sharina omar | UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia (original) (raw)

Papers by sharina omar

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tubercul... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, affecting several domestic animals, wildlife species and humans. The preliminary investigation was aimed to detect antibody against MTBC among indigenous wildlife which are free-ranged wild boar, free-ranged wild macaques and captive Asian elephants in selected areas of Selangor and elephant conservation centre in Pahang, respectively. The results indicate that MTBC serodetection rate in wild boar was 16.7% (7.3-33.5 at 95% Confidence Interval) using an in-house ELISA bPPD IgG and 10% (3.5-25.6 at 95% CI) by DPP ® VetTB assay, while the wild macaques and Asian elephant were seronegative. The univariate analysis indicates no statistically significant difference in risk factors for sex and age of wild boar but there was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between bovine TB in dairy cattle and wild boar seropositivity in the Sepang district.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium DT160 in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Studies in Public Health at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of national and international importance. In New Ze... more Salmonellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of national and international importance. In New Zealand (NZ), the most common foodborne notifiable disease is campylobacteriosis, which is followed by salmonellosis. In 1998, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 160 (DT160) was identified in NZ. Since first reported, S. Typhimurium DT160 has caused several epidemics in the country but has not produced significant illness worldwide. Therefore, the objectives of the project were to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. Typhimurium DT160 and the association between isolates from human and animal origin. Ninety Salmonella isolates obtained in the period between 1999 and 2009 from the Institute of Environmental Science and Research, NZ were assessed for colony morphology, serotype, susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials, virulotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were also determined. In addition, 4 isolates were further assessed with Triple Sugar Agar, API20E biochemical and motility tests. All 90 isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. with no indications for resistance to multiple antimicrobials. All isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials used in this study with the exception of 26 and 8 isolates that had intermediate susceptibility against tetracycline and oxytetracycline, respectively. In an attempt to discriminate between potentially pathogenic and pathogenic Salmonella isolates, PCR-based virulotyping was performed based on 12 potential virulence genes. Results revealed that all isolates were positive for at least 10 of the 12 virulence genes. Two of the six isolates negative for one of the virulence genes (invA, iroN, pefA or sifA) were of human origin and the remaining four were sparrow List of Appendices Page Appendix 1. The Salmonella isolates (ER004560, ER104613, ERL042332, and ERL07266) with ambiguous serology were tested with API20E strip that includes 20 biochemical reactions. Based on positive and negative reactions the genus and species of the isolates were determined with 7 digit profile.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of polymerase chain reaction assay in detection of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in experimentally infected mice

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to confirm the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) i... more A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to confirm the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) intracellularis in 3 swine herds with a history of proliferative enteritis (PE). Two pooled fecal specimens, each comprising 5 individual stool samples, were collected from pen floors to screen for the presence of IS intracellularis and determine the age range of pigs shedding the organism. IS intracellularis was detected in the feces of clinically normal 10-25week-old grower/finisher pigs, indicating that this age range of pigs was the main source of infection for younger nursery pigs. Shedding continued without clinical disease when 10-100 g/ton of tylosin or 10 g/ton of chlortetracycline was added to the feed. PCR testing of pooled fecal samples can be used to identify groups of pigs affected with PE. The results of this study indicate that this PCR assay has the potential to accurately assess the IS intracellularis infection status of swine herds and the association of IS intracellular-is with PE and growth performance.

Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of Field Simulation Approach for Problem-Based Learning That Incorporates the One Health Concept

Journal of Veterinary Medical Education

One Health problem-based learning (PBL) is known as an effective method in teaching zoonotic dise... more One Health problem-based learning (PBL) is known as an effective method in teaching zoonotic diseases. However, the classic classroom setting limits real-life exposure for students. Simulation-based learning may improve the learning experience without exposing the students to unnecessary risks. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of field simulation PBL compared to a classic classroom setting using a module developed based on the One Health concept by examining the students’ reactions towards the learning and by assessing the students’ performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted in this study. Veterinary and medical undergraduate students participated in both types of PBL settings, and their knowledge and satisfaction were evaluated through a pre- and post-test as well as a feedback survey. The mean satisfaction score of students undergoing field simulation was significantly higher than the mean satisfaction score of students undergoing classic PBL ( p > ...

Research paper thumbnail of Review on the Epidemiology, Milk Composition Changes, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Causative Agents of Bubaline Mastitis in Asia

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science

Mastitis is one of the diseases that cause economic losses worldwide due to the reduction in milk... more Mastitis is one of the diseases that cause economic losses worldwide due to the reduction in milk yield and the high treatment costs in dairy buffaloes. Although antibiotics are the mainstay treatment for this disease, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans. Hence, this study aims to review and assess the available literature on bubaline mastitis in Asia. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was higher in dairy buffaloes than in clinical mastitis, especially in Pakistan. Bubaline mastitis was commonly detected using the California mastitis test, surf field mastitis test, somatic cell count, and bacterial culture. In Asia, farm management and host factors were the primary causes of bubaline mastitis risk factors. Mastitis in buffaloes caused alterations in milk composition, such as increasing lactose levels, somatic cell count, and the presence of bacteria in the milk. However, protein, fat, and solid non-fat level...

Research paper thumbnail of Profiling Bartonella infection and its associated risk factors in shelter cats in Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Science

Background: Poor disease management and irregular vector control could predispose sheltered anima... more Background: Poor disease management and irregular vector control could predispose sheltered animals to disease such as feline Bartonella infection, a vector-borne zoonotic disease primarily caused by Bartonella henselae. Objectives: This study investigated the status of Bartonella infection in cats from eight (n = 8) shelters by molecular and serological approaches, profiling the CD4:CD8 ratio and the risk factors associated with Bartonella infection in shelter cats. Methods: Bartonella deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer gene, followed by DNA sequencing. Bartonella IgM and IgG antibody titre, CD4 and CD8 profiles were detected using indirect immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Results: B. henselae was detected through PCR and sequencing in 1.0% (1/101) oral swab and 2.0% (1/50) cat fleas, while another 3/50 cat fleas carried B. clarridgeiae. Only 18/101 cats were seronegative against B. henselae, whereas 30.7% (31/101) cats were positive for both IgM and IgG, 8% (18/101) cats had IgM, and 33.7% (34/101) cats had IgG antibody only. None of the eight shelters sampled had Bartonella antibody-free cats. Although abnormal CD4:CD8 ratio was observed in 48/83 seropositive cats, flea infestation was the only significant risk factor observed in this study. Conclusions: The present study provides the first comparison on the Bartonella spp. antigen, antibody status and CD4:CD8 ratio among shelter cats. The high B. henselae seropositivity among shelter cats presumably due to significant flea infestation triggers an alarm of whether the infection could go undetectable and its potential transmission to humans.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnosis and management of rare sequels to feline lower urinary tract disease in two cats

Veterinary Record Case Reports, Oct 12, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from human sporadic and outbreak cases

Epidemiology and Infection, 2002

The molecular epidemiology of a representative collection of sporadic foreign and domestically ac... more The molecular epidemiology of a representative collection of sporadic foreign and domestically acquired Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolates from Norwegian patients in 1996–9 was studied by numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Three subclusters (E5, F1 and G1) comprised 47% of the 102 sporadic isolates investigated and 45% of the domestically acquired isolates fell in subclusters E5 and F1. Distinct seasonal and geographic variations were evident for these strains which have been responsible for both local outbreaks (E5) and a national epidemic (F1) where salmonella-infected hedgehogs and birds constituted the suggested primary source of infection. Subcluster G1 was dominated by imported multi-resistant definitive type (DT) 104 isolates. All multi-resistant isolates contained integron-associated gene cassette-structures. This study presents valuable information on the relative significance, geographic distribution and antibiotic resista...

Research paper thumbnail of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface

Animals, 2021

Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic dis... more Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). A cross-sectional study was conducted by opportunistic sampling from fresh carcasses of free-ranging wild boar (n = 30), and free-ranging wild macaques (n = 42). Stained smears from these tissues were tested for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) with Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Mycobacterial culture was conducted using Lowenstein–Jensen media and Middlebrook 7H11 agar media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed through the detection of the 16S rRNA gene, with multiple sets of primers for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). In wild boars, 30% (9/30; 95% Confidence Interval: 16.7–47.9%) of examined samples showed gross tuberculosis-like lesions (TBLLs). Multiple nodular lesions that were necrotic/miliary with cavitation were found in the submandibular lymph nodes, tonsils, lungs, kidney and liver, whi...

Research paper thumbnail of Characterisation of Mycobacterium Marinum EsxG.EsxH Complex Expression in Mycobacterial-Infected Cells: Towards an Understanding of Tuberculosis Infection

Research paper thumbnail of High Prevalence of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria in Selected Poultry Farms in Selangor, Malaysia

Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2012

Introduction. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has a deleterious clinical impact in end-st... more Introduction. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has a deleterious clinical impact in end-stage liver disease, and multidrug resistance has increased, raising concern about effectiveness of traditional antibiotic regimens. Patients and Methods. Single-center retrospective study of ascitic fluid infections in cirrhotic patients. Results. We analyzed medical records related to 2129 culturepositive ascitic fluid and found 183 samples from cirrhotic patients. There were 113 monobacterial SBP cases from 97 cirrhotic patients; 57% of patients were male; hepatitis C and alcohol were the main etiologies for cirrhosis. Multidrug resistant bacteria were isolated in 46.9% of SBP samples, and third-generation cephalosporin and quinolone resistant reached 38.9% and 25.7% of SBP cases. Conclusion. SBP due to multidrug resistant bacteria is a growing problem, and one should consider reported resistance profiles for the decision-making process of empirical first-line treatment prescription.

Research paper thumbnail of Lesson learnt: first reported case of complicated cutaneous pythiosis in a dog in Malaysia

This report documents a case of 5-month old intact male German Shepherd dog diagnosed with pythio... more This report documents a case of 5-month old intact male German Shepherd dog diagnosed with pythiosis on its left forelimb. This is the first ever reported case of pythiosis presented at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UVH), Universiti Putra Malaysia and may be the first ever reported incidence in Malaysia with a complaint of a chronic non-healing wound. The case became complicated as the dog was concurrently infected with a mixed bacterial infection and the identified bacteria were resistant towards a number of antibiotics tested. The antibiotic that was determined to be sensitive was only able to act on certain bacteria and not to the others. The journey of getting to the final diagnosis was almost impossible if we had not tried different media preparation: with and without Dermasel supplement; and through molecular approach using amplification at ITS region followed by DNA sequence analysis. The unwarranted lack during the diagnosis process of this incidence has made ...

Research paper thumbnail of Application of polymerase chain reaction assay in detection of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in experimentally infected mice

A total of 24 mice were inoculated with 1x107 of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Four mice as neg... more A total of 24 mice were inoculated with 1x107 of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Four mice as negative control were not inoculated. Four inoculated mice were sacrificed at each sampling day on day 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 post inoculation. Blood and kidney samples were collected and inoculated into JS medium for isolation of L. icterohaemorrhagiae. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was performed to detect the present of the organisms in blood and kidneys. All culture samples were negative for L. icterohaemorrhagiae. However, one (1/24) blood sample was positive by PCR. It is apparent that detection of leptospires in blood with PCR is a promising approach for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium DT160 in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Studies in Public Health at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

... NEW ZEALAND SHARINA OMAR 2010 Page 3. i Abstract ... or identified as part of epidemics. The ... more ... NEW ZEALAND SHARINA OMAR 2010 Page 3. i Abstract ... or identified as part of epidemics. The sopE gene was most frequently identified in serotypes S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Newport and S. Virchow in England and Wales during 2001 (Hopkins and Threfall 2004). ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Retrospective Study on Bacteriology, Clinicopathologic and Radiographic Features in 28 Cats Diagnosed with Pyothorax

Animals

This retrospective study aimed to determine the etiological, clinicopathological, and radiographi... more This retrospective study aimed to determine the etiological, clinicopathological, and radiographic features and outcome of feline pyothorax cases. Medical records from twenty-eight cats with pyothorax aged from 4 months to 10 years (median 10 months) diagnosed between 2013 and 2020 were reviewed. Dyspnoea (75.0%), abnormal lung sounds (75.0%) and open-mouth breathing (64.3%) were the predominant respiratory signs. Leucocytosis (61.5%), particularly monocytosis (68.0%), and hyperglobulinaemia (65.4%) were among the most prominent findings in blood analysis. Bilateral pleural effusion was found in 67.9% of the thoracic radiographs. A total of 47.4% of the cytological samples revealed the presence of bacteria, while all had positive bacterial growth. Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were the predominant aerobic bacteria isolated from pleural effusion samples. A chest tube was placed in 64.3% of the cats and 66.7% of cats with chest tubes survi...

Research paper thumbnail of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis

Veterinary World

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tubercul... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB . In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other metho...

Research paper thumbnail of Mycological isolation from animal enclosures and environments in National Wildlife Rescue Centre and National Zoo, Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

It is important to provide a baseline of fungal composition in the captive wildlife environment t... more It is important to provide a baseline of fungal composition in the captive wildlife environment to better understand their role in overall wildlife health. The objectives were to identify species of fungi existing within wildlife animal enclosures and their environment at the National Wildlife Rescue Centre (NWRC) and the National Zoo, Malaysia and to describe their medical and veterinary importance. Samples of air, wall or floor swab, enrichment swab and soil were taken from the animal enclosures, exercise yard and enrichments at NWRC and National Zoo respectively. All samples including those pre-treated samples were plated onto Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA). Numerous fungi were grown on all sampling SDA plates regardless by either single or multiple growth. Samples of air in both NWRC and National Zoo had the highest growth of Penicillium spp. with a prevalence of 31.2% and 83.7% respectively. Samples of swab from the wall, floor and enrichments were predominantly by Candida spp. (42.6%) in NWRC and Penicillium spp. (41.6%) in the National Zoo. Prevalence of multiple fungi isolated from the soil samples in NWRC were 57.9% and yeast species was the most common in National Zoo with a prevalence of 88.9%. Overall, 29 and 8 isolates were found in both samples from the NWRC and National Zoo with a predominant species of potential zoonotic fungi have been identified in both premises. The expected fungus Aspergillus spp. was not isolated in all samples in NWRC. Prevalent fungal species found in this study are known to cause disease in animals and humans as primary pathogen and also as opportunistic pathogens that may also cause infection. Thus, health safety precautions should be considered particularly in dealing with conservation of endangered wildlife species, along with personnel and public involvements.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018)

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

Objectives This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options... more Objectives This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, radiological features, therapeutic plans and outcomes for cats infected with Rhodococcus equi. Methods Forty cats aged between 2 months and 11 years old (median 6 months) that were definitively diagnosed with rhodococcosis between 2012 and 2018 were recruited in this study. Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, treatment plans and clinical outcomes. Results Of the 40 cats, 36 showed the pulmonary form of the disease, with 35 (87.5%) presented with dyspnoea, while four cats presented with only cutaneous lesions. Mean body temperature was 38.7 ± 0.2°C. Dyspnoea was noted in 87.5% of the cats. Leukocytosis (58.3%) with band neutrophilia (83.3%), monocytosis (58.3%) and thrombocytopenia (55.5%) were prominent findings in the haematology reports. Hyperproteinaemia (61.1%) with hypoalbuminaemia (22.2%) and hyperglobul...

Research paper thumbnail of Instilling Good Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among the Indigenous People of Malaysia Concerning Dog Associated Zoonotic Infections

BackgroundThe Jahai, a subethnic of the indigenous people of peninsular Malaysia, have commonly u... more BackgroundThe Jahai, a subethnic of the indigenous people of peninsular Malaysia, have commonly used dogs for hunting but have started to move away from traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, leaving dogs which were commonly used for hunting to wander around the villages and to multiply in numbers.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to instil good knowledge, attitude and practices of the Jahai community concerning dog associated zoonotic infections using One Health concept.MethodsThis non-experimental pre and post-test intervention study was conducted among Jahai villagers aged 12 years and above living in a village located in the Belum forest in Malaysia. Interventions included health education and promotion using discussions, posters, slide presentations, comics and video clips with relevant content. In addition the children of the village were taught correct hand washing techniques and dog associated zoonotic infections.ResultsIn general most aspects of knowledge, attitude a...

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tubercul... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, affecting several domestic animals, wildlife species and humans. The preliminary investigation was aimed to detect antibody against MTBC among indigenous wildlife which are free-ranged wild boar, free-ranged wild macaques and captive Asian elephants in selected areas of Selangor and elephant conservation centre in Pahang, respectively. The results indicate that MTBC serodetection rate in wild boar was 16.7% (7.3-33.5 at 95% Confidence Interval) using an in-house ELISA bPPD IgG and 10% (3.5-25.6 at 95% CI) by DPP ® VetTB assay, while the wild macaques and Asian elephant were seronegative. The univariate analysis indicates no statistically significant difference in risk factors for sex and age of wild boar but there was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between bovine TB in dairy cattle and wild boar seropositivity in the Sepang district.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium DT160 in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Studies in Public Health at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of national and international importance. In New Ze... more Salmonellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of national and international importance. In New Zealand (NZ), the most common foodborne notifiable disease is campylobacteriosis, which is followed by salmonellosis. In 1998, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 160 (DT160) was identified in NZ. Since first reported, S. Typhimurium DT160 has caused several epidemics in the country but has not produced significant illness worldwide. Therefore, the objectives of the project were to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. Typhimurium DT160 and the association between isolates from human and animal origin. Ninety Salmonella isolates obtained in the period between 1999 and 2009 from the Institute of Environmental Science and Research, NZ were assessed for colony morphology, serotype, susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials, virulotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were also determined. In addition, 4 isolates were further assessed with Triple Sugar Agar, API20E biochemical and motility tests. All 90 isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. with no indications for resistance to multiple antimicrobials. All isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials used in this study with the exception of 26 and 8 isolates that had intermediate susceptibility against tetracycline and oxytetracycline, respectively. In an attempt to discriminate between potentially pathogenic and pathogenic Salmonella isolates, PCR-based virulotyping was performed based on 12 potential virulence genes. Results revealed that all isolates were positive for at least 10 of the 12 virulence genes. Two of the six isolates negative for one of the virulence genes (invA, iroN, pefA or sifA) were of human origin and the remaining four were sparrow List of Appendices Page Appendix 1. The Salmonella isolates (ER004560, ER104613, ERL042332, and ERL07266) with ambiguous serology were tested with API20E strip that includes 20 biochemical reactions. Based on positive and negative reactions the genus and species of the isolates were determined with 7 digit profile.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of polymerase chain reaction assay in detection of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in experimentally infected mice

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to confirm the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) i... more A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to confirm the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) intracellularis in 3 swine herds with a history of proliferative enteritis (PE). Two pooled fecal specimens, each comprising 5 individual stool samples, were collected from pen floors to screen for the presence of IS intracellularis and determine the age range of pigs shedding the organism. IS intracellularis was detected in the feces of clinically normal 10-25week-old grower/finisher pigs, indicating that this age range of pigs was the main source of infection for younger nursery pigs. Shedding continued without clinical disease when 10-100 g/ton of tylosin or 10 g/ton of chlortetracycline was added to the feed. PCR testing of pooled fecal samples can be used to identify groups of pigs affected with PE. The results of this study indicate that this PCR assay has the potential to accurately assess the IS intracellularis infection status of swine herds and the association of IS intracellular-is with PE and growth performance.

Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of Field Simulation Approach for Problem-Based Learning That Incorporates the One Health Concept

Journal of Veterinary Medical Education

One Health problem-based learning (PBL) is known as an effective method in teaching zoonotic dise... more One Health problem-based learning (PBL) is known as an effective method in teaching zoonotic diseases. However, the classic classroom setting limits real-life exposure for students. Simulation-based learning may improve the learning experience without exposing the students to unnecessary risks. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of field simulation PBL compared to a classic classroom setting using a module developed based on the One Health concept by examining the students’ reactions towards the learning and by assessing the students’ performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted in this study. Veterinary and medical undergraduate students participated in both types of PBL settings, and their knowledge and satisfaction were evaluated through a pre- and post-test as well as a feedback survey. The mean satisfaction score of students undergoing field simulation was significantly higher than the mean satisfaction score of students undergoing classic PBL ( p > ...

Research paper thumbnail of Review on the Epidemiology, Milk Composition Changes, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Causative Agents of Bubaline Mastitis in Asia

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science

Mastitis is one of the diseases that cause economic losses worldwide due to the reduction in milk... more Mastitis is one of the diseases that cause economic losses worldwide due to the reduction in milk yield and the high treatment costs in dairy buffaloes. Although antibiotics are the mainstay treatment for this disease, the overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans. Hence, this study aims to review and assess the available literature on bubaline mastitis in Asia. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was higher in dairy buffaloes than in clinical mastitis, especially in Pakistan. Bubaline mastitis was commonly detected using the California mastitis test, surf field mastitis test, somatic cell count, and bacterial culture. In Asia, farm management and host factors were the primary causes of bubaline mastitis risk factors. Mastitis in buffaloes caused alterations in milk composition, such as increasing lactose levels, somatic cell count, and the presence of bacteria in the milk. However, protein, fat, and solid non-fat level...

Research paper thumbnail of Profiling Bartonella infection and its associated risk factors in shelter cats in Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Science

Background: Poor disease management and irregular vector control could predispose sheltered anima... more Background: Poor disease management and irregular vector control could predispose sheltered animals to disease such as feline Bartonella infection, a vector-borne zoonotic disease primarily caused by Bartonella henselae. Objectives: This study investigated the status of Bartonella infection in cats from eight (n = 8) shelters by molecular and serological approaches, profiling the CD4:CD8 ratio and the risk factors associated with Bartonella infection in shelter cats. Methods: Bartonella deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer gene, followed by DNA sequencing. Bartonella IgM and IgG antibody titre, CD4 and CD8 profiles were detected using indirect immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Results: B. henselae was detected through PCR and sequencing in 1.0% (1/101) oral swab and 2.0% (1/50) cat fleas, while another 3/50 cat fleas carried B. clarridgeiae. Only 18/101 cats were seronegative against B. henselae, whereas 30.7% (31/101) cats were positive for both IgM and IgG, 8% (18/101) cats had IgM, and 33.7% (34/101) cats had IgG antibody only. None of the eight shelters sampled had Bartonella antibody-free cats. Although abnormal CD4:CD8 ratio was observed in 48/83 seropositive cats, flea infestation was the only significant risk factor observed in this study. Conclusions: The present study provides the first comparison on the Bartonella spp. antigen, antibody status and CD4:CD8 ratio among shelter cats. The high B. henselae seropositivity among shelter cats presumably due to significant flea infestation triggers an alarm of whether the infection could go undetectable and its potential transmission to humans.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnosis and management of rare sequels to feline lower urinary tract disease in two cats

Veterinary Record Case Reports, Oct 12, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from human sporadic and outbreak cases

Epidemiology and Infection, 2002

The molecular epidemiology of a representative collection of sporadic foreign and domestically ac... more The molecular epidemiology of a representative collection of sporadic foreign and domestically acquired Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolates from Norwegian patients in 1996–9 was studied by numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Three subclusters (E5, F1 and G1) comprised 47% of the 102 sporadic isolates investigated and 45% of the domestically acquired isolates fell in subclusters E5 and F1. Distinct seasonal and geographic variations were evident for these strains which have been responsible for both local outbreaks (E5) and a national epidemic (F1) where salmonella-infected hedgehogs and birds constituted the suggested primary source of infection. Subcluster G1 was dominated by imported multi-resistant definitive type (DT) 104 isolates. All multi-resistant isolates contained integron-associated gene cassette-structures. This study presents valuable information on the relative significance, geographic distribution and antibiotic resista...

Research paper thumbnail of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface

Animals, 2021

Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic dis... more Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). A cross-sectional study was conducted by opportunistic sampling from fresh carcasses of free-ranging wild boar (n = 30), and free-ranging wild macaques (n = 42). Stained smears from these tissues were tested for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) with Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Mycobacterial culture was conducted using Lowenstein–Jensen media and Middlebrook 7H11 agar media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed through the detection of the 16S rRNA gene, with multiple sets of primers for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). In wild boars, 30% (9/30; 95% Confidence Interval: 16.7–47.9%) of examined samples showed gross tuberculosis-like lesions (TBLLs). Multiple nodular lesions that were necrotic/miliary with cavitation were found in the submandibular lymph nodes, tonsils, lungs, kidney and liver, whi...

Research paper thumbnail of Characterisation of Mycobacterium Marinum EsxG.EsxH Complex Expression in Mycobacterial-Infected Cells: Towards an Understanding of Tuberculosis Infection

Research paper thumbnail of High Prevalence of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria in Selected Poultry Farms in Selangor, Malaysia

Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2012

Introduction. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has a deleterious clinical impact in end-st... more Introduction. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has a deleterious clinical impact in end-stage liver disease, and multidrug resistance has increased, raising concern about effectiveness of traditional antibiotic regimens. Patients and Methods. Single-center retrospective study of ascitic fluid infections in cirrhotic patients. Results. We analyzed medical records related to 2129 culturepositive ascitic fluid and found 183 samples from cirrhotic patients. There were 113 monobacterial SBP cases from 97 cirrhotic patients; 57% of patients were male; hepatitis C and alcohol were the main etiologies for cirrhosis. Multidrug resistant bacteria were isolated in 46.9% of SBP samples, and third-generation cephalosporin and quinolone resistant reached 38.9% and 25.7% of SBP cases. Conclusion. SBP due to multidrug resistant bacteria is a growing problem, and one should consider reported resistance profiles for the decision-making process of empirical first-line treatment prescription.

Research paper thumbnail of Lesson learnt: first reported case of complicated cutaneous pythiosis in a dog in Malaysia

This report documents a case of 5-month old intact male German Shepherd dog diagnosed with pythio... more This report documents a case of 5-month old intact male German Shepherd dog diagnosed with pythiosis on its left forelimb. This is the first ever reported case of pythiosis presented at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UVH), Universiti Putra Malaysia and may be the first ever reported incidence in Malaysia with a complaint of a chronic non-healing wound. The case became complicated as the dog was concurrently infected with a mixed bacterial infection and the identified bacteria were resistant towards a number of antibiotics tested. The antibiotic that was determined to be sensitive was only able to act on certain bacteria and not to the others. The journey of getting to the final diagnosis was almost impossible if we had not tried different media preparation: with and without Dermasel supplement; and through molecular approach using amplification at ITS region followed by DNA sequence analysis. The unwarranted lack during the diagnosis process of this incidence has made ...

Research paper thumbnail of Application of polymerase chain reaction assay in detection of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in experimentally infected mice

A total of 24 mice were inoculated with 1x107 of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Four mice as neg... more A total of 24 mice were inoculated with 1x107 of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Four mice as negative control were not inoculated. Four inoculated mice were sacrificed at each sampling day on day 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 post inoculation. Blood and kidney samples were collected and inoculated into JS medium for isolation of L. icterohaemorrhagiae. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was performed to detect the present of the organisms in blood and kidneys. All culture samples were negative for L. icterohaemorrhagiae. However, one (1/24) blood sample was positive by PCR. It is apparent that detection of leptospires in blood with PCR is a promising approach for early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium DT160 in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Studies in Public Health at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

... NEW ZEALAND SHARINA OMAR 2010 Page 3. i Abstract ... or identified as part of epidemics. The ... more ... NEW ZEALAND SHARINA OMAR 2010 Page 3. i Abstract ... or identified as part of epidemics. The sopE gene was most frequently identified in serotypes S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Newport and S. Virchow in England and Wales during 2001 (Hopkins and Threfall 2004). ...

Research paper thumbnail of A Retrospective Study on Bacteriology, Clinicopathologic and Radiographic Features in 28 Cats Diagnosed with Pyothorax

Animals

This retrospective study aimed to determine the etiological, clinicopathological, and radiographi... more This retrospective study aimed to determine the etiological, clinicopathological, and radiographic features and outcome of feline pyothorax cases. Medical records from twenty-eight cats with pyothorax aged from 4 months to 10 years (median 10 months) diagnosed between 2013 and 2020 were reviewed. Dyspnoea (75.0%), abnormal lung sounds (75.0%) and open-mouth breathing (64.3%) were the predominant respiratory signs. Leucocytosis (61.5%), particularly monocytosis (68.0%), and hyperglobulinaemia (65.4%) were among the most prominent findings in blood analysis. Bilateral pleural effusion was found in 67.9% of the thoracic radiographs. A total of 47.4% of the cytological samples revealed the presence of bacteria, while all had positive bacterial growth. Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were the predominant aerobic bacteria isolated from pleural effusion samples. A chest tube was placed in 64.3% of the cats and 66.7% of cats with chest tubes survi...

Research paper thumbnail of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis

Veterinary World

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tubercul... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB . In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other metho...

Research paper thumbnail of Mycological isolation from animal enclosures and environments in National Wildlife Rescue Centre and National Zoo, Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

It is important to provide a baseline of fungal composition in the captive wildlife environment t... more It is important to provide a baseline of fungal composition in the captive wildlife environment to better understand their role in overall wildlife health. The objectives were to identify species of fungi existing within wildlife animal enclosures and their environment at the National Wildlife Rescue Centre (NWRC) and the National Zoo, Malaysia and to describe their medical and veterinary importance. Samples of air, wall or floor swab, enrichment swab and soil were taken from the animal enclosures, exercise yard and enrichments at NWRC and National Zoo respectively. All samples including those pre-treated samples were plated onto Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA). Numerous fungi were grown on all sampling SDA plates regardless by either single or multiple growth. Samples of air in both NWRC and National Zoo had the highest growth of Penicillium spp. with a prevalence of 31.2% and 83.7% respectively. Samples of swab from the wall, floor and enrichments were predominantly by Candida spp. (42.6%) in NWRC and Penicillium spp. (41.6%) in the National Zoo. Prevalence of multiple fungi isolated from the soil samples in NWRC were 57.9% and yeast species was the most common in National Zoo with a prevalence of 88.9%. Overall, 29 and 8 isolates were found in both samples from the NWRC and National Zoo with a predominant species of potential zoonotic fungi have been identified in both premises. The expected fungus Aspergillus spp. was not isolated in all samples in NWRC. Prevalent fungal species found in this study are known to cause disease in animals and humans as primary pathogen and also as opportunistic pathogens that may also cause infection. Thus, health safety precautions should be considered particularly in dealing with conservation of endangered wildlife species, along with personnel and public involvements.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018)

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

Objectives This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options... more Objectives This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, radiological features, therapeutic plans and outcomes for cats infected with Rhodococcus equi. Methods Forty cats aged between 2 months and 11 years old (median 6 months) that were definitively diagnosed with rhodococcosis between 2012 and 2018 were recruited in this study. Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, treatment plans and clinical outcomes. Results Of the 40 cats, 36 showed the pulmonary form of the disease, with 35 (87.5%) presented with dyspnoea, while four cats presented with only cutaneous lesions. Mean body temperature was 38.7 ± 0.2°C. Dyspnoea was noted in 87.5% of the cats. Leukocytosis (58.3%) with band neutrophilia (83.3%), monocytosis (58.3%) and thrombocytopenia (55.5%) were prominent findings in the haematology reports. Hyperproteinaemia (61.1%) with hypoalbuminaemia (22.2%) and hyperglobul...

Research paper thumbnail of Instilling Good Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among the Indigenous People of Malaysia Concerning Dog Associated Zoonotic Infections

BackgroundThe Jahai, a subethnic of the indigenous people of peninsular Malaysia, have commonly u... more BackgroundThe Jahai, a subethnic of the indigenous people of peninsular Malaysia, have commonly used dogs for hunting but have started to move away from traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, leaving dogs which were commonly used for hunting to wander around the villages and to multiply in numbers.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to instil good knowledge, attitude and practices of the Jahai community concerning dog associated zoonotic infections using One Health concept.MethodsThis non-experimental pre and post-test intervention study was conducted among Jahai villagers aged 12 years and above living in a village located in the Belum forest in Malaysia. Interventions included health education and promotion using discussions, posters, slide presentations, comics and video clips with relevant content. In addition the children of the village were taught correct hand washing techniques and dog associated zoonotic infections.ResultsIn general most aspects of knowledge, attitude a...