E. Kraiselburd | University of Puerto Rico (original) (raw)
Papers by E. Kraiselburd
Genitourinary medicine, 1989
Efficacy of single-dose spectinomycin (TRO: 2 g intramuscularly) was compared with that of aqueou... more Efficacy of single-dose spectinomycin (TRO: 2 g intramuscularly) was compared with that of aqueous procaine penicillin G (APPG:4.8 x 10(6) units) plus 1 g of probenecid for treatment of gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Cure rates of the 210 patients who received TRO and 190 patients who received APPG were 97.6% and 91.1%, respectively. MICs of antibiotics were determined using the agar dilution method. Those isolates with MICs of APPG of less than 1.0 microgram/ml had low failure rates (2.9%), while strains with increased resistance to APPG (MICs greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml) had higher failure rates (24%). Treatment failures seen with TRO were not correlated to isolates with the higher MICs. Clinical results suggest TRO could be given for treatment of genital gonorrhoea in Puerto Rico due to the high prevalence of both chromosomally-mediated penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (20%) and penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (7.5%) strains and the hi...
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1982
Monoclonal antibodies which reacted with type-specific antigens of herpes simplex virus type 2 or... more Monoclonal antibodies which reacted with type-specific antigens of herpes simplex virus type 2 or with antigens shared by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 were used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to type virus isolates and to detect viral antigens in cells obtained from herpetic lesions. Complete concordance was obtained for 42 isolates typed by endonuclease restriction analysis of viral DNA and by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Examination of a limited number of ulcerative lesions revealed that indirect immunofluorescence and virus isolation were comparable in detecting herpes simplex virus. The results indicate that monoclonal antibodies can be used to accurately identify and type isolates of herpes simplex virus.
Infection and Immunity, 1981
Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulations... more Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulations of dengue type 2 vaccine virus DEN-2/S-1. Group A received 1.9 x 10(4) plaque-forming units of vaccine in normal human serum albumin diluent. Group B received the same dose combined with a dengue type 2-immune human serum diluted 1:1,600, beyond its neutralization endpoint of 1:300, but having an immune enhancement titer of 250,000. Groups C and D received 10-fold dilutions of these respective formulations. No migration-inhibitory factor was found when peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes obtained on day 68 post-immunization from monkeys of all experimental groups were tested. No viremia was detected in any of the monkeys when sera taken on postvaccination days 1 through 12 were inoculated into adult Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes and LLC-MK2 cells. By day 89, four of the six monkeys had seroconverted by the neutralization test in each of groups A, B, and C, and three of five ...
Federation proceedings, 1972
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1992
The ROD strain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was used to produce monoclonal ... more The ROD strain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was used to produce monoclonal antibodies. Virus grown in CEM cells was partially purified by ultracentrifugation and solubilized in a buffer containing Triton X-100. BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 50 micrograms of solubilized virus preparations mixed 1:1 with complete Freund's adjuvant. Animals were boosted on day 28 and sacrificed on day 31. Spleen cells from the immunized animals were fused with SP20/Ag 14 myeloma cells and cultured in HAT medium. Following selection of the hybrids of interest by an HIV-2 ELISA procedure, hybridomas were cloned twice by limiting dilution. Six clones were found to produce antibodies that reacted with HIV-2 antigens as judged by ELISA. These antibodies were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and analyzed by the Western blot procedure. Monoclonal antibodies specifically reactive to an HIV protein of 68 KD were obtained. These antibodies did not rea...
Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico, 1985
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1993
Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non hu... more Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non human primates (SIV) induces in this species an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) closely resembling AIDS in humans. Analogies between the SIV-rhesus system and AIDS in humans are described in this work, analyzing the close relationship existing between the HIV and SIV viruses, and the similarities between SIV disease in the rhesus and HIV disease in humans. A review of current advances in AIDS vaccine research, using the SIV-rhesus model, is also included.
: Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulatio... more : Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulations of dengue type 2 vaccine virus DEN-2/S-1. Group A received 1.9 x 104 plague-forming units of vaccine in normal human serum albumin diluent. Group B received the same dose combined with a dengue type 2-immune human serum diluted 1:1,600, beyound its neutralization endpoint of 1:300, but having an immune enhancement titer of 250,000. Groups C and D received 10-fold dilutions of these respective formulations. No migration-inhibitory factor was found when peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes obtained on day 68 post-immunization from monkeys of all experimental groups were tested. No viremia was detected in any of the monkeys when sera taken on postvaccination days 1 through 12 were inoculated into adult Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes and LLC-MK2 cells. By day 89, four of the six monkeys had seroconverted by the neutralization test in each of groups, A,B, and C, and three of five...
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1987
This review summarizes part of the work performed at the Virology Laboratories (Department of Mic... more This review summarizes part of the work performed at the Virology Laboratories (Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine) with live attenuated dengue virus vaccines obtained from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Vaccines were tested for their respective immunogenicity and attenuation in rhesus monkeys (Maccaca mulatta) and in mosquitoes (Toxorynchites amboinensis), respectively. This experimental model revealed that out of 6 vaccines tested, only two (DEN-2/S-1 and DEN-4 strain 341750) should be further evaluated for safety and immunogenicity. Further studies are required to develop an effective vaccine to prevent dengue fever and its hemorrhagic manifestations.
: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a bivalent (dengue-2-4) vaccine could confer... more : The purpose of this study was to determine whether a bivalent (dengue-2-4) vaccine could confer immunity in rhesus monkeys against wild type virus infection. It was found that: (1) DEN-2/S-1 animals showed an anamnestic response as well as undetectable viremia after challenge with w.t. DEN-2 virus. Divalent vaccines also showed an anamnestic response after DEN-2 virus challenge. (2) DEN-4 vaccine did not elicit a measurable immune response in 6/8 animals as judged by PRNT, augmented N tests and by DEN-2 challenge experiments. An anamnestic response was observed in 2/8 animals. (3) N antibody levels of most of the vaccinated animals declined markedly on or before post vaccination day 150. (4) Viral interference among the two different vaccine serotypes could not be demonstrated.
Journal of NeuroVirology
Cystatin B is a cysteine protease inhibitor that induces HIV replication in monocyte-derived macr... more Cystatin B is a cysteine protease inhibitor that induces HIV replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). This protein interacts with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-1) factor and inhibits the interferon (IFN-β) response in Vero cells by preventing STAT-1 translocation to the nucleus. Cystatin B also decreases the levels of tyrosine phosphorylated STAT-1 (STAT-1PY). However, the mechanisms of cystatin B regulation on STAT-1 phosphorylation in MDM are unknown. We hypothesized that cystatin B inhibits IFN-β anti-viral responses and induces HIV replication in macrophage reservoirs through the inhibition of STAT-1 phosphorylation. Macrophages were transfected with cystatin B siRNA prior to interferon-β treatment or infected with HIV-ADA to determine the effect of cystatin B modulation in STAT-1 localization and activation using immunofluorescence and Proximity Ligation Assays. Cystatin B decreased STAT-1PY, and its transportation to the nucleus, while HIV infection retained unphosphorylated STAT (USTAT-1) in the nucleus avoiding its exit to the cytoplasm for eventual phosphorylation. In IFN-β-treated MDM, cystatin B inhibited the nuclear translocation of both, USTAT-1 and STAT-1PY. These results demonstrate that cystatin B interferes with the STAT-1 signaling and IFN-β-antiviral responses perpetuating HIV in macrophage reservoirs.
Mucosal Immunology, 2015
Sex workers within high HIV endemic areas are often a target population where anti-HIV prophylact... more Sex workers within high HIV endemic areas are often a target population where anti-HIV prophylactic strategies are tested. We hypothesize that in women with high levels of genital exposure to semen changes in cervicovaginal mucosal and/or systemic immune activation will contribute to a decreased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. To address this question, we assessed sexual activity, immune activation status (in peripheral blood), as well as cellular infiltrates and gene expression in ectocervical mucosa biopsies in female sex workers [FSW] (n=50), as compared to control women [CG] (n=32). FSW had low to absent HIV-1 specific immune responses with significantly lower CD38 expression on circulating CD4+ or CD8+ T-Cells (both: p<0.001) together with lower cervical gene expression of genes associated with leukocyte homing and chemotaxis. FSW also had increased levels of Interferon-ε gene and protein expression in the cervical epithelium together with reduced expression of genes associated with HIV-1 integration Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
Journal of Medical Primatology
Cellular and molecular biology
Non-infectious virus-like particles of SIVsmB7 that expresses env and gag gene products but are d... more Non-infectious virus-like particles of SIVsmB7 that expresses env and gag gene products but are defective in pol and vpx/vpr were assessed for their ability to induce protective immunity against infection with pathogenic SIVsmE660 in rhesus macaques. Animals were immunized in three groups: group A was primed with cell-associated SIVsmB7 and boosted with cell-free SIVsmB7; group B was primed with cell-free SIVsmB7 and boosted with cell-free SIVsmB7 conjugated to iron oxide microbeads; group C was primed with cell-free SIVsmB7 mixed with Titer Max adjuvant and boosted with cell-free SIVsmB7 mixed with SAF-M adjuvant followed by secondary boosting with cell-free SIVsmB7 conjugated to microbeads. Animals were challenged intravenously with 20 animal infectious doses of SIVsmE660 grown in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells 3 weeks after final boosting. All animals became infected as evidenced by quantitative virus cultivation. Sera from immunized animals contained low-titer antibod...
Bulletin du cancer
The current state of knowledge concerning the biochemical transformation by Herpes Simplex virus ... more The current state of knowledge concerning the biochemical transformation by Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) of mammalian cells lacking the enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) is reviewed. Transformation of thymidine kinase negative mouse cells (LTK-) to the TK+ phenotype by ultraviolet light-inactivated HSV preparations depends both on the irradiation dose and on the multiplicity of infection. Once stably associated with the transformed cell, the HSV thymidine kinase appears to be regulated differently than the cellular enzyme: HSV TK activity is maximal in stationary cells, whereas cellular TK activity is maximal during the S-pphase of growing cells. Furthermore, infection with an HSV TK- mutant virus leads to the induction of TK activity in HSV TK+ cells, but not in normal TK+ cells. Recent studies indicate that in addition to the TK gene, at least one other HSV gene, perhaps a structural antigen of the virion, is also transferred to TK- cells. This is consistent with the finding that a clone...
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1993
Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non hu... more Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non human primates (SIV) induces in this species an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) closely resembling AIDS in humans. Analogies between the SIV-rhesus system and AIDS in humans are described in this work, analyzing the close relationship existing between the HIV and SIV viruses, and the similarities between SIV disease in the rhesus and HIV disease in humans. A review of current advances in AIDS vaccine research, using the SIV-rhesus model, is also included.
Journal of medical primatology
Using the assessment of the mitochondrial metabolic activity of freshly isolated blood mononuclea... more Using the assessment of the mitochondrial metabolic activity of freshly isolated blood mononuclear cells, the flow cytometric detection of apoptosis and of the proliferative responses to PWM, SIV-infected macaques were classified in: stage 0, which included all animals with unaffected parameters, and stages 1, 2, and 3, which included animals having one, two, or all three parameters affected, respectively. This novel three-parametric staging system (ISS) provides a new prognostic tool in the longitudinal study of SIV infection.
IARC scientific publications, 1975
LTK-cells infected with UV-irradiated HSV produce transformants that contain a thymidine kinase (... more LTK-cells infected with UV-irradiated HSV produce transformants that contain a thymidine kinase (TK) activity not found in the parental LTK-line (Munyon et al., 1971). One of these (TK+) transformants (clone 139) has been analysed for the presence of the HSV genome. Reassociation kinetics studies with iodinated HSV DNA of specific activity of about 9 x 107 cpm/mug have established that there are approximately six copies of a fragment comprising about 15% of the HSV genome in HSV-transformed clone 139. Neither the parental LTK-nor a "revertant" cell line (clone 139 BUDR) obtained from clone 139 showed any detectable HSV-specific sequences. Analysis of data on RNA-125I-HSV DNA reassociation kinetics indicates that perhaps 5% of the HSV genome is transcribed in HSV-transformed clone 139. These results indicate that transformation is probably maintained by the presence of only a fraction of the HSV genome in the TK+ clones.
Journal of leukocyte biology, 2014
Type I IFNs play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. A no... more Type I IFNs play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. A novel type I IFN, namely IFN-ε, which can protect against vaginal transmission of HSV2 and Chlamydia muridarum bacterial infection, has been described in mice and humans. Nevertheless, the principle cell type and the expression pattern of IFN-ε in tissues remain uncertain. In addition, the expression of IFN-ε in Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has not been reported. Here, we analyzed IFN-ε expression in multiple mucosal sites of uninfected or SIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques using IHCS. We report for the first time the detection of IFN-ε expression in situ in the lung, foreskin, vaginal, cervical, and small and large intestinal mucosae of rhesus macaques. We found that the expression of IFN-ε was exclusive to the epithelial cells in all of the aforementioned mucosal tissues. Furthermore, the macaque IFN-ε sequence in this study revealed that macaque IFN-ε is highly conserved amo...
Genitourinary medicine, 1989
Efficacy of single-dose spectinomycin (TRO: 2 g intramuscularly) was compared with that of aqueou... more Efficacy of single-dose spectinomycin (TRO: 2 g intramuscularly) was compared with that of aqueous procaine penicillin G (APPG:4.8 x 10(6) units) plus 1 g of probenecid for treatment of gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Cure rates of the 210 patients who received TRO and 190 patients who received APPG were 97.6% and 91.1%, respectively. MICs of antibiotics were determined using the agar dilution method. Those isolates with MICs of APPG of less than 1.0 microgram/ml had low failure rates (2.9%), while strains with increased resistance to APPG (MICs greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml) had higher failure rates (24%). Treatment failures seen with TRO were not correlated to isolates with the higher MICs. Clinical results suggest TRO could be given for treatment of genital gonorrhoea in Puerto Rico due to the high prevalence of both chromosomally-mediated penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (20%) and penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (7.5%) strains and the hi...
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1982
Monoclonal antibodies which reacted with type-specific antigens of herpes simplex virus type 2 or... more Monoclonal antibodies which reacted with type-specific antigens of herpes simplex virus type 2 or with antigens shared by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 were used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to type virus isolates and to detect viral antigens in cells obtained from herpetic lesions. Complete concordance was obtained for 42 isolates typed by endonuclease restriction analysis of viral DNA and by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Examination of a limited number of ulcerative lesions revealed that indirect immunofluorescence and virus isolation were comparable in detecting herpes simplex virus. The results indicate that monoclonal antibodies can be used to accurately identify and type isolates of herpes simplex virus.
Infection and Immunity, 1981
Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulations... more Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulations of dengue type 2 vaccine virus DEN-2/S-1. Group A received 1.9 x 10(4) plaque-forming units of vaccine in normal human serum albumin diluent. Group B received the same dose combined with a dengue type 2-immune human serum diluted 1:1,600, beyond its neutralization endpoint of 1:300, but having an immune enhancement titer of 250,000. Groups C and D received 10-fold dilutions of these respective formulations. No migration-inhibitory factor was found when peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes obtained on day 68 post-immunization from monkeys of all experimental groups were tested. No viremia was detected in any of the monkeys when sera taken on postvaccination days 1 through 12 were inoculated into adult Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes and LLC-MK2 cells. By day 89, four of the six monkeys had seroconverted by the neutralization test in each of groups A, B, and C, and three of five ...
Federation proceedings, 1972
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1992
The ROD strain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was used to produce monoclonal ... more The ROD strain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was used to produce monoclonal antibodies. Virus grown in CEM cells was partially purified by ultracentrifugation and solubilized in a buffer containing Triton X-100. BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 50 micrograms of solubilized virus preparations mixed 1:1 with complete Freund's adjuvant. Animals were boosted on day 28 and sacrificed on day 31. Spleen cells from the immunized animals were fused with SP20/Ag 14 myeloma cells and cultured in HAT medium. Following selection of the hybrids of interest by an HIV-2 ELISA procedure, hybridomas were cloned twice by limiting dilution. Six clones were found to produce antibodies that reacted with HIV-2 antigens as judged by ELISA. These antibodies were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and analyzed by the Western blot procedure. Monoclonal antibodies specifically reactive to an HIV protein of 68 KD were obtained. These antibodies did not rea...
Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico, 1985
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1993
Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non hu... more Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non human primates (SIV) induces in this species an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) closely resembling AIDS in humans. Analogies between the SIV-rhesus system and AIDS in humans are described in this work, analyzing the close relationship existing between the HIV and SIV viruses, and the similarities between SIV disease in the rhesus and HIV disease in humans. A review of current advances in AIDS vaccine research, using the SIV-rhesus model, is also included.
: Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulatio... more : Four groups of six nonimmune male rhesus monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with formulations of dengue type 2 vaccine virus DEN-2/S-1. Group A received 1.9 x 104 plague-forming units of vaccine in normal human serum albumin diluent. Group B received the same dose combined with a dengue type 2-immune human serum diluted 1:1,600, beyound its neutralization endpoint of 1:300, but having an immune enhancement titer of 250,000. Groups C and D received 10-fold dilutions of these respective formulations. No migration-inhibitory factor was found when peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes obtained on day 68 post-immunization from monkeys of all experimental groups were tested. No viremia was detected in any of the monkeys when sera taken on postvaccination days 1 through 12 were inoculated into adult Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes and LLC-MK2 cells. By day 89, four of the six monkeys had seroconverted by the neutralization test in each of groups, A,B, and C, and three of five...
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1987
This review summarizes part of the work performed at the Virology Laboratories (Department of Mic... more This review summarizes part of the work performed at the Virology Laboratories (Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine) with live attenuated dengue virus vaccines obtained from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Vaccines were tested for their respective immunogenicity and attenuation in rhesus monkeys (Maccaca mulatta) and in mosquitoes (Toxorynchites amboinensis), respectively. This experimental model revealed that out of 6 vaccines tested, only two (DEN-2/S-1 and DEN-4 strain 341750) should be further evaluated for safety and immunogenicity. Further studies are required to develop an effective vaccine to prevent dengue fever and its hemorrhagic manifestations.
: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a bivalent (dengue-2-4) vaccine could confer... more : The purpose of this study was to determine whether a bivalent (dengue-2-4) vaccine could confer immunity in rhesus monkeys against wild type virus infection. It was found that: (1) DEN-2/S-1 animals showed an anamnestic response as well as undetectable viremia after challenge with w.t. DEN-2 virus. Divalent vaccines also showed an anamnestic response after DEN-2 virus challenge. (2) DEN-4 vaccine did not elicit a measurable immune response in 6/8 animals as judged by PRNT, augmented N tests and by DEN-2 challenge experiments. An anamnestic response was observed in 2/8 animals. (3) N antibody levels of most of the vaccinated animals declined markedly on or before post vaccination day 150. (4) Viral interference among the two different vaccine serotypes could not be demonstrated.
Journal of NeuroVirology
Cystatin B is a cysteine protease inhibitor that induces HIV replication in monocyte-derived macr... more Cystatin B is a cysteine protease inhibitor that induces HIV replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). This protein interacts with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-1) factor and inhibits the interferon (IFN-β) response in Vero cells by preventing STAT-1 translocation to the nucleus. Cystatin B also decreases the levels of tyrosine phosphorylated STAT-1 (STAT-1PY). However, the mechanisms of cystatin B regulation on STAT-1 phosphorylation in MDM are unknown. We hypothesized that cystatin B inhibits IFN-β anti-viral responses and induces HIV replication in macrophage reservoirs through the inhibition of STAT-1 phosphorylation. Macrophages were transfected with cystatin B siRNA prior to interferon-β treatment or infected with HIV-ADA to determine the effect of cystatin B modulation in STAT-1 localization and activation using immunofluorescence and Proximity Ligation Assays. Cystatin B decreased STAT-1PY, and its transportation to the nucleus, while HIV infection retained unphosphorylated STAT (USTAT-1) in the nucleus avoiding its exit to the cytoplasm for eventual phosphorylation. In IFN-β-treated MDM, cystatin B inhibited the nuclear translocation of both, USTAT-1 and STAT-1PY. These results demonstrate that cystatin B interferes with the STAT-1 signaling and IFN-β-antiviral responses perpetuating HIV in macrophage reservoirs.
Mucosal Immunology, 2015
Sex workers within high HIV endemic areas are often a target population where anti-HIV prophylact... more Sex workers within high HIV endemic areas are often a target population where anti-HIV prophylactic strategies are tested. We hypothesize that in women with high levels of genital exposure to semen changes in cervicovaginal mucosal and/or systemic immune activation will contribute to a decreased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. To address this question, we assessed sexual activity, immune activation status (in peripheral blood), as well as cellular infiltrates and gene expression in ectocervical mucosa biopsies in female sex workers [FSW] (n=50), as compared to control women [CG] (n=32). FSW had low to absent HIV-1 specific immune responses with significantly lower CD38 expression on circulating CD4+ or CD8+ T-Cells (both: p<0.001) together with lower cervical gene expression of genes associated with leukocyte homing and chemotaxis. FSW also had increased levels of Interferon-ε gene and protein expression in the cervical epithelium together with reduced expression of genes associated with HIV-1 integration Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
Journal of Medical Primatology
Cellular and molecular biology
Non-infectious virus-like particles of SIVsmB7 that expresses env and gag gene products but are d... more Non-infectious virus-like particles of SIVsmB7 that expresses env and gag gene products but are defective in pol and vpx/vpr were assessed for their ability to induce protective immunity against infection with pathogenic SIVsmE660 in rhesus macaques. Animals were immunized in three groups: group A was primed with cell-associated SIVsmB7 and boosted with cell-free SIVsmB7; group B was primed with cell-free SIVsmB7 and boosted with cell-free SIVsmB7 conjugated to iron oxide microbeads; group C was primed with cell-free SIVsmB7 mixed with Titer Max adjuvant and boosted with cell-free SIVsmB7 mixed with SAF-M adjuvant followed by secondary boosting with cell-free SIVsmB7 conjugated to microbeads. Animals were challenged intravenously with 20 animal infectious doses of SIVsmE660 grown in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells 3 weeks after final boosting. All animals became infected as evidenced by quantitative virus cultivation. Sera from immunized animals contained low-titer antibod...
Bulletin du cancer
The current state of knowledge concerning the biochemical transformation by Herpes Simplex virus ... more The current state of knowledge concerning the biochemical transformation by Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) of mammalian cells lacking the enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) is reviewed. Transformation of thymidine kinase negative mouse cells (LTK-) to the TK+ phenotype by ultraviolet light-inactivated HSV preparations depends both on the irradiation dose and on the multiplicity of infection. Once stably associated with the transformed cell, the HSV thymidine kinase appears to be regulated differently than the cellular enzyme: HSV TK activity is maximal in stationary cells, whereas cellular TK activity is maximal during the S-pphase of growing cells. Furthermore, infection with an HSV TK- mutant virus leads to the induction of TK activity in HSV TK+ cells, but not in normal TK+ cells. Recent studies indicate that in addition to the TK gene, at least one other HSV gene, perhaps a structural antigen of the virion, is also transferred to TK- cells. This is consistent with the finding that a clone...
Puerto Rico health sciences journal, 1993
Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non hu... more Infection of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with retroviruses originating from African non human primates (SIV) induces in this species an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) closely resembling AIDS in humans. Analogies between the SIV-rhesus system and AIDS in humans are described in this work, analyzing the close relationship existing between the HIV and SIV viruses, and the similarities between SIV disease in the rhesus and HIV disease in humans. A review of current advances in AIDS vaccine research, using the SIV-rhesus model, is also included.
Journal of medical primatology
Using the assessment of the mitochondrial metabolic activity of freshly isolated blood mononuclea... more Using the assessment of the mitochondrial metabolic activity of freshly isolated blood mononuclear cells, the flow cytometric detection of apoptosis and of the proliferative responses to PWM, SIV-infected macaques were classified in: stage 0, which included all animals with unaffected parameters, and stages 1, 2, and 3, which included animals having one, two, or all three parameters affected, respectively. This novel three-parametric staging system (ISS) provides a new prognostic tool in the longitudinal study of SIV infection.
IARC scientific publications, 1975
LTK-cells infected with UV-irradiated HSV produce transformants that contain a thymidine kinase (... more LTK-cells infected with UV-irradiated HSV produce transformants that contain a thymidine kinase (TK) activity not found in the parental LTK-line (Munyon et al., 1971). One of these (TK+) transformants (clone 139) has been analysed for the presence of the HSV genome. Reassociation kinetics studies with iodinated HSV DNA of specific activity of about 9 x 107 cpm/mug have established that there are approximately six copies of a fragment comprising about 15% of the HSV genome in HSV-transformed clone 139. Neither the parental LTK-nor a "revertant" cell line (clone 139 BUDR) obtained from clone 139 showed any detectable HSV-specific sequences. Analysis of data on RNA-125I-HSV DNA reassociation kinetics indicates that perhaps 5% of the HSV genome is transcribed in HSV-transformed clone 139. These results indicate that transformation is probably maintained by the presence of only a fraction of the HSV genome in the TK+ clones.
Journal of leukocyte biology, 2014
Type I IFNs play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. A no... more Type I IFNs play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. A novel type I IFN, namely IFN-ε, which can protect against vaginal transmission of HSV2 and Chlamydia muridarum bacterial infection, has been described in mice and humans. Nevertheless, the principle cell type and the expression pattern of IFN-ε in tissues remain uncertain. In addition, the expression of IFN-ε in Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has not been reported. Here, we analyzed IFN-ε expression in multiple mucosal sites of uninfected or SIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques using IHCS. We report for the first time the detection of IFN-ε expression in situ in the lung, foreskin, vaginal, cervical, and small and large intestinal mucosae of rhesus macaques. We found that the expression of IFN-ε was exclusive to the epithelial cells in all of the aforementioned mucosal tissues. Furthermore, the macaque IFN-ε sequence in this study revealed that macaque IFN-ε is highly conserved amo...