under the light microscopy. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey’s test was used to anal...

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Most of the world's population relies on medicinal plants as their main source of healthcare.... more Most of the world's population relies on medicinal plants as their main source of healthcare. Therefore, it is crucial to ascertain the amount of heavy metals accumulated in medicinal plants. In this study, elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, V, Cr, Ni, Ag, Be, Sr, Ba, Al, Pb, Bi, Rb, B, As, and Sb) found in Celtis tournefortii Lam and Prosopis farcta that were gathered from the Mazne sub-district of Kurdistan in Iraq were identified. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), concentrations of 25 elements in the leaves, fruit (Celtis tournefortii Lam), pod, and seed (Prosopis farcta) were identified. An exploratory study of samples was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). For Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and As. The elements quantified by ppm are: Ca (3403–81948), Mg (1573–7578 ), Na (108–291), K (6481–23212), Fe (184–623), Cu (8–16),...

ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016

Hypertension is a major global problem results from the combined effects of genes, environment, l... more Hypertension is a major global problem results from the combined effects of genes, environment, lifestyle and the interactions of these factors. Genetic variations of angiotensin I-converting enzyme ACE gene may play a role in the development of human essential hypertension. In this study, the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and hypertension was evaluated by determine the distribution of genotypes and alleles frequency of ACE gene in 123 volunteers, 50 normal (21 males and 29 females) and 73 hypertensive (21 males and 52 females) in Erbil city. The ACE DD genotype (50%vs 24.1%) in female was found to be significantly associated with hypertension ( P =0.02) and the odd ratio was (OR= 3.14: 95% CI; 1.15-8.62)which indicated that the odds of hypertensive is about three times higher in DD genotype compered to control (RR= 2.16,95% CI;1.05-4.5) in females, whereas ACE ID heterozygotes were significantly more frequent in controls (47.6 % vs. 19% P =0.04) for male only which ind...

Obesity is a major health concern that has reached epidemic proportions globally. Malaysia has th... more Obesity is a major health concern that has reached epidemic proportions globally. Malaysia has the highest obesity rate at 14% in the Southeast Asia region. The cost and side effects of synthetic anti-obesity drugs necessitate the finding of suitable herbal alternatives. The current study investigated the antiobesity effects of Clinacanthus nutanus crude leaf extract in 80 % methanol (MECN). The sub-acute oral toxicity of MECN was evaluated in 6-week-old ICR mice (21 males, 21 females). The mice were randomly divided into six treatment groups of seven animals each, comprising of untreated control, mice treated with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg MECN, for males and females. Animals were gavaged with the treatment agents once daily for 28 days. Despite the incidental lesions noted for the livers and kidneys, there no difference (P>0.05) between the histolopathological changes seen among mice treated with MECN, and that of the untreated controls in both sexes. No significant changes were also noted for the physical, hematological and serum biochemical parameters between the control and treatment groups for both sexes. However, the serum sodium level in mice treated with 2000 mg/kg MECN was lower than the controls (P<0.05). In the ensuing experiment, MECN was used at 2000 mg/kg as a potential anti-obesity agent in obese mice. Fifty (4-weeks-old) male mice were randomly assigned into 2 groups: (1) a normal diet group (NC, n=10); and (2) treatment group (fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks, n=40). At 20 weeks of age, the mice fed high-fat diet were randomly assigned into 4 subgroups comprising of, high-fat diet only (HFDC); MECN at 500 mg/kg (HFD+CN500); 1000 mg/kg (HFD+CN1000) and 1500 mg/kg (HFD+CN1500). All mice were then subjected to 21 days of treatment. The current study showed that MECN treatment at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg reduced body weight, relative visceral fat, serum lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle, cholesterol and saturated fatty acid composition (P<0.05). Visceral fat among MECNtreated mice showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in hypertrophic adipocyte cell size compared to the HFDC group after treatment. The PPARγ and SCD1 genes expression v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise is due to Allah and may peace and blessings be upon Mohammed and all his family members and companions. I will be forever grateful to the people in my life who believed in me and who stood by me when all the doors were closed. First, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Goh Yong Meng, the chairman of my supervisory committee. Also, I have never met a more honest and positive man than Dr. Goh Yong Meng. It was a privilege for me to have Dr. Goh Yong-Meng, Prof. Zailina binti Hashim and Dr. Mahdi Ebrahimi as my co-supervisors and thank them for their advice and suggestions. Without their perceptive supervision and encouragement, this work would not have been accomplished. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Mahdi Ebrahimi for his valuable insights, his intellectual, moral support, wisdom and sustenance, as well as giving me the opportunity to continue my PhD study.

Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2017

A peptic ulcer is one of the more severe diseases and most classic treatment protocol produce adv... more A peptic ulcer is one of the more severe diseases and most classic treatment protocol produce adverse drug reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of two natural extracts, namely Pomegranate and Ginger, on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Animals were divided into five groups; 1. Normal control group, 2. An ulcer control group Indomethacin (0.3 mg /rats), 3. Omeprazole (3 mg /rats), a4. Pomegranate (40 mg /rats), 5. Ginger (20 mg /rats). The ulcers were induced made from groups 2 - 5 by oral administration of Indomethacin. Rats subjected to indomethacin administration showed significant ulceration in the glandular area of their stomachs compared to normal control rats. In addition, significant elevations S.GPT, S.GOT, S. creatinine and S. Urea (P< 0.05) were observed. Alternatively, pretreatment with pomegranate and ginger significantly corrected macroscopic and biochemical parameters. These results demonstrate that administration of ...

Hypertension is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder where several susceptible genes interact ... more Hypertension is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder where several susceptible genes interact with the environmental factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) produces nitric oxide (NO) which is involved in many physiologic regulatory functions. Variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4 of endothelial nitricoxide synthase gene are reported to be associated with blood pressure regulation. In the present study, we examined possible association between the 27 base pair (bp) repeat polymorphism in intron 4 of the eNOS3 gene and hypertension in a Kurdish population from Erbil city. Fifty eight patients with hypertension and 42 apparently healthy controls were included in the study. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genotype frequencies for eNOS4b/b, eNOS4a/b and eNOS4a/a were 55%, 23.8% and 21.2% in control group, and 70.7%, 24.2% and 5.1% in hypertensive group, respectively. The eNOS bb genotype (70.7%vs 55%) was found to be significantly as...

Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research

Context: The current study, the first of its type, focuses on the ethnobotanical uses of 97 medic... more Context: The current study, the first of its type, focuses on the ethnobotanical uses of 97 medicinal plant species by the inhabitants in the Soran area, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Aims: To evaluate local knowledge of medicinal plants and provision of preliminary data on the user-benefit of the accessible plant species in the area. Methods: Between October 2021 and May 2022, key informant interviews were conducted as part of an ethnobotanical survey. Information about a particular study through face-to-face interviews with 171 participants (98 males and 73 females) were collected. For the therapeutic plants considered in the study, quantitative indices such as use value (UV), family use value (FUV), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF) were applied in addition to detailed notes on each plant species. Results: The survey discovered 97 plant species and 41 plant families. Leaves were the plant portion that was used the most...

Obesity is a universal health concern that can lead to serious diseases. The side effects of synt... more Obesity is a universal health concern that can lead to serious diseases. The side effects of synthetic anti-obesity drugs necessitate the finding of suitable natural/herbal alternatives. Mother nature offers a wide range of plants with medicinal properties that include crude extracts and isolated compounds which are effective for controlling and reducing weight gain. Obesity was induced in 60, 3-week-old male ICR mice, using high-fat diet (60% dietary energy from fat) for 16-week. The mice were divided at random into six groups with 10 mice: mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) only, mice fed normal diet only (NC), and orlistat at 15.9 mg/kg (HFD+Orlistat), and mice in three other high-fat diet groups treated with methanolic leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans (MECN) at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg. After 21-day of the treatment, MECN significantly reduced (P<0.05) the body weight, visceral fat and muscle saturated fatty acid compositions. There was also significant downregulation of HS...

AbstractPlastic debris is widespread and ubiquitous in the marine environment and ingestion of pl... more AbstractPlastic debris is widespread and ubiquitous in the marine environment and ingestion of plastic debris by marine organisms is well-documented. Viscera and gills of 110 individual marine fish from 11 commercial fish species collected from the marine fish market were examined for presence of plastic debris. Isolated particles were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis was assessed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Nine (of 11) species contained plastic debris. Out of 56 isolated particles, 76.8% were plastic polymers, 5.4% were pigments, and 17.8% were unidentified. Extracted plastic particle sizes ranged from 200 to 34900 μm (mean = 2600 μm ±7.0 SD). Hazardous material was undetected using inorganic elemental analysis of extracted plastic debris and pigment particles. The highest number of ingested microplastics were measured in Eleutheronema tridactylum and Clarias gariepinus, suggesting their potential as indicator species to monitor and...

During a period extended from 1978 to 2011 many studies for water quality assessment in springs, ... more During a period extended from 1978 to 2011 many studies for water quality assessment in springs, streams, rivers, lakes and wells have been done in Kurdistan region of Iraq within Erbil, Sulaimani and Duhok provinces. Parameters related to water quality evaluation and monitoring concerned were turbidity, pH, EC, total hardness, total alkalinity, total acidity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium and sodium ions were involved. Heavy metals in water and in sediments such as iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cadmium, and lead were concerned were included. Also attentions to hydrocarbon and polycyclic hydrocarbon in lake were paid. So on the base of the results of these studies water characteristics and comparison with that of recommended by WHO and EPA, the surface and the ground waters of Kurdistan are either better or equal to the waters of the most part of the world, which are potable and suitable after conventional treatments for ...

Water quality index (WQI) was applied in Delizhiyan springs and Shawrawa river within Soran distr... more Water quality index (WQI) was applied in Delizhiyan springs and Shawrawa river within Soran district, Kurdisdtan region, in order to certain the quality of water for public consumption, recreation and other purposes. In this study water quality index was determined on the basis of twelve physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, calcium, sodium and potassium. The relative weight assigned to each parameters ranged from 1 to 5 ,based on the important parameters for aquatic life and drinking purposes. Because water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizen and policy makers. The results indicated that water quality of springs and river declined from poor water.

This paper describes the first study of algal assemblages at 6 spring sites within Sherwan Mazn s... more This paper describes the first study of algal assemblages at 6 spring sites within Sherwan Mazn subdistrict between October 2011 to March 2012, with particular reference to abundance, distribution and periodicity were investigated in the samples collected. A total of 42 species was identified in 3 divisions, among them, 24 taxa was belonged of Bacillariophyta, 13 taxa was Chlorophyta and 5 taxa was Cyanophyta. The seasonality of algal flora was decreased at all springs in December and January. The dominant species among non-diatoms were, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Tribonema, Vaucheria and Spirogyra whereas among the diatoms were Navicula, Syndra, Gomphonema, and Nitzschia.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objective: This study aims to investigate the sub-acute oral toxicity of a methanolic leaf extrac... more Objective: This study aims to investigate the sub-acute oral toxicity of a methanolic leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans (MECN) in male and female mice.Methods: The study used three groups of male and female mice, the crude MECN was dissolved in distilled water and administered orally in single doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight for 28 d by gavage, at a dosing volume of 10 ml/kg body weight, while the control group received only the distilled water. Mice were weighed weekly for the duration of the study period. After the treatment period, the blood samples were collected and examined for hematology changes, total red blood cell (RBC) and total white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma protein concentration. The serum was analyzed for liver and kidney function test. The degree of injury of the liver and kidney tissue was histopathologically assessed and scored under the light microscopy. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey’s test was used to anal...

Marine Pollution Bulletin