Rosa Mosquera-Losada | University of Santiago de Compostela (original) (raw)

Papers by Rosa Mosquera-Losada

AXIOMA, 2019

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capa

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Livestock research for rural development, 2010

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Agroforestry in Europe: Practice, Research and Policy Content 1. The practice of agroforestry in ... more Agroforestry in Europe: Practice, Research and Policy Content 1. The practice of agroforestry in Europe 2.Some research from the AGFORWARD project 3.Some important policy issuesN/

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Additional file 1. Annex I. Questionnaire for the face-to-face interviews.

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A key output of the EU FP7 project AGFORWARD was a series of 46 agroforestry innovation and 10 ag... more A key output of the EU FP7 project AGFORWARD was a series of 46 agroforestry innovation and 10 agroforestry best practice leaflets for European farmers and other stakeholders. This paper describes the process of over 80 people working together to create the leaflets and the overall result.

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Servicio de Publicaciones = Servizo de Publicacións, 2011

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Agricultural and Food Economics, 2022

The co-creation and sharing of knowledge among different types of actors with complementary exper... more The co-creation and sharing of knowledge among different types of actors with complementary expertise is known as the Multi-Actor Approach (MAA). This paper presents how Horizon2020 Thematic-Networks (TNs) deal with the MAA and put forward best practices during the different project phases, based on the results of a desktop study, interviews, surveys and expert workshops. The study shows that not all types of actors are equally involved in TN consortia and participatory activities, meaning TNs might be not sufficiently demand-driven and the uptake of the results is not optimal. Facilitators are key to contributing to the relationships and the mutual understanding between different actors. Moreover, a user-friendly digital knowledge platform linked to demonstration activities and peer-to-peer exchange can improve the sharing of knowledge, enhancing impact in agricultural and forestry innovation in the longer term.

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... MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS El estudio se llevó a cabo en Baltar, localidad perteneciente al municipio... more ... MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS El estudio se llevó a cabo en Baltar, localidad perteneciente al municipio de Pastoriza, provin-cia de Lugo (43º 14'latitud y 7º 21'longitud), en un área experimental situada a 550 metros sobre el nivel del mar. ...

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Animal feed is the main cost on dairy farms. Maize can produce quality silage for dairy cattle at... more Animal feed is the main cost on dairy farms. Maize can produce quality silage for dairy cattle at less cost than silage from grass, and at the same time increases milk yield and milk protein content. Moreover, supplementation with concentrates can be reduced and profitability is improved. The correct use of amendments and fertilisers could improve maize production and its nutritional content and also reduce costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on forage maize production of different application rates of an amendment (5, 15, 25 and 35 Mg ha-1) and an organo-mineral fertiliser (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1) developed with organic matter from industrial wastes and with inorganic sulphur from a refinery, in comparison with the mineral fertilisation usually carried out in the area where the experiment was conducted (Spain). The results obtained did not show a significant effect of the different rates of the amendment on maize production, probably because the amount o...

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The silvopasture has been recognized as a possible greenhouse gas mitigation strategy under the K... more The silvopasture has been recognized as a possible greenhouse gas mitigation strategy under the Kyoto Protocol due to the potential for carbon storage in multiple plant species and in the soil. Soil organic matter (SOM) represents the most important pool of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems and can be modify among other factor by the fertilisation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate during five years the evolution of SOM in a silvopastoral system established with Eucalyptus nitens Maiden in Galicia (NW Spain) and fertilised with sewage sludge that has been stabilised using anaerobic digestion, composting, and pelletisation. The results showed that the SOM gradually decreased from the second year of the study probably due to the fertilisation and the ploughing of the soil but also due to a negative effect of the trees on the biological activity in the soil. Therefore, the afforestation with Eucalyptus not served its task to soil carbon sequestration compared with...

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AXIOMA, 2019

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capa

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Livestock research for rural development, 2010

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Additional file 1. Annex I. Questionnaire for the face-to-face interviews.

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Servicio de Publicaciones = Servizo de Publicacións, 2011

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Agricultural and Food Economics, 2022

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Nowadays, livestock production is strongly dependent on inputs produced from outside the farm, su... more Nowadays, livestock production is strongly dependent on inputs produced from outside the
farm, such as fertilizers and concentrates. The combination of low-density trees and
grasslands allows the feeding of animals in a cheap way, as tree branches can be used as
fodder during periods of forage shortage. Moreover, increased productivity is ensured, as the
land-equivalent ratio of 1 ha of silvopasture is between 1.2 and 1.6 ha of forest and crop
monocrops, to produce the same amount of products. The presence of trees in grasslands at
low density will promote biodiversity, carbon sequestration and nutrient recycling; therefore,
a promotion of efficiency in the use of the resources is definitively enhanced. This paper
reviews results from a series of experiments to show how silvopasture could promote
production and environmental services to provide more sustainable land use options in
livestock production.

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Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soil is a common practice in the European Union (EU)... more Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soil is a common practice in the European Union
(EU) because of low costs and recycling of nutrients achieved. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effects of different types (anaerobic, pelleted and composted sewage sludge) and
application rates of sewage sludge on annual pasture production, botanical composition and
species richness, compared with an unfertilized control treatment, in meadows established in
Galicia (Spain). The results showed that annual pasture production was increased by
anaerobic and pelleted sewage sludge in the first year of the study. However, no effects of
treatments were found on botanical composition and species richness later in the study.

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Agroforestry systems have been considered a good tool for carbon (C) sequestration under the Kyot... more Agroforestry systems have been considered a good tool for carbon (C) sequestration under the
Kyoto Protocol because of their ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and store C mainly
in the soil. In terrestrial ecosystems, soil organic matter is considered the most important store
of C. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the fertilization with municipal
sewage sludge that has been stabilized using anaerobic digestion, composting, or pelletization,
on the amount of soil organic matter, as compared to control treatments (mineral and no
fertilization) in a silvopastoral system under Fraxinus excelsior L. and a sown sward (Dactylis
glomerata L., Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L.) in Galicia (Spain). The results
showed that silvopastoral systems have great potential to enhance C sequestration compared
with pastoral systems, and therefore their implementation should be considered as a land-use
option in Europe. Moreover, composted sewage sludge reduced soil C sequestration more
than the control treatments, probably due to the improvement of soil pH observed with this
type of sludge which increased the mineralization rate of soil organic matter.

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In this study we evaluate the effects of six types of fertilization: no fertilizer, lime, manure,... more In this study we evaluate the effects of six types of fertilization: no fertilizer, lime, manure,
lime + phosphorus, lime + phosphorus + boron and manure + inorganic fertilizer; and two
types of pasture: spontaneous vegetation and sown pasture, on soil pH and micronutrient
concentrations in herbage of pastures established in the NE of Portugal. The results showed
that there were higher levels of Cu in the fertilizer treatments that promoted legumes. The 'nofertilizer'
treatment and inorganic fertilization with lime increased the percentage of grasses in
the swards and herbage Mn levels.

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In recent years, in Galicia (NW Spain) the forest area has increased gradually and therefore the ... more In recent years, in Galicia (NW Spain) the forest area has increased gradually and therefore the availability
of agricultural area has decreased. This factor could favour the establishment of silvoarable systems in this
region with crops such as maize, because in Galicia maize is the main forage crop to overcome periods
of shortage in summer and winter. In silvoarable systems, the production of the crops depends, among
other aspects, on tree species and its density when planted. The aim of this study, in Galicia (NW Spain),
was to evaluate the yield of maize at different distances from the trees (1.5, 3 and 6 m) in a silvoarable
system under Prunus avium L., compared with an exclusively agronomic system. The results obtained
showed that maize production increased significantly with the distance from the trees and that maize
production combined with trees was lower than the production found in the plots without trees, because
of a reduction in maize yield and also due to the surface occupied by trees.

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The Yield-SAFE is a biophysical model to predict the long-term production according to light and ... more The Yield-SAFE is a biophysical model to predict the long-term production according to light and
water availability in exclusively agricultural and forest systems and also in agroforestry systems. The
productivity estimated with the Yield-SAFE model can be used to determine the Land Equivalent Ratio
(LER). The LER allows comparison of the productivity of an agroforestry system with the productivity of
a monoculture system. The objective of this study was to determine the productivity of exclusively forest
and agricultural systems and a silvopastoral system established with Pinus radiata D. Don in Galicia (NW
Spain) through the Yield-SAFE model to calculate the LER. The results showed that the LER simulated
by the Yield-SAFE model was 1.41. This value indicates that the hypothetical silvopastoral system of this
experiment produced 41% more than the exclusively forest and agricultural systems, probably due to the
diversified production of the silvopastoral systems. Therefore the establishment of silvopastoral systems
could be promoted in Europe due to its high productivity compared with the exclusively forest and
agricultural systems, which is increased by the non-market products that agroforestry systems support.

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The main direction of current research on Agroforestry systems in Europe has been summarised in t... more The main direction of current research on Agroforestry systems in Europe has been
summarised in this book. These have included general descriptions of the different
areas where there are good examples of how agroforestry practices are currently
being implemented or could be implemented from farm to landscape level and, as a
land use option, at a local level. The book has four sections, each providing a synthesis
of the information for each of the four biogeographic regions. This structure was
chosen because temperature and precipitation (quantity and distribution) will determine
the opportunities for agroforestry systems in the different regions of Europe.
Most of the recommendations from the Orlando Declaration (2004) on agroforestry
following the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry and the Declaration published in
the Silvopastoralism for Sustainable Land Management Conference (Mosquera-
Losada et al. 2005) are valid within the European context. However, there are several
aspects that need improvement at a research, education and policy level.
In the research context, this book summarizes production, environmental and
social aspects of research on agroforestry systems. Government-funded trials have
been carried out over the past 20 years in different countries. Recently, SAFE

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Agroforestry is a land use type which embodies agricultural and forestry elements in systems whic... more Agroforestry is a land use type which embodies agricultural and forestry
elements in systems which fall between the current European definitions of exclusively
forestry and agriculture. If properly implemented, they can help overcome some of the
production, environmental and social problems that EU governments currently face.
Agroforestry practices are extensively applied in tropical countries and promoted by
international institutions. However, the degree of implementation in Europe is low and
almost exclusively confined to marginal areas where the advantages of this type of
land management are needed for sustainability in the short term. The main productive
advantages of agroforestry systems are linked to better use of resources in a spatial and
temporal scale which, at the same time, can enhance environmental benefits through
reduction in nutrient losses from agricultural land, increasing carbon sequestration,
enhancing biodiversity, reducing soil losses and helping manage fire risk in specific
areas. The advantages of agroforestry systems can confer important social benefits at
a farm level, in the different biogeographic regions of Europe and at the same time
benefit the general public. These aspects will be discussed in this chapter.

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Agroforestry systems have often been neglected in Europe because administrative structures within... more Agroforestry systems have often been neglected in Europe because
administrative structures within many national governments have considered that
only agriculture or forestry are legitimate within their remit. This has resulted in
the loss of agroforestry systems in European countries and an impoverishment of
the benefits that they provide. This paper argues that agroforestry systems are a
complex interaction of agricultural and forestry elements which can be classified
according to their components, spatial and temporal arrangement, agro-ecological
zone, and socio-economic aspects. A further breakdown can be made on the basis
of ecosystem functions, and their associated goods and services. The ecosystem
functions of agroforestry systems can be grouped under production (the creation
of biomass), habitat (the delivery of biodiversity), regulation (maintenance of
essential processes and life support systems) and culture (cultural heritage, landscape
enhancement and recreation). The importance of the multi-functionality of
agroforestry systems in terms of their management input and the range of their
outputs is stressed and it is proposed that land use decisions should be made within
the broader ecosystems perspective so that greater social well-being can be derived
from rural areas in Europe.

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Agroforestry systems are traditional land use systems that were and are used in Europe. They can ... more Agroforestry systems are traditional land use systems that were and
are used in Europe. They can be defined as those land use systems which involve
two main components – trees/shrubs and an agricultural crop (which could also be
pasture) and are artificially managed. Agroforestry systems can be implemented
at a temporal and spatial scale for a land owner, who can use different agroforestry
practices. Since human interaction with the environment in Europe is very
important and has occurred for a long time there are different types of agroforestry
practices in Europe that are described in this chapter and named, silvoarable, forest
farming, riparian buffer strips, silvopasture, improved fallow and multipurpose
trees. A brief description of the main agroforestry practice components, i.e. trees
and agriculture (including pasture and livestock) in Europe will give an overview of
the current and potential situation in Europe for the use of these systems.

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Galicia es una región perteneciente a la región biogeográfica Atlántica, pero que, a diferencia d... more Galicia es una región perteneciente a la región biogeográfica Atlántica, pero que, a diferencia
del resto de las zonas de Europa pertenecientes a esta región, presenta de forma habitual una sequía
de verano más o menos prolongada (Mosquera-Losada y González Rodríguez, 1999). Este período de
sequía hace necesario realizar previsiones en las explotaciones para cubrir las necesidades de la
cabaña ganadera y en donde las prácticas agroforestales pueden jugar un papel importante para
gestionar el rebaño de forma sostenible. De no ser así, las explotaciones tienen que basar su
producción en recursos externos, que llegan a suponer el 50% de los costes de producción de las
granjas. El objetivo de esta ponencia es analizar el potencial de las prácticas agroforestales en Galicia
y como la Política Agraria Común ha contribuido o puede contribuir a su extensión.

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Natura 2000 es la red de espacios naturales protegidos a escala de la Unión Europea creada en vir... more Natura 2000 es la red de espacios naturales protegidos a escala de la Unión Europea creada
en virtud de la Directiva 92/43/CEE del Consejo, de 21 de mayo de 1992, relativa a la conservación de
los hábitats naturales y de la fauna y flora silvestres (Directiva hábitats), con el objeto de proteger los
hábitats, las especies y los espacios naturales más importantes de Europa. Incluye los lugares de
importancia comunitaria (LIC), que más tarde pasaron a denominarse zonas especiales de
conservación (ZEC), que fueron propuestos por los Estados miembros en base a la Directiva sobre
hábitats y también las zonas especiales de protección para las aves (ZEPA) de acuerdo con la
Directiva aves (Directiva 79/409/CEE del Consejo, de 2 de abril de 1979, relativa a la conservación de
las aves silvestres). El 29 de diciembre de 2004, la Decisión de la Comisión del 7 de diciembre de
2004 aprobaba la lista de lugares de importancia comunitaria de la región biogeográfica atlántica. Y
el 21 de septiembre de 2006, la Decisión de la Comisión del 19 de julio de 2006 hacía pública, de
acuerdo con la Directiva 92/43/CEE del Consejo, la lista de lugares de importancia comunitaria de la
región biogeográfica mediterránea.

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El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la carga ganadera sobre la producción de pasto e... more El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la carga ganadera sobre la producción de
pasto en oferta y su calidad en un sistema silvopastoral establecido con cerezo que previamente
sufría un desbroce químico en las líneas de plantación y un desbroce mecánico en las calles. El diseño
experimental fue de bloques al azar con dos tratamientos (carga ganadera baja (4 ovejas ha-1) y alta
(8 ovejas ha-1)) y dos réplicas. El arbolado no sufrió daños destacables. La producción de pasto
resultó ser mayor en las zonas más alejadas del árbol y desbrozadas previamente de forma mecánica.
Si bien la ausencia de daños al arbolado con las cargas ganaderas ensayadas y el buen control del
sotobosque alcanzado en invierno demuestra que éstas son adecuadas desde un punto de vista
forestal y que pueden evitar el costoso empleo de herbicidas y desbroces mecánicos, la gran
proporción de pasto en oferta nos lleva a concluir que la carga podría elevarse y que se deben
realizar más estudios para intentar comprobar que carga ganadera puede optimizar la producción de
pasto y arbolado.

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The principles of agricultural sustainability include (a) improved resource-use efficiency, (b) c... more The principles of agricultural sustainability include (a) improved resource-use efficiency, (b)
conservation, protection, and enhancement of natural resources, protection and improvement of
rural livelihoods and social well-being, (d) enhancement of the resilience of people, commodities,
and ecosystems, especially to climate change and market volatility, and (e) good governance of
both natural and human systems (FAO 2015). It is widely perceived that agroforestry (AF) fulfills all
these principles. In this context, this paper examines the extent of good governance supported by
an enabling policy framework for AF adoption in the context of sustainability in the two major
temperate regions: EU and the USA.
Agricultural sustainability must be seen a process that is able to adapt to increasing
uncertainty requiring the development of not only technical capability, but also policy framework for
good governance to help producers and managers to adopt agroforestry practices. Conceptually,
governance is the process – by which authority is conferred on rulers, to enable them to make the
rules, and to enforce those rules and modify them when needed. Thus, understanding governance
requires an identification of both the rulers and the rules, as well as the various processes by which
they are selected, defined, and linked together and with the society generally. Good governance is
typically defined in terms of the mechanisms thought to be needed to promote it. For example, in
various places, good governance has been associated with democracy and good civil rights, with
transparency, with the rule of law, and with efficient public services (World Bank (www.world
bank.org). Thus, good governance should be participatory, effective, efficient, accountable,
inclusive and responsive, among other characteristics.
Given the appropriate cultural context and socioeconomic...

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Rural development or environment is promoted by the Pillar II of the Common Agricultural Policy (... more Rural development or environment is promoted by the Pillar II of the Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP). Pillar II of the CAP is composed a complex network of Rural Development
Programs (RDP) that went from 88 in the period 2007-2013 to over one hundred programs in
the CAP 2014-2020. They can be defined at country or regional level and are composed by a
set of measures that are cofounded by the member states (MS) and the European Commission
(EC), going from 50% to 85% of payments from the European Commission. RDP represents
around the 20% of CAP expenditures. It is structured in different axes that not only deal with
land management, but also with the improvement of the well-being of rural population and
markets. When a new period is established, MS activate measures, but unfortunately it does not
mean that there will be a call on that measure or that a real implementation will be carried out .
Opposite to Pillar I, it also involves forestlands. This paper aims at summarizing the main
measures of the RDP linked to Agroforestry (AF) in Europe. In this report, we will make an
analysis of the results of the most important measures linked to AF within the CAP 2007-2013,
which will allow us to understand better the historical measures and link them with measures
carried out within CAP 2014-2020.

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European Agricultural policy, named Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is designed to ensure food p... more European Agricultural policy, named Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is designed to ensure
food production within the sustainable FAO principles. It is written by the European Commission
and has to be approved by the EU political bodies (Parliament and Council of Europe). CAP is
based on two main regulations that are commonly called Pillar I (Regulation 1307/2013) and
Pillar II (Regulation 1305/2013). Pillar I is completely funded by the EU and was initially linked to
production, while Pillar II is co-funded by the Member States (MS) and is related with the
environment. Getting paid by any of the Pillars is linked to conditionality or Cross-compliance
and eligibility fulfillments.
This paper makes an analysis on the conditionality framework of the Pillar I CAP for AF
implementation, at EU level.

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Agroforestry practices are not fully recognized within the CAP and have many problems to be imple... more Agroforestry practices are not fully recognized within the CAP and have many problems to be
implemented at EU level, due to the lack of knowledge of their benefits from a productive and
environmental point of view. Besides that, the first limit AF has is linked to the plot eligibility.
Once Statutory Mandatory Requirements (SMR) and Good Agriculture and Environment
Conditions (GAEC) requisites are fulfilled, a farmer with an entitlement is able to get the funds
provided by the Pillar I of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), if the land is eligible. The
eligibility concept is based on the fact that a real agricultural activity is developed in the land and
has evolved since the production decoupling payments. Eligibility does not apply to forestlands
as it is considered that forest cannot deliver agricultural products. For this reason, the presence
of trees in the land is strongly limited and every time a new CAP is launched many farmers
destroy trees to avoid eligibility losses. So, most of the eligibility concept at plot level is linked to
the absence of woody vegetation, which is against AF practices. However, if adequately
designed and managed, agroforestry can increase the agricultural productivity while providing
important ecosystem services. This paper aims at evaluating the eligibility concept and its
relationship within the CAP framework.

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Agroforestry (AF) definition is based on the presence of woody vegetation and an agricultural act... more Agroforestry (AF) definition is based on the presence of woody vegetation and an agricultural
activity providing products for farmers. Even though the word “forestry” is usually linked to that
AF concept, AF is behind the forestry concept including for example shrubs or fruit trees when
there are at least two products obtained from the tree and from the understory, including animal
products. Based on these concepts, the most agreed definition of AF is “the integration of
woody vegetation, crops and/or livestock on the same area of land (EURAF 2015, FAO 2013a,
2013b, IPCC 2003 and USDA 2011). However, the definition of AF is not clearly identified within
the EU Common Agrian Policy (CAP). This paper aims at defining the main agroforestry
practices in Europe and linking them to EU CAP.

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Climate change is noticed in different parts of the world as highlighted by Noaa (2016). As a res... more Climate change is noticed in different parts of the world as highlighted by Noaa (2016). As a
result, COP21 delivered the Paris agreement consisting of a global action plan to put the world
on track to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C and to
drive efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.
The importance of the agriculture sector on climate change is huge. Agriculture is responsive of
the 10% of total EU GHG emissions that should be mitigated at some extent. Even though EU-
28 reduced the GHG emissions by 24% between 1990 and 2012 (EU 2016), the EEA (2015)
assessment report shows that to meet the target of a 40% reduction below levels quantified in
1990 by 2030 (UNFCCC (2015a and 2015b)), new policies should be established.
The INDC (intended nationally determined contributions) of the EU confirmed the inclusion of
land use land use change and forestry (LULUCF) accounting into the 2030 GHG mitigation
framework (EU 2015). Therefore, European institutions (EU Commission, EU Parliament and
EU Council) are nowadays discussing the pathways to include LULUCF within the calculations
to reduce GHG emissions below 40% by 2030, as a goal to fulfill the Kyoto protocol. Societies
can respond to climate change by adapting to its impacts and by reducing GHG emissions
(mitigation), thereby reducing the rate and magnitude of change. Mitigation can be achieved
through activities in the LULUCF sector that increase the removals of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) from the atmosphere or decrease emissions by sources leading to an accumulation of
carbon stocks. A public consultation about accountability of GHG in the EU from 2020 was
delivered and answered by most of the EU member states (MS), but also European NGOs and
policy makers. MS consultation concluded that water, agriculture and forestry sectors were
reported to be the top three priority sectors for adaptation, and the most advanced in terms of
implementing adaptation actions (EU 2014). Member states highlighted that the Common
Agrarian Policy (CAP) should be the main economic support to ensure the main agriculture
changes to reduce GHG emissions mitigate and adapt to Climate change. This paper aims at
evaluating the current EU policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

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Reducing non-point source pollution in Europe is a key activity for the European institutions and... more Reducing non-point source pollution in Europe is a key activity for the European institutions and citizens. Ensuring high quality food supply while environment is sustainable managed is a highly relevant in the European agriculture. New CAP tries to promote sustainability with the greening measures in Pillar I (EU payments) and Pillar II (EU-Country cofinanced payments). The star component of the Pillar I is the greening. The greening includes three types of activities related to crop rotation, maintenance of permanent pasture and the promotion of Ecological Focus Areas (EFA). Greening practices are compulsory in arable lands when they are placed in regions with low proportion of forests and when the owner has large farms. Among the EFA, there are several options that include agroforestry practices like landscape features, buffer strips, agroforestry, strips of eligible hectares along forest edges, areas with short rotation coppice. These practices promote biodiversity and the inclusion of woody vegetation that is able to increase the uptake of the excess of nutrients like N or P. USA Agriculture Department has also recognize the importance of woody vegetation around the arable lands to reduce nutrient pollution and promote biodiversity.

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