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Papers by gustavo giron

Molecular and General Genetics, 1987

Five DNA fragments carrying the thrB gene (homoserine kinase E.C. 2.7.1.39) of Brevibacterium lac... more Five DNA fragments carrying the thrB gene (homoserine kinase E.C. 2.7.1.39) of Brevibacterium lactofermentum were cloned by complementation of Escherichia coli thrB mutants using pBR322 as vector. All the cloned fragments contained a common 3.1 kb DNA sequence. The cloned fragments hybridized among themselves and with a 9 kb BamHI fragment of the chromosomal DNA of B. lactofermentum but not with the DNA of E. coli. None of the cloned fragments were able to complement thrA and thrC mutations of E. coli. Plasmids pULTH2, pULTH8 and pULTH11 had the cloned DNA fragments in the same orientation and were very stable. On the contrary, plasmid pULTH18 was very unstable and showed the DNA inserted in the opposite direction. E. coli minicells transformed with plasmids pULTH8 or pULTH11 (both carrying the common 3.1 kb fragment) synthesize a protein with an M r of 30,000 that is similar in size to the homoserine kinase of E. coli.

Food Chemistry, 2009

... b Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García ... more ... b Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Colonia Olímpica, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico. ... The Bowman–Birk inhibitor, on the other hand, with a molecular weight ranging from 6000 to 10,000 and ...

Animal Biology, 2007

Several life-history traits may increase vulnerability of species to extinction. Among snakes, am... more Several life-history traits may increase vulnerability of species to extinction. Among snakes, ambush predation and dietary specialisation are factors that increase this vulnerability. European viper species, genus Vipera, display such traits and are categorised as endangered in several parts of its range. For their conservation management, a deeper knowledge of their ecology and habitat use is highly relevant. One of the species with less ecological data is the Lataste's viper Vipera latastei, a species which lives in the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa. Here, we describe its diet based on the analysis of gut content of 435 museum specimens plus nine bibliographic data from the entire Iberian range. The species showed seasonal and ontogenetic shift in diet but no sexual variations. Feeding activity (percentage of vipers with prey) was low in accordance with its ambush predation tactics, being lower in spring than in summer and autumn. Prey spectrum included two main (reptiles and small mammals), and three sporadic, types of prey (arthropods, amphibians and birds). The consumption of reptiles and mammals was seasonal; the former decreased in occurrence from spring to autumn, whereas the latter showed an opposite pattern. There was an ontogenetic shift in the diet: juveniles fed mainly on reptiles and arthropods, whereas adult vipers progressively substitute this prey with insectivores, and the largest vipers primarily foraged on rodents and birds. Our results suggest that the seasonal variation in prey type was related to prey availability, whereas the ontogenetic shift was linked to gape limitation. The apparently wide prey spectrum of V. latastei must therefore be examined, taking into account that there are seasonal and ontogenetic dietary variations as well as geographic differences, the latter probably driven by climatic contrasts into the Iberian Peninsula. This new data of the endangered Iberian V. latastei can aid the effective conservation management of this species.

Rev. salud pública. 11 (3): [395][396][397][398][399][400][401][402][403][404][405] 2009 RESUMEN ... more Rev. salud pública. 11 (3): [395][396][397][398][399][400][401][402][403][404][405] 2009 RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la diferencia de costos familiares, directos e indirectos, generados entre mujeres que mantienen la lactancia exclusiva y aquellas que la abandonan, durante el primer mes posparto. Métodos Se realizó un análisis de costos en primíparas de Cali, captadas en su puerperio inmediato y seguidas durante los primeros 30 días posparto. Mediante técnicas no-paramétricas Bootstrap, se estimaron los costos y las diferencias promedio, para los 0-8, 9-30 y 0-30 días posparto, entre mujeres que abandonaron la lactancia exclusiva y aquellas que no abandonaron. Resultados Las mujeres que abandonaron la lactancia exclusiva asumieron mayores costos en alimentación del recién nacido, mientras que aquellas que la mantuvieron tuvieron mayores costos en alimentación para la madre y en contratación de apoyo doméstico. Conclusión Los ahorros que una mujer y su familia pueden tener al mantener la lactancia exclusiva son superados por los costos que se generan en alimentación para la madre. Es necesario diseñar intervenciones orientadas a incrementar la duración de la lactancia exclusiva y a modificar creencias nutricionales que contribuyen a generar consecuencias económicas sobre las familias.

Parasitology Research, 2010

The current treatment for leishmaniasis is unsatisfactory due to toxic side effects, high cost, a... more The current treatment for leishmaniasis is unsatisfactory due to toxic side effects, high cost, and problems with drug resistance. Various approaches have been used to identify novel drug candidates to treat Leishmania sp. parasites including the use of re-purposed drugs. Furazolidone is a nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity and is used for the treatment of giardiasis. In the present work, we determined the in vitro antileishmanial activity of furazolidone and its ability to induce ultrastructural alterations of parasites. Promastigotes of Leishmania (L.) chagasi, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Leishmania (L.) major, and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis were highly susceptible to furazolidone, with IC50 values ranging between 0.47 and 0.73 µg/mL. Furazolidone was also very effective against L. chagasi intracellular amastigotes, and despite mammalian cytotoxicity, the selectivity index was 8.0 in human monocytes. The drug also had limited toxicity in mice erythrocytes. Furazolidone demonstrated specific activity against Leishmania, a potential consequence of the lack of macrophage nitric oxide activation. As determined by electron transmission microscopy, drug treatment induced severe damage to the parasite mitochondria and nucleus. This older oral drug is an effective agent for the treatment of L. (L.) chagasi in vitro and is a novel candidate for further experimental studies.

Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 2011

Introduction: A20 is a negative regulator of TLR driven NF-úB signalling. This regulatory functio... more Introduction: A20 is a negative regulator of TLR driven NF-úB signalling. This regulatory function is reliant on the formation of a ubiquitin editing complex comprising A20, Ring Finger protein (RNF)11, Itch (E3 ligase) and the adaptor protein TAX1BP1 [1]. In CF epithelial cells LPS reduces the expression of all complex members. Moreover, A20 does not interact with other complex members or target proteins [2,3]. Here we sought to determine the role of CFTR in the down-regulation of A20 ubiquitin editing genes. Methods: 16HBE41o-bronchial epithelial cells were transfected with CFTR siRNA. Primary nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from CF patients [F508del homozygous (n = 6), or R117H/F508del heterozygous (n = 5)] and age-matched controls (n = 6) were fully differentiated at air-liquid interface and treated with LPS (P. aeruginosa, Sigma) for 24h. A20, RNF11, Itch and TAX1BP1 mRNA expression was assessed by qPCR and analysed by ANOVA. Results: Following CFTR knockdown (transfection efficiency 72%±5.34%, n = 3) A20 mRNA was reduced by 43% (P < 0.01). This would indicate that A20 expression may be regulated by CFTR. In line with this, expression of A20, RNF11, Itch and TAX1BP1 was significantly reduced (P < 0.01-0.001) in NECs from both CF groups compared with controls. Moreover, the reduction in A20, RNF11 and TAX1BP1 (P < 0.05) expression was more pronounced in the F508del than R117H group. Conclusion: Expression of the A20 ubiquitin editing complex reflects CF disease severity and may prove a novel predictor of inflammation. The CF Trust UK (PJ541) supported this work

Amphibia-reptilia, 2005

The viperine snake Natrix maura is a common water snake, which forages on aquatic prey such as fi... more The viperine snake Natrix maura is a common water snake, which forages on aquatic prey such as fish and frogs in Western Mediterranean water bodies. Female viperine snakes collected from three populations at the Iberian Peninsula during the vitellogenesis period were compared. Mean clutch size and range, as well as the slope of the regression between body size and clutch size, did not show differences between populations. In contrast, mean size of enlarged follicles of females collected in May from the Ebro Delta proved significantly smaller than those of females from the Matarranya River (50 km far) and the Granada Depression (500 km far). There were no differences in climatic conditions between areas. However, seasonal variation in food availability was significantly different in the Ebro Delta. In this area, the rice fields are dry in early spring as men control the water flow, and prey are not available. This energetic constraint induced female viperine snakes to adjust reproductive timing according to seasonal availability and to delay vitellogenesis for at least one month. By contrast, other Mediterranean populations exhibited a rather high prey availability from early spring (e.g. Matarranya River), females being in good condition in this season and consequently vitellogenesis starting earlier than in the Ebro Delta. This study illustrates a new case of reproductive plasticity in snakes.

Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2005

On a world scale, cereal grains and legumes are the main source of calories in the human diet. Th... more On a world scale, cereal grains and legumes are the main source of calories in the human diet. They provide most of the energy needed and about 8% of the proteins and vitamins. Grains usually undergo some type of processing involving heat treatment, which improves digestibility and removes allergens.

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2007

The inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 7953) inoculated in soymilk was i... more The inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 7953) inoculated in soymilk was investigated using high hydrostatic pressure (550, 585 and 620 MPa) in combination with temperature (70, 80 and 90C) for selected times (2 s to 15 min). Inactivation of spores occurred at all selected treatments. Less than 10 CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus were observed after 7 min of treatment at 620 MPa and 90C. An increase in the inactivation rate constant, at the highest pressure, was observed, resulting in a decrease in D values at all temperatures. D values were calculated as 10.6, 6.2 and 3.5 min for 70, 80 and 90C, respectively after pressurization at 620 MPa. zp values decreased as temperature increased with values ranging from 142 to 238 MPa. The activation energy required for inactivation of G. stearothermophilus spores in soymilk, at the selected treatments, was in the range of 37.9–57.4 kJ/mol.

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2009

ABSTRACTHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (275, 345, 483, 550 and 620 MPa), combined with... more ABSTRACTHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (275, 345, 483, 550 and 620 MPa), combined with thermal treatment (19, 50, 65, 70 and 80C), was applied for selected times to raw soymilk and to previously soaked soybeans before preparation of soymilk. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in HHP-treated raw soymilk was described using a first-order kinetics model. At low or moderate pressures, alone or in combination with thermal treatment, LOX activity exhibited high stability. Soymilks treated at 550 MPa exhibited high LOX inactivation rate constant values. Temperature dependence on the inactivation rate constants of soymilk treated at 550 MPa indicated that high activation energy was required to inactivate the enzyme in soymilk from HHP-treated soybeans compared with that for HHP-treated raw soymilk. Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in soymilk from HHP (620 MPa and 80C) treated soybeans.High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (275, 345, 483, 550 and 620 MPa), combined with thermal treatment (19, 50, 65, 70 and 80C), was applied for selected times to raw soymilk and to previously soaked soybeans before preparation of soymilk. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in HHP-treated raw soymilk was described using a first-order kinetics model. At low or moderate pressures, alone or in combination with thermal treatment, LOX activity exhibited high stability. Soymilks treated at 550 MPa exhibited high LOX inactivation rate constant values. Temperature dependence on the inactivation rate constants of soymilk treated at 550 MPa indicated that high activation energy was required to inactivate the enzyme in soymilk from HHP-treated soybeans compared with that for HHP-treated raw soymilk. Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in soymilk from HHP (620 MPa and 80C) treated soybeans.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSoybean processed products have to have the minimum amount of antinutritional factors. Soymilk has to be pasteurized to deliver a soy product with low microbial load and enzymes to avoid deterioration during storage. The traditional process to obtain this type of soy product is using thermal treatment; however, this treatment can change nutritional and sensory characteristics. An alternative approach to process soymilk is using high hydrostatic pressure treatments, alone or in combination with thermal processing, to deliver milk with fresh like sensory characteristics free from pathogens and deteriorative enzymes. Lipoxygenase could deteriorate soymilk fat to produce chemicals and off-flavor.Soybean processed products have to have the minimum amount of antinutritional factors. Soymilk has to be pasteurized to deliver a soy product with low microbial load and enzymes to avoid deterioration during storage. The traditional process to obtain this type of soy product is using thermal treatment; however, this treatment can change nutritional and sensory characteristics. An alternative approach to process soymilk is using high hydrostatic pressure treatments, alone or in combination with thermal processing, to deliver milk with fresh like sensory characteristics free from pathogens and deteriorative enzymes. Lipoxygenase could deteriorate soymilk fat to produce chemicals and off-flavor.

In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to de... more In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to determine the necessary capital expenditure. Analysis included batching options, Service Level Agreements and Full Time Equivalent allocations and schedules. This information was then processed in transaction-based work cells which were redesigned using simulation. This paper discusses approach, benefits and lessons learned while developing multiple simulation models for an electronic documentation system.

In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to de... more In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to determine the necessary capital expenditure. Analysis included batching options, service level agreements and full time equivalent allocations and schedules. This information was then processed in transaction-based work cells which were redesigned using simulation. This paper discusses the approach, benefits and lessons learned while developing multiple simulation models for an electronic documentation system

Molecular and General Genetics, 1987

Five DNA fragments carrying the thrB gene (homoserine kinase E.C. 2.7.1.39) of Brevibacterium lac... more Five DNA fragments carrying the thrB gene (homoserine kinase E.C. 2.7.1.39) of Brevibacterium lactofermentum were cloned by complementation of Escherichia coli thrB mutants using pBR322 as vector. All the cloned fragments contained a common 3.1 kb DNA sequence. The cloned fragments hybridized among themselves and with a 9 kb BamHI fragment of the chromosomal DNA of B. lactofermentum but not with the DNA of E. coli. None of the cloned fragments were able to complement thrA and thrC mutations of E. coli. Plasmids pULTH2, pULTH8 and pULTH11 had the cloned DNA fragments in the same orientation and were very stable. On the contrary, plasmid pULTH18 was very unstable and showed the DNA inserted in the opposite direction. E. coli minicells transformed with plasmids pULTH8 or pULTH11 (both carrying the common 3.1 kb fragment) synthesize a protein with an M r of 30,000 that is similar in size to the homoserine kinase of E. coli.

Food Chemistry, 2009

... b Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García ... more ... b Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Colonia Olímpica, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico. ... The Bowman–Birk inhibitor, on the other hand, with a molecular weight ranging from 6000 to 10,000 and ...

Animal Biology, 2007

Several life-history traits may increase vulnerability of species to extinction. Among snakes, am... more Several life-history traits may increase vulnerability of species to extinction. Among snakes, ambush predation and dietary specialisation are factors that increase this vulnerability. European viper species, genus Vipera, display such traits and are categorised as endangered in several parts of its range. For their conservation management, a deeper knowledge of their ecology and habitat use is highly relevant. One of the species with less ecological data is the Lataste's viper Vipera latastei, a species which lives in the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa. Here, we describe its diet based on the analysis of gut content of 435 museum specimens plus nine bibliographic data from the entire Iberian range. The species showed seasonal and ontogenetic shift in diet but no sexual variations. Feeding activity (percentage of vipers with prey) was low in accordance with its ambush predation tactics, being lower in spring than in summer and autumn. Prey spectrum included two main (reptiles and small mammals), and three sporadic, types of prey (arthropods, amphibians and birds). The consumption of reptiles and mammals was seasonal; the former decreased in occurrence from spring to autumn, whereas the latter showed an opposite pattern. There was an ontogenetic shift in the diet: juveniles fed mainly on reptiles and arthropods, whereas adult vipers progressively substitute this prey with insectivores, and the largest vipers primarily foraged on rodents and birds. Our results suggest that the seasonal variation in prey type was related to prey availability, whereas the ontogenetic shift was linked to gape limitation. The apparently wide prey spectrum of V. latastei must therefore be examined, taking into account that there are seasonal and ontogenetic dietary variations as well as geographic differences, the latter probably driven by climatic contrasts into the Iberian Peninsula. This new data of the endangered Iberian V. latastei can aid the effective conservation management of this species.

Rev. salud pública. 11 (3): [395][396][397][398][399][400][401][402][403][404][405] 2009 RESUMEN ... more Rev. salud pública. 11 (3): [395][396][397][398][399][400][401][402][403][404][405] 2009 RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la diferencia de costos familiares, directos e indirectos, generados entre mujeres que mantienen la lactancia exclusiva y aquellas que la abandonan, durante el primer mes posparto. Métodos Se realizó un análisis de costos en primíparas de Cali, captadas en su puerperio inmediato y seguidas durante los primeros 30 días posparto. Mediante técnicas no-paramétricas Bootstrap, se estimaron los costos y las diferencias promedio, para los 0-8, 9-30 y 0-30 días posparto, entre mujeres que abandonaron la lactancia exclusiva y aquellas que no abandonaron. Resultados Las mujeres que abandonaron la lactancia exclusiva asumieron mayores costos en alimentación del recién nacido, mientras que aquellas que la mantuvieron tuvieron mayores costos en alimentación para la madre y en contratación de apoyo doméstico. Conclusión Los ahorros que una mujer y su familia pueden tener al mantener la lactancia exclusiva son superados por los costos que se generan en alimentación para la madre. Es necesario diseñar intervenciones orientadas a incrementar la duración de la lactancia exclusiva y a modificar creencias nutricionales que contribuyen a generar consecuencias económicas sobre las familias.

Parasitology Research, 2010

The current treatment for leishmaniasis is unsatisfactory due to toxic side effects, high cost, a... more The current treatment for leishmaniasis is unsatisfactory due to toxic side effects, high cost, and problems with drug resistance. Various approaches have been used to identify novel drug candidates to treat Leishmania sp. parasites including the use of re-purposed drugs. Furazolidone is a nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity and is used for the treatment of giardiasis. In the present work, we determined the in vitro antileishmanial activity of furazolidone and its ability to induce ultrastructural alterations of parasites. Promastigotes of Leishmania (L.) chagasi, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Leishmania (L.) major, and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis were highly susceptible to furazolidone, with IC50 values ranging between 0.47 and 0.73 µg/mL. Furazolidone was also very effective against L. chagasi intracellular amastigotes, and despite mammalian cytotoxicity, the selectivity index was 8.0 in human monocytes. The drug also had limited toxicity in mice erythrocytes. Furazolidone demonstrated specific activity against Leishmania, a potential consequence of the lack of macrophage nitric oxide activation. As determined by electron transmission microscopy, drug treatment induced severe damage to the parasite mitochondria and nucleus. This older oral drug is an effective agent for the treatment of L. (L.) chagasi in vitro and is a novel candidate for further experimental studies.

Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 2011

Introduction: A20 is a negative regulator of TLR driven NF-úB signalling. This regulatory functio... more Introduction: A20 is a negative regulator of TLR driven NF-úB signalling. This regulatory function is reliant on the formation of a ubiquitin editing complex comprising A20, Ring Finger protein (RNF)11, Itch (E3 ligase) and the adaptor protein TAX1BP1 [1]. In CF epithelial cells LPS reduces the expression of all complex members. Moreover, A20 does not interact with other complex members or target proteins [2,3]. Here we sought to determine the role of CFTR in the down-regulation of A20 ubiquitin editing genes. Methods: 16HBE41o-bronchial epithelial cells were transfected with CFTR siRNA. Primary nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from CF patients [F508del homozygous (n = 6), or R117H/F508del heterozygous (n = 5)] and age-matched controls (n = 6) were fully differentiated at air-liquid interface and treated with LPS (P. aeruginosa, Sigma) for 24h. A20, RNF11, Itch and TAX1BP1 mRNA expression was assessed by qPCR and analysed by ANOVA. Results: Following CFTR knockdown (transfection efficiency 72%±5.34%, n = 3) A20 mRNA was reduced by 43% (P < 0.01). This would indicate that A20 expression may be regulated by CFTR. In line with this, expression of A20, RNF11, Itch and TAX1BP1 was significantly reduced (P < 0.01-0.001) in NECs from both CF groups compared with controls. Moreover, the reduction in A20, RNF11 and TAX1BP1 (P < 0.05) expression was more pronounced in the F508del than R117H group. Conclusion: Expression of the A20 ubiquitin editing complex reflects CF disease severity and may prove a novel predictor of inflammation. The CF Trust UK (PJ541) supported this work

Amphibia-reptilia, 2005

The viperine snake Natrix maura is a common water snake, which forages on aquatic prey such as fi... more The viperine snake Natrix maura is a common water snake, which forages on aquatic prey such as fish and frogs in Western Mediterranean water bodies. Female viperine snakes collected from three populations at the Iberian Peninsula during the vitellogenesis period were compared. Mean clutch size and range, as well as the slope of the regression between body size and clutch size, did not show differences between populations. In contrast, mean size of enlarged follicles of females collected in May from the Ebro Delta proved significantly smaller than those of females from the Matarranya River (50 km far) and the Granada Depression (500 km far). There were no differences in climatic conditions between areas. However, seasonal variation in food availability was significantly different in the Ebro Delta. In this area, the rice fields are dry in early spring as men control the water flow, and prey are not available. This energetic constraint induced female viperine snakes to adjust reproductive timing according to seasonal availability and to delay vitellogenesis for at least one month. By contrast, other Mediterranean populations exhibited a rather high prey availability from early spring (e.g. Matarranya River), females being in good condition in this season and consequently vitellogenesis starting earlier than in the Ebro Delta. This study illustrates a new case of reproductive plasticity in snakes.

Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2005

On a world scale, cereal grains and legumes are the main source of calories in the human diet. Th... more On a world scale, cereal grains and legumes are the main source of calories in the human diet. They provide most of the energy needed and about 8% of the proteins and vitamins. Grains usually undergo some type of processing involving heat treatment, which improves digestibility and removes allergens.

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2007

The inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 7953) inoculated in soymilk was i... more The inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (ATCC 7953) inoculated in soymilk was investigated using high hydrostatic pressure (550, 585 and 620 MPa) in combination with temperature (70, 80 and 90C) for selected times (2 s to 15 min). Inactivation of spores occurred at all selected treatments. Less than 10 CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus were observed after 7 min of treatment at 620 MPa and 90C. An increase in the inactivation rate constant, at the highest pressure, was observed, resulting in a decrease in D values at all temperatures. D values were calculated as 10.6, 6.2 and 3.5 min for 70, 80 and 90C, respectively after pressurization at 620 MPa. zp values decreased as temperature increased with values ranging from 142 to 238 MPa. The activation energy required for inactivation of G. stearothermophilus spores in soymilk, at the selected treatments, was in the range of 37.9–57.4 kJ/mol.

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2009

ABSTRACTHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (275, 345, 483, 550 and 620 MPa), combined with... more ABSTRACTHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (275, 345, 483, 550 and 620 MPa), combined with thermal treatment (19, 50, 65, 70 and 80C), was applied for selected times to raw soymilk and to previously soaked soybeans before preparation of soymilk. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in HHP-treated raw soymilk was described using a first-order kinetics model. At low or moderate pressures, alone or in combination with thermal treatment, LOX activity exhibited high stability. Soymilks treated at 550 MPa exhibited high LOX inactivation rate constant values. Temperature dependence on the inactivation rate constants of soymilk treated at 550 MPa indicated that high activation energy was required to inactivate the enzyme in soymilk from HHP-treated soybeans compared with that for HHP-treated raw soymilk. Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in soymilk from HHP (620 MPa and 80C) treated soybeans.High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (275, 345, 483, 550 and 620 MPa), combined with thermal treatment (19, 50, 65, 70 and 80C), was applied for selected times to raw soymilk and to previously soaked soybeans before preparation of soymilk. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in HHP-treated raw soymilk was described using a first-order kinetics model. At low or moderate pressures, alone or in combination with thermal treatment, LOX activity exhibited high stability. Soymilks treated at 550 MPa exhibited high LOX inactivation rate constant values. Temperature dependence on the inactivation rate constants of soymilk treated at 550 MPa indicated that high activation energy was required to inactivate the enzyme in soymilk from HHP-treated soybeans compared with that for HHP-treated raw soymilk. Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in soymilk from HHP (620 MPa and 80C) treated soybeans.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSoybean processed products have to have the minimum amount of antinutritional factors. Soymilk has to be pasteurized to deliver a soy product with low microbial load and enzymes to avoid deterioration during storage. The traditional process to obtain this type of soy product is using thermal treatment; however, this treatment can change nutritional and sensory characteristics. An alternative approach to process soymilk is using high hydrostatic pressure treatments, alone or in combination with thermal processing, to deliver milk with fresh like sensory characteristics free from pathogens and deteriorative enzymes. Lipoxygenase could deteriorate soymilk fat to produce chemicals and off-flavor.Soybean processed products have to have the minimum amount of antinutritional factors. Soymilk has to be pasteurized to deliver a soy product with low microbial load and enzymes to avoid deterioration during storage. The traditional process to obtain this type of soy product is using thermal treatment; however, this treatment can change nutritional and sensory characteristics. An alternative approach to process soymilk is using high hydrostatic pressure treatments, alone or in combination with thermal processing, to deliver milk with fresh like sensory characteristics free from pathogens and deteriorative enzymes. Lipoxygenase could deteriorate soymilk fat to produce chemicals and off-flavor.

In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to de... more In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to determine the necessary capital expenditure. Analysis included batching options, Service Level Agreements and Full Time Equivalent allocations and schedules. This information was then processed in transaction-based work cells which were redesigned using simulation. This paper discusses approach, benefits and lessons learned while developing multiple simulation models for an electronic documentation system.

In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to de... more In determining an electronic workflow system, a financial services firm utilized simulation to determine the necessary capital expenditure. Analysis included batching options, service level agreements and full time equivalent allocations and schedules. This information was then processed in transaction-based work cells which were redesigned using simulation. This paper discusses the approach, benefits and lessons learned while developing multiple simulation models for an electronic documentation system