Deb CHATTOPADHYAY | The University of Queensland, Australia (original) (raw)

Papers by Deb CHATTOPADHYAY

2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2020

Bangladesh is already importing power from its neighboring country India via Cross Border Electri... more Bangladesh is already importing power from its neighboring country India via Cross Border Electricity Trade (CBET) arrangements. Such trading could be expanded rapidly to reap major benefits inter alia a reduction in expensive oil-based generation, less rental peaking capacity, unserved energy and CO2 emissions. Trade will also help India to manage its own peak and thereby lower volatility in spot prices. This study analyzes benefits of an additional 1 GW power trading via Bangladesh-India interconnector through a market-driven mechanism to assess these benefits. A short-term dispatch model is used that uses past spot prices in the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) to drive import/export decisions and calculate the benefits to both countries. Annual benefits are estimated to be in the range of USD 90-286 million that suggests a very low payback period of such investments.

2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2018

This paper describes an application of the robust decision making (RDM) framework to develop a ge... more This paper describes an application of the robust decision making (RDM) framework to develop a generation capacity expansion plan for the West Bank and Gaza power system. The methodology is built around an LP optimization and a simulation model to systematically generate scenarios that capture pervasive uncertainties in a region prone to conflicts and violence. The findings of our analysis show how the capacity plan can change drastically away from traditional scale-efficient generation options, towards a more diverse set of options including distributed solar generation to cover risks of delays in larger infrastructure projects and sustained outages due to damages.

The Electricity Journal, 2021

The cost of wind, solar, and most recently battery storage has fallen dramatically over the last ... more The cost of wind, solar, and most recently battery storage has fallen dramatically over the last decade, providing the economic rationale for their widespread adoption to help mitigate climate change. This, coupled with the low cost of natural gas, has provided a key challenge in the power sector: how to economically and equitably decommission ∼2000 GW of installed coal capacity? Although a significant part of the existing coal capacity is older, inefficient, and unprofitable, there are complex technical, social and economic challenges that remain. This Comment provides a general framework for the key technical, policy, regulatory, and economic areas that need to be addressed.

Although short run reactive power pricing schemes have been discussed and debated in the literatu... more Although short run reactive power pricing schemes have been discussed and debated in the literature for a decade now, voltage stability, which is often a critical determinant of reactive power allocation in many systems, has rarely been discussed in the dispatchlpricing literature. This paper presents preliminary experiences with the development of an OPF based dispatchlpricing model that optimally allocates real and dynamic reactive reserve among the generators to meet a pre- specified voltage stability margin. Nodal MW and MVAr spot prices are affected by the desired stability margin because an increase in MVAr andor MW demand has the cascading effect of increasing the dynamic MVArMW reserve requirement. Experiments conducted for a reduced New Zealand North Island power system reveal some interesting impacts of the voltage stability constraint on real and reactive power prices.

Despite improvements to energy supply over the years, many Indian states still face frequent powe... more Despite improvements to energy supply over the years, many Indian states still face frequent power shortages. Meanwhile, neighboring Nepal and Bhutan have large reserves of untapped hydro power with the potential to meet unserved demand for energy in major load centres. Investing in interconnections could also contribute to significant reductions in CO2 emissions. Today’s blog quantifies potential gains from an integrated South Asian power.

The Himalayan divide In early October, the Indian Government declared its intention to sign the P... more The Himalayan divide In early October, the Indian Government declared its intention to sign the Paris Climate deal. By ratifying the agreement on October 2nd, India will always be remembered as a key country that helped push the global climate deal into force. Still, the work of limiting greenhouse gas emissions at a time where the country is growing and modernising rapidly is a colossal task; the burden of which will squarely fall on the power sector.

Energy for Sustainable Development, 2021

Abstract Although developing countries typically deal with the challenge of mobilizing investment... more Abstract Although developing countries typically deal with the challenge of mobilizing investments for adding new generation and transmission capacity to cope with high demand growth, there are often opportunities to enhance operation of existing generators and extract significant cost reduction as well as the ability to meet greater demand. This is particularly relevant for the Nigerian power system that has 13 GW of installed capacity but could meet only 5.2 GW of peak demand in 2018 at an average capacity utilization of 27% of its thermal (mostly gas) generation fleet. There are simple steps that can be adopted to restore merit-order based dispatch that can immediately yield an operational cost reduction. Increased plant availability, gas supply to power plants, and removal of uneconomic take-or-pay obligation are increasingly onerous tasks, but with commensurate significantly higher payoffs. We have used a dispatch analysis model to show that merit-order based dispatch within the current constraints can yield an annual benefit of 29millionor429 million or 4% of variable costs. With the removal of physical availability constraints around plants and gas supply, benefits increase by an order of magnitude to 29millionor4309 million, or 19% of total annual costs. If it is possible to get rid of the uneconomic take-or-pay obligations, benefits would further increase to $579 million or over 30% of total annual costs. These are major findings especially if we consider these in the context of tremendous financial stress in the power sector. Although we do not estimate the cost of implementing these measures, there are very little hard investments needed in some of these cases such as establishing a strict merit-order based dispatch or enhancing operational practices to improve plant and gas availability. There are indeed difficult commercial and institutional issues when it comes to renegotiating take-or-pay contracts, albeit the massive benefits in excess of half a billion dollar per year should make it a worthwhile undertaking. Removal of operational and commercial constraints could also allow the Nigerian power system to meet increased demand to the benefit of unserved residents or businesses, and pave the way towards increased penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) resources. We have shown that an addition of 500 MW solar capacity in the current system will earn reasonable return on investment between 4% and 9% and help to meet increased demand. However, an important precondition for adding large-scale solar is to raise the spinning reserve capability in the system through additional investments in flexible resources, namely, open cycle gas turbines (OCGT), pumped storage hydro or battery storage systems.

iScience, 2021

Despite extensive research in the past five years and several successfully completed and ongoing ... more Despite extensive research in the past five years and several successfully completed and ongoing pilot projects, regulators are still reluctant to implement peer-to-peer trading at a large-scale in today's electricity market. The reason could partly be attributed to the perceived disadvantage of current market participants like retailers due to their exclusion from market participation-a fundamental property of decentralised peer-to-peer trading. As a consequence, recently, there has been growing pressure from energy service providers in favour of retailers' participation in peer-to-peer trading. However, the role of retailers in the peer-to-peer market is yet to be established as no existing study has challenged this fundamental circumspection of decentralized trading. In this context, this perspective takes the first step to discuss the feasibility of retailers' involvement in the peer-to-peer market. In doing so, we identify key characteristics of retail-based and peer-to-peer electricity markets and discuss our viewpoint on how to incorporate a single retailer in a peer-to-peer market without compromising the fundamental decision-making characteristics of both markets. Finally, we give an example of a hypothetical business model to demonstrate how a retailer can be a part of a peer-to-peer market with a promise of collective benefits for the participants.

IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2018

This study develops a new multi-stage (dynamic) approach for the co-planning of power and gas sys... more This study develops a new multi-stage (dynamic) approach for the co-planning of power and gas systems to deal with variable renewable energy resources (VREs). The model is formulated using a stochastic programming framework to accurately capture the unfolding of both short and long-term uncertainties faced by power and gas systems. The effects of high renewable energy penetration and renewable energy uncertainty in both systems are assessed while determining the optimal investment and operation decisions in several stages of the planning horizon. To prove the benefits of the proposed approach, the authors compare the results of the authors' framework with other methods used in the literature. The effectiveness of the framework is validated on a realistic case of Queensland, Australia, in which both networks are driven to capture the link between these systems and to accommodate the state's unique features of renewable availability. The results demonstrate that their dynamic approach provides more robust outcomes compared to other methods as it allows adapting the expansion plans to unexpected changes in the future. The analysis also shows that a transition towards renewable energy presents a higher cost, different investment strategies, and lower gas-fired consumption compared to the terminal renewable target.

Energy, 2018

This study develops a long-term integrated planning approach to electricity and gas aiming at eco... more This study develops a long-term integrated planning approach to electricity and gas aiming at economically optimizing the 2030's investments of both networks while considering new policies towards future clean energy. A static stochastic cost minimization model is formulated, which takes into account the short-term uncertainties of renewable power, i.e. wind and utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) as well as the long-term uncertainties of load growth and gas price. The equivalent networks of both electricity and gas are driven to accurately capture their existing supplies and transmission networks. In addition, the integrated planning model allows determining the location of new power plants and gas supply facilities with their optimized capacities, as well as new transmission lines and pipelines. An extension of the proposed scheme is considered to accommodate higher penetrations of renewable energy and assess their impacts on both systems. The proposed model is applied to the state of Queensland in Australia, which is a prime example of a region actively integrating electricity and gas.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017

Recent studies show that the fast growing expansion of wind power generation may lead to extremel... more Recent studies show that the fast growing expansion of wind power generation may lead to extremely high levels of price volatility in wholesale electricity markets. Storage technologies, regardless of their specific forms e.g. pump-storage hydro, large-scale or distributed batteries, are capable of alleviating the extreme price volatility levels due to their energy usage time shifting, fast-ramping and price arbitrage capabilities. In this paper, we propose a stochastic bi-level optimization model to find the optimal nodal storage capacities required to achieve a certain price volatility level in a highly volatile electricity market. The decision on storage capacities is made in the upper level problem and the operation of strategic/regulated generation, storage and transmission players is modeled at the lower level problem using an extended Cournot-based stochastic game. The South Australia (SA) electricity market, which has recently experienced high levels of price volatility, is considered as the case study for the proposed storage allocation framework. Our numerical results indicate that 80% price volatility reduction in SA electricity market can be achieved by installing either 340 MWh regulated storage or 420 MWh strategic storage. In other words, regulated storage firms are more efficient in reducing the price volatility than strategic storage firms.

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2001

This paper presents a statistical approximation procedure to simplify the voltage stability const... more This paper presents a statistical approximation procedure to simplify the voltage stability constrained VAR planning optimization model. One major source of complexity of the voltage stability constrained model is the requirement of having two sets of network variables and power flow ...

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2002

This paper addresses some of the modeling and economic issues pertaining to reactive power planni... more This paper addresses some of the modeling and economic issues pertaining to reactive power planning. We present a new VAR planning model, propose an efficient solution algorithm, and discuss the economic issues. A contingency constrained OPF-based model incorporating ...

The Electricity Journal, 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014

ABSTRACT

LESCOPE 01. 2001 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Conference Proceedings. Theme: Powering Beyond 2001 (Cat. No.01ex490)

Page 1. VOLTAGE STABILITY CONSTRAINED VAR PLANNING - A Case Study for New Zealand Bhujanga B. Cha... more Page 1. VOLTAGE STABILITY CONSTRAINED VAR PLANNING - A Case Study for New Zealand Bhujanga B. Chakrabarti Deb Chattopadhyay Chandra Kumble Network Planning Group Energy Modeling Research Group Network ...

Market clearing models based on Linear Programming are being adopted in a number of electricity m... more Market clearing models based on Linear Programming are being adopted in a number of electricity markets in different countries, with New Zealand and Australia being among the pioneers in this respect. This represents an exciting development for OR, worldwide, not only because these models are controlling a sector of vital national importance, but because large sums of money are being traded, virtually in real time, on the basis of model results. Here we reflect on experience with these models, draw out some lessons, and discuss the implications of these developments for OR practice in the sector, and elsewhere.

The Electricity Journal, 2015

Providing access to electricity for the roughly 3 billion people who currently have no access or ... more Providing access to electricity for the roughly 3 billion people who currently have no access or limited access to reliable service is a fundamental social and economic development challenge. A significant part of this population lives far away from the power grid, mostly in rural areas, where mini-grids could go far in meeting this enormous demand.

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003

This paper presents a preventive/corrective control model to prevent and correct for voltage inst... more This paper presents a preventive/corrective control model to prevent and correct for voltage instability taking into account the load-shed dynamics. An OPF based model is proposed that provides an integrated framework to determine the optimal location, level, timing, and number of ...

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003

Payment for reactive power services is a part of generator revenue in most established electricit... more Payment for reactive power services is a part of generator revenue in most established electricity markets today. However, such payments do not have a sound technical basis taking into account the critical role dynamic sources of reactive power play in maintaining voltage stability of ...

2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2020

Bangladesh is already importing power from its neighboring country India via Cross Border Electri... more Bangladesh is already importing power from its neighboring country India via Cross Border Electricity Trade (CBET) arrangements. Such trading could be expanded rapidly to reap major benefits inter alia a reduction in expensive oil-based generation, less rental peaking capacity, unserved energy and CO2 emissions. Trade will also help India to manage its own peak and thereby lower volatility in spot prices. This study analyzes benefits of an additional 1 GW power trading via Bangladesh-India interconnector through a market-driven mechanism to assess these benefits. A short-term dispatch model is used that uses past spot prices in the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) to drive import/export decisions and calculate the benefits to both countries. Annual benefits are estimated to be in the range of USD 90-286 million that suggests a very low payback period of such investments.

2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2018

This paper describes an application of the robust decision making (RDM) framework to develop a ge... more This paper describes an application of the robust decision making (RDM) framework to develop a generation capacity expansion plan for the West Bank and Gaza power system. The methodology is built around an LP optimization and a simulation model to systematically generate scenarios that capture pervasive uncertainties in a region prone to conflicts and violence. The findings of our analysis show how the capacity plan can change drastically away from traditional scale-efficient generation options, towards a more diverse set of options including distributed solar generation to cover risks of delays in larger infrastructure projects and sustained outages due to damages.

The Electricity Journal, 2021

The cost of wind, solar, and most recently battery storage has fallen dramatically over the last ... more The cost of wind, solar, and most recently battery storage has fallen dramatically over the last decade, providing the economic rationale for their widespread adoption to help mitigate climate change. This, coupled with the low cost of natural gas, has provided a key challenge in the power sector: how to economically and equitably decommission ∼2000 GW of installed coal capacity? Although a significant part of the existing coal capacity is older, inefficient, and unprofitable, there are complex technical, social and economic challenges that remain. This Comment provides a general framework for the key technical, policy, regulatory, and economic areas that need to be addressed.

Although short run reactive power pricing schemes have been discussed and debated in the literatu... more Although short run reactive power pricing schemes have been discussed and debated in the literature for a decade now, voltage stability, which is often a critical determinant of reactive power allocation in many systems, has rarely been discussed in the dispatchlpricing literature. This paper presents preliminary experiences with the development of an OPF based dispatchlpricing model that optimally allocates real and dynamic reactive reserve among the generators to meet a pre- specified voltage stability margin. Nodal MW and MVAr spot prices are affected by the desired stability margin because an increase in MVAr andor MW demand has the cascading effect of increasing the dynamic MVArMW reserve requirement. Experiments conducted for a reduced New Zealand North Island power system reveal some interesting impacts of the voltage stability constraint on real and reactive power prices.

Despite improvements to energy supply over the years, many Indian states still face frequent powe... more Despite improvements to energy supply over the years, many Indian states still face frequent power shortages. Meanwhile, neighboring Nepal and Bhutan have large reserves of untapped hydro power with the potential to meet unserved demand for energy in major load centres. Investing in interconnections could also contribute to significant reductions in CO2 emissions. Today’s blog quantifies potential gains from an integrated South Asian power.

The Himalayan divide In early October, the Indian Government declared its intention to sign the P... more The Himalayan divide In early October, the Indian Government declared its intention to sign the Paris Climate deal. By ratifying the agreement on October 2nd, India will always be remembered as a key country that helped push the global climate deal into force. Still, the work of limiting greenhouse gas emissions at a time where the country is growing and modernising rapidly is a colossal task; the burden of which will squarely fall on the power sector.

Energy for Sustainable Development, 2021

Abstract Although developing countries typically deal with the challenge of mobilizing investment... more Abstract Although developing countries typically deal with the challenge of mobilizing investments for adding new generation and transmission capacity to cope with high demand growth, there are often opportunities to enhance operation of existing generators and extract significant cost reduction as well as the ability to meet greater demand. This is particularly relevant for the Nigerian power system that has 13 GW of installed capacity but could meet only 5.2 GW of peak demand in 2018 at an average capacity utilization of 27% of its thermal (mostly gas) generation fleet. There are simple steps that can be adopted to restore merit-order based dispatch that can immediately yield an operational cost reduction. Increased plant availability, gas supply to power plants, and removal of uneconomic take-or-pay obligation are increasingly onerous tasks, but with commensurate significantly higher payoffs. We have used a dispatch analysis model to show that merit-order based dispatch within the current constraints can yield an annual benefit of 29millionor429 million or 4% of variable costs. With the removal of physical availability constraints around plants and gas supply, benefits increase by an order of magnitude to 29millionor4309 million, or 19% of total annual costs. If it is possible to get rid of the uneconomic take-or-pay obligations, benefits would further increase to $579 million or over 30% of total annual costs. These are major findings especially if we consider these in the context of tremendous financial stress in the power sector. Although we do not estimate the cost of implementing these measures, there are very little hard investments needed in some of these cases such as establishing a strict merit-order based dispatch or enhancing operational practices to improve plant and gas availability. There are indeed difficult commercial and institutional issues when it comes to renegotiating take-or-pay contracts, albeit the massive benefits in excess of half a billion dollar per year should make it a worthwhile undertaking. Removal of operational and commercial constraints could also allow the Nigerian power system to meet increased demand to the benefit of unserved residents or businesses, and pave the way towards increased penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) resources. We have shown that an addition of 500 MW solar capacity in the current system will earn reasonable return on investment between 4% and 9% and help to meet increased demand. However, an important precondition for adding large-scale solar is to raise the spinning reserve capability in the system through additional investments in flexible resources, namely, open cycle gas turbines (OCGT), pumped storage hydro or battery storage systems.

iScience, 2021

Despite extensive research in the past five years and several successfully completed and ongoing ... more Despite extensive research in the past five years and several successfully completed and ongoing pilot projects, regulators are still reluctant to implement peer-to-peer trading at a large-scale in today's electricity market. The reason could partly be attributed to the perceived disadvantage of current market participants like retailers due to their exclusion from market participation-a fundamental property of decentralised peer-to-peer trading. As a consequence, recently, there has been growing pressure from energy service providers in favour of retailers' participation in peer-to-peer trading. However, the role of retailers in the peer-to-peer market is yet to be established as no existing study has challenged this fundamental circumspection of decentralized trading. In this context, this perspective takes the first step to discuss the feasibility of retailers' involvement in the peer-to-peer market. In doing so, we identify key characteristics of retail-based and peer-to-peer electricity markets and discuss our viewpoint on how to incorporate a single retailer in a peer-to-peer market without compromising the fundamental decision-making characteristics of both markets. Finally, we give an example of a hypothetical business model to demonstrate how a retailer can be a part of a peer-to-peer market with a promise of collective benefits for the participants.

IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2018

This study develops a new multi-stage (dynamic) approach for the co-planning of power and gas sys... more This study develops a new multi-stage (dynamic) approach for the co-planning of power and gas systems to deal with variable renewable energy resources (VREs). The model is formulated using a stochastic programming framework to accurately capture the unfolding of both short and long-term uncertainties faced by power and gas systems. The effects of high renewable energy penetration and renewable energy uncertainty in both systems are assessed while determining the optimal investment and operation decisions in several stages of the planning horizon. To prove the benefits of the proposed approach, the authors compare the results of the authors' framework with other methods used in the literature. The effectiveness of the framework is validated on a realistic case of Queensland, Australia, in which both networks are driven to capture the link between these systems and to accommodate the state's unique features of renewable availability. The results demonstrate that their dynamic approach provides more robust outcomes compared to other methods as it allows adapting the expansion plans to unexpected changes in the future. The analysis also shows that a transition towards renewable energy presents a higher cost, different investment strategies, and lower gas-fired consumption compared to the terminal renewable target.

Energy, 2018

This study develops a long-term integrated planning approach to electricity and gas aiming at eco... more This study develops a long-term integrated planning approach to electricity and gas aiming at economically optimizing the 2030's investments of both networks while considering new policies towards future clean energy. A static stochastic cost minimization model is formulated, which takes into account the short-term uncertainties of renewable power, i.e. wind and utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) as well as the long-term uncertainties of load growth and gas price. The equivalent networks of both electricity and gas are driven to accurately capture their existing supplies and transmission networks. In addition, the integrated planning model allows determining the location of new power plants and gas supply facilities with their optimized capacities, as well as new transmission lines and pipelines. An extension of the proposed scheme is considered to accommodate higher penetrations of renewable energy and assess their impacts on both systems. The proposed model is applied to the state of Queensland in Australia, which is a prime example of a region actively integrating electricity and gas.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017

Recent studies show that the fast growing expansion of wind power generation may lead to extremel... more Recent studies show that the fast growing expansion of wind power generation may lead to extremely high levels of price volatility in wholesale electricity markets. Storage technologies, regardless of their specific forms e.g. pump-storage hydro, large-scale or distributed batteries, are capable of alleviating the extreme price volatility levels due to their energy usage time shifting, fast-ramping and price arbitrage capabilities. In this paper, we propose a stochastic bi-level optimization model to find the optimal nodal storage capacities required to achieve a certain price volatility level in a highly volatile electricity market. The decision on storage capacities is made in the upper level problem and the operation of strategic/regulated generation, storage and transmission players is modeled at the lower level problem using an extended Cournot-based stochastic game. The South Australia (SA) electricity market, which has recently experienced high levels of price volatility, is considered as the case study for the proposed storage allocation framework. Our numerical results indicate that 80% price volatility reduction in SA electricity market can be achieved by installing either 340 MWh regulated storage or 420 MWh strategic storage. In other words, regulated storage firms are more efficient in reducing the price volatility than strategic storage firms.

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2001

This paper presents a statistical approximation procedure to simplify the voltage stability const... more This paper presents a statistical approximation procedure to simplify the voltage stability constrained VAR planning optimization model. One major source of complexity of the voltage stability constrained model is the requirement of having two sets of network variables and power flow ...

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2002

This paper addresses some of the modeling and economic issues pertaining to reactive power planni... more This paper addresses some of the modeling and economic issues pertaining to reactive power planning. We present a new VAR planning model, propose an efficient solution algorithm, and discuss the economic issues. A contingency constrained OPF-based model incorporating ...

The Electricity Journal, 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014

ABSTRACT

LESCOPE 01. 2001 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Conference Proceedings. Theme: Powering Beyond 2001 (Cat. No.01ex490)

Page 1. VOLTAGE STABILITY CONSTRAINED VAR PLANNING - A Case Study for New Zealand Bhujanga B. Cha... more Page 1. VOLTAGE STABILITY CONSTRAINED VAR PLANNING - A Case Study for New Zealand Bhujanga B. Chakrabarti Deb Chattopadhyay Chandra Kumble Network Planning Group Energy Modeling Research Group Network ...

Market clearing models based on Linear Programming are being adopted in a number of electricity m... more Market clearing models based on Linear Programming are being adopted in a number of electricity markets in different countries, with New Zealand and Australia being among the pioneers in this respect. This represents an exciting development for OR, worldwide, not only because these models are controlling a sector of vital national importance, but because large sums of money are being traded, virtually in real time, on the basis of model results. Here we reflect on experience with these models, draw out some lessons, and discuss the implications of these developments for OR practice in the sector, and elsewhere.

The Electricity Journal, 2015

Providing access to electricity for the roughly 3 billion people who currently have no access or ... more Providing access to electricity for the roughly 3 billion people who currently have no access or limited access to reliable service is a fundamental social and economic development challenge. A significant part of this population lives far away from the power grid, mostly in rural areas, where mini-grids could go far in meeting this enormous demand.

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003

This paper presents a preventive/corrective control model to prevent and correct for voltage inst... more This paper presents a preventive/corrective control model to prevent and correct for voltage instability taking into account the load-shed dynamics. An OPF based model is proposed that provides an integrated framework to determine the optimal location, level, timing, and number of ...

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003

Payment for reactive power services is a part of generator revenue in most established electricit... more Payment for reactive power services is a part of generator revenue in most established electricity markets today. However, such payments do not have a sound technical basis taking into account the critical role dynamic sources of reactive power play in maintaining voltage stability of ...