Patricia L Busk | University of San Francisco (original) (raw)

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Papers by Patricia L Busk

Research paper thumbnail of Causal‐Comparative Study

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Nov 15, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Cross‐Sectional Design

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Sep 29, 2014

Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differe... more Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differences. By taking a cross section of a population, researchers avoid the disadvantages of longitudinal research, specifically loss of subjects over time. Keywords: cross-sectional design; longitudinal study; descriptive research; developmental study; cohort; cohort effect

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation Studies

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Sep 29, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for the Loglinear Model

Australian Journal of Education, Nov 1, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical analysis in single-case research: Issues, procedures, and recommendations, with applications to multiple behaviors

Research paper thumbnail of Meta-analysis for Single-Case Research

Research paper thumbnail of Correlational Studies

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Jun 22, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation Studies

Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, Oct 15, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Mental Health in the Schools

Elementary School Journal, Oct 1, 1973

Research paper thumbnail of Epistemological Beliefs of Teacher Credential Students

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-Sectional Design

Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, Oct 15, 2005

Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differe... more Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differences. By taking a cross section of a population, researchers avoid the disadvantages of longitudinal research, specifically loss of subjects over time. Keywords: cross-sectional design; longitudinal study; descriptive research; developmental study; cohort; cohort effect

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical Conclusion Validity

Elsevier eBooks, 2010

The classic definition of statistical conclusion validity that is an essential design component f... more The classic definition of statistical conclusion validity that is an essential design component for research investigations is given by Cook and Campbell (1979: 37) as the truthfulness of “conclusions about covariation” between treatment and outcome – that is, the degree of accuracy with which researchers can conclude that two variables are related or that a treatment is effective. Shadish et al. (2002) have listed nine threats to statistical conclusion validity, that are examined in this article, and the strategies for overcoming these threats are identified for researchers designing effective research investigations.

Research paper thumbnail of A classroom program to improve self-concept

Psychology in the Schools, Oct 1, 1973

A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF TEACHER AND STUDENT CLASSROOM INTERACTION 481 classroom performance of stud... more A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF TEACHER AND STUDENT CLASSROOM INTERACTION 481 classroom performance of students? This model may help to answer these questions by providing some necessary focus and sufficiently reliable criteria for the systematic observation and coding of teacher and student performance. The derived category system can be used, modified, and expanded to meet the needs of the prospective teacher, the team evaluator, the researcher, and the professional practitioner. Refinements of this model are in progress, and other uses of the category system are needed to validate applications and changes in future classroom practice.

Research paper thumbnail of Causal‐Comparative Study

A nonexperimental design that is employed to explore cause-and-effect relationships is called ex ... more A nonexperimental design that is employed to explore cause-and-effect relationships is called ex post facto or causal-comparative. The title ex post facto is applied to studies in which data are gathered retrospectively, whereas causal-comparative is used when data are gathered from groups and the independent variable is not manipulated as in an experiment. Keywords: ex post facto; causal-comparative; differential study; after-the-fact natural experiments

Research paper thumbnail of Relationships Between Selected Muscle Endurance Tasks and Gender

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, May 1, 2007

Laughlin, N.T., and P.L. Busk. Relationships between selected muscle endurance tasks and gender. ... more Laughlin, N.T., and P.L. Busk. Relationships between selected muscle endurance tasks and gender. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2):400-404.-The purpose of this research was to examine possible relationships between selected muscle endurance tasks and gender. Until 1990, girls' and women's programs infrequently contained activities such as sit-ups, push-ups, pullups, and exercises with resistance equipment. This lack of exposure may have, in turn, resulted in much poorer performance than men when examined in experimental settings. The results of a discriminant analysis indicated that the women (n ϭ 31) in this study did not differ from men (n ϭ 31) in the mean number of sit-ups, modified push-ups, and leg adductions performed, but that the men performed more lateral arm raises than the women (p Ͻ 0.05). When the influence of the age, height, and weight of the subjects (mean

Research paper thumbnail of Normative location theory: Placement in continuous space

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Dec 1, 1976

... Management Science, 1970, 17, 219229. HALEY, KB The siting of depots. International Journal o... more ... Management Science, 1970, 17, 219229. HALEY, KB The siting of depots. International Journal of Production Research, 1963, 2, 4146. ... 48, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1939. HUBERT, L. Monotone invariant clustering procedures. Psychometrika, 1973, 38, 4762. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Large Sample Multivariate Procedures for Comparing and Combining Effect Sizes Within a Single Study

Journal of Experimental Education, Sep 1, 1988

Research paper thumbnail of Loglinear models: A way to study main effects and interactions for multidimensional contingency tables with categorical data

Journal of Counseling Psychology, Oct 1, 1987

Research paper thumbnail of Stability of Sociometric Responses in Classrooms

Journal of Genetic Psychology, Sep 1, 1973

Research paper thumbnail of Epistemological Beliefs of Community-College Students

To date, no studies have focused solely on community college .students' epistemological beliefs a... more To date, no studies have focused solely on community college .students' epistemological beliefs and the courses students pursue. The purpose of this study was to determine if a semester-long community-college course designed to increase critical thinking skills could help students attain more sophisticated levels of epistemological beliefs. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine the relation between teachers' epistemological beliefs and the resulting epistemological beliefs of their students. The results did not support the research questions. Neither the course nor the teachers' level of epistemological beliefs was found to relate to students' epistemology. These implications help identify classroom practices that increase student success in college. One possible way for instructors to identify effective classroom practices is to link their teaching goals to classroom assessment. Also effective for instructors interested in increasing students' epistemological beliefs is the importance of instructor feedback to students. In addition, instructors can construct tests and assignments that foster integration of knowledge. Specific discussions and written self-reflections about epistemology among teachers and students can, at the very least, make students aware of their beliefs. Teachers also need to be aware of the forces impeding higher-order thinking skills, evaluation and integration of knowledge, pressures such as grades and coverage of course materials. (Contains 25 references.) (VWC) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

Research paper thumbnail of Causal‐Comparative Study

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Nov 15, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Cross‐Sectional Design

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Sep 29, 2014

Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differe... more Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differences. By taking a cross section of a population, researchers avoid the disadvantages of longitudinal research, specifically loss of subjects over time. Keywords: cross-sectional design; longitudinal study; descriptive research; developmental study; cohort; cohort effect

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation Studies

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Sep 29, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for the Loglinear Model

Australian Journal of Education, Nov 1, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical analysis in single-case research: Issues, procedures, and recommendations, with applications to multiple behaviors

Research paper thumbnail of Meta-analysis for Single-Case Research

Research paper thumbnail of Correlational Studies

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Jun 22, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation Studies

Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, Oct 15, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Mental Health in the Schools

Elementary School Journal, Oct 1, 1973

Research paper thumbnail of Epistemological Beliefs of Teacher Credential Students

Research paper thumbnail of Cross-Sectional Design

Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, Oct 15, 2005

Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differe... more Cohorts of individuals are measured at the same time in order to research temporal or age differences. By taking a cross section of a population, researchers avoid the disadvantages of longitudinal research, specifically loss of subjects over time. Keywords: cross-sectional design; longitudinal study; descriptive research; developmental study; cohort; cohort effect

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical Conclusion Validity

Elsevier eBooks, 2010

The classic definition of statistical conclusion validity that is an essential design component f... more The classic definition of statistical conclusion validity that is an essential design component for research investigations is given by Cook and Campbell (1979: 37) as the truthfulness of “conclusions about covariation” between treatment and outcome – that is, the degree of accuracy with which researchers can conclude that two variables are related or that a treatment is effective. Shadish et al. (2002) have listed nine threats to statistical conclusion validity, that are examined in this article, and the strategies for overcoming these threats are identified for researchers designing effective research investigations.

Research paper thumbnail of A classroom program to improve self-concept

Psychology in the Schools, Oct 1, 1973

A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF TEACHER AND STUDENT CLASSROOM INTERACTION 481 classroom performance of stud... more A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF TEACHER AND STUDENT CLASSROOM INTERACTION 481 classroom performance of students? This model may help to answer these questions by providing some necessary focus and sufficiently reliable criteria for the systematic observation and coding of teacher and student performance. The derived category system can be used, modified, and expanded to meet the needs of the prospective teacher, the team evaluator, the researcher, and the professional practitioner. Refinements of this model are in progress, and other uses of the category system are needed to validate applications and changes in future classroom practice.

Research paper thumbnail of Causal‐Comparative Study

A nonexperimental design that is employed to explore cause-and-effect relationships is called ex ... more A nonexperimental design that is employed to explore cause-and-effect relationships is called ex post facto or causal-comparative. The title ex post facto is applied to studies in which data are gathered retrospectively, whereas causal-comparative is used when data are gathered from groups and the independent variable is not manipulated as in an experiment. Keywords: ex post facto; causal-comparative; differential study; after-the-fact natural experiments

Research paper thumbnail of Relationships Between Selected Muscle Endurance Tasks and Gender

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, May 1, 2007

Laughlin, N.T., and P.L. Busk. Relationships between selected muscle endurance tasks and gender. ... more Laughlin, N.T., and P.L. Busk. Relationships between selected muscle endurance tasks and gender. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2):400-404.-The purpose of this research was to examine possible relationships between selected muscle endurance tasks and gender. Until 1990, girls' and women's programs infrequently contained activities such as sit-ups, push-ups, pullups, and exercises with resistance equipment. This lack of exposure may have, in turn, resulted in much poorer performance than men when examined in experimental settings. The results of a discriminant analysis indicated that the women (n ϭ 31) in this study did not differ from men (n ϭ 31) in the mean number of sit-ups, modified push-ups, and leg adductions performed, but that the men performed more lateral arm raises than the women (p Ͻ 0.05). When the influence of the age, height, and weight of the subjects (mean

Research paper thumbnail of Normative location theory: Placement in continuous space

Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Dec 1, 1976

... Management Science, 1970, 17, 219229. HALEY, KB The siting of depots. International Journal o... more ... Management Science, 1970, 17, 219229. HALEY, KB The siting of depots. International Journal of Production Research, 1963, 2, 4146. ... 48, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1939. HUBERT, L. Monotone invariant clustering procedures. Psychometrika, 1973, 38, 4762. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Large Sample Multivariate Procedures for Comparing and Combining Effect Sizes Within a Single Study

Journal of Experimental Education, Sep 1, 1988

Research paper thumbnail of Loglinear models: A way to study main effects and interactions for multidimensional contingency tables with categorical data

Journal of Counseling Psychology, Oct 1, 1987

Research paper thumbnail of Stability of Sociometric Responses in Classrooms

Journal of Genetic Psychology, Sep 1, 1973

Research paper thumbnail of Epistemological Beliefs of Community-College Students

To date, no studies have focused solely on community college .students' epistemological beliefs a... more To date, no studies have focused solely on community college .students' epistemological beliefs and the courses students pursue. The purpose of this study was to determine if a semester-long community-college course designed to increase critical thinking skills could help students attain more sophisticated levels of epistemological beliefs. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine the relation between teachers' epistemological beliefs and the resulting epistemological beliefs of their students. The results did not support the research questions. Neither the course nor the teachers' level of epistemological beliefs was found to relate to students' epistemology. These implications help identify classroom practices that increase student success in college. One possible way for instructors to identify effective classroom practices is to link their teaching goals to classroom assessment. Also effective for instructors interested in increasing students' epistemological beliefs is the importance of instructor feedback to students. In addition, instructors can construct tests and assignments that foster integration of knowledge. Specific discussions and written self-reflections about epistemology among teachers and students can, at the very least, make students aware of their beliefs. Teachers also need to be aware of the forces impeding higher-order thinking skills, evaluation and integration of knowledge, pressures such as grades and coverage of course materials. (Contains 25 references.) (VWC) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.