Akmal Hafizi | Universiti Sains Malaysia (original) (raw)

Drafts by Akmal Hafizi

Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive comp... more Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive components. Eddy current inspection is governed by the principles of electromagnetic induction-namely, Ampere's law, Faraday's law and Lenz's law-and variables such as inductive reactance and impedance are imperative. The impedance plane diagram is discussed in displaying eddy current behaviour. The equipment of eddy current inspection is discussed in details and is consisted of such fundamental parts as instrumentation and probes. Reference standards of eddy current inspection are also discussed and are for the calibration of the instruments in detecting defects. Common reference standards include flat plate, tube and hole discontinuity standards, and conductivity standards. Conventional reference standards include ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers), BS (British Standards), and ASTM (American Society for Testing of Materials).

Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to in... more Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to inspect internal defects. The principles, procedures, standards, and advantages and disadvantages of radiographic testing are discussed. Radiographic testing principles involve the use of high-energy electromagnetic radiation to inspect structures and defects. There are six procedural steps in performing radiographic testing-which are of the preparation, equipment and technique selections, inspection, and recording. Codes and standards for radiographic testing include ASTM, ASME, API, ISO and CEN. Radiographic testing has the upper hand in seeing through the sample and stores a permanent record of it; whereas, its grave limitations are the health hazards and the need for comprehensive facilities.

Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and work... more Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and working, applications, and the second and third harmonic generations. Nd-YAG laser is a four-level, solid-state laser-of the emission of 1064 nm and of neodymium-doped yttriumaluminum garnet crystal. Nd-YAG lasing action is achieved when a population inversion occurs between the energy state E 3 and E 2. The second and third harmonic generations of Nd-YAG laser system are a nonlinear optical frequency conversion of the fundamental infrared wave to the green and ultraviolet waves, respectively.

The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual qu... more The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual quantum computing system realised by Arduino coding software. The XOR circuit determines whether the wavefunction collapses or gets entangled. The Arduino IDE provides the coding platform that computes the mathematical model of quantum computing Bloch sphere—whose results are transmitted as outputs for the tangible circuits. The engineering process of problem definition, embodiment of design and prototyping are both documented and video-reported. The results showed that the XOR logic circuit successfully switches accordingly as calculated to both wavefunction collapse and quantum entanglement of the conceptual quantum computing system by Arduino coding.

Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentia... more Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentially ferromagnetic—and are usually in the form of thin film, single-molecule magnet or grains. Nanomagnets are so versatile of a material that not only does it advance the technological aspect of the industries, but it also has found application in biotechnology and alike. In this essay, three main categories of applications of nanomagnets that are to be discussed are—engineering, biomedical and environmental.

Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electric... more Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electrical charges and has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Dielectric materials can be found in such applications as energy storage, constructing radio frequency, improving semiconductors, as cooling agents, and many more. In this essay, five applications of dielectric materials that are to be discussed are—capacitors, liquid crystal display, transmission lines, transformer, and resonator oscillators.

In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record da... more In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record data and study the celestial objects in the night sky. This fieldwork consists of four astronomical observations in the area of campus in [REDACTED]. We were able to observe and learn about the celestial objects by applying the theory of astronomy we had learned in this semester.

The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomi... more The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomical charts and catalogues as well as their use. This has caused an abundance of astronomical information available to the science community and casual users alike. These online astronomy resources are very beneficial and informative in enhancing a learning experience. The resources come in various forms but not limited to sites, databases, interactive media, virtual and augmented reality, and online talks and courses. In this essay, I will talk about two forms of the online astronomy resources-that is, online courses and smartphone apps. On that note, I have chosen the MIT Open Courseware 8.20 Introduction to Special Relativity, and the Sky Map smartphone apps.

Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk... more Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C yang dijual dalam talian adalah tidak selamat”. Hipotesis yang ingin diuji dalam esei ini adalah seperti berikut: produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C adalah memudaratkan. Secara amnya, data yang dikumpulkan dalam esei ini adalah berdasarkan kaedah ulasan daripada sastera saintifik yang tersedia ada dalam subjek yang dibincangkan.

Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid material... more Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid materials. Many techniques and methods are implemented to understand the structure of solid compounds, study its properties and predict its behavior. Since its official establishment in the mid-1900s, it has evolved to include various fields of study while also launching new areas of interest. Improvements to existing materials have been continuously worked on since then, and new compounds have been developed and understood clearly with the aid of SSP methods. In this review, several of its contributions and applications are explored in detail.

Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used... more Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used as the vital component for integrated circuits, optical fibres and fundamentally for communication devices. Photonic materials are the materials that interact with light for the purpose of information transmission, generation, detection, processing and storage. A thin film is defined as a low-dimensional material that is fabricated through the process of condensing atomic, molecular or ionic species of matter. Thin films are fabricated for electronic devices and for optical coatings. Bulk materials are defined as a semiconductor that which band gap energy (E g) is composition-dependent. The characterisation of electronic or photonic materials is instrumental in determining the parameters involved in any given semiconductor sample. For electrical characterisation, three techniques presented are the resistivity, eddy current and Hall effect. Furthermore, four-point probe, wafer mapping and capacitive probe are also discussed. As for electronic characterisation, X-ray fluorescence, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy are the techniques presented. These characterisation techniques are vital in understanding the fundamental properties of various semiconductors as the building blocks of optoelectronic devices.

The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole... more The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole timeline of the project. The problem statements of the project are simply to comprehend and to brainstorm for the lines of codes and for the development of the product successfully. The project proposed and reported is an automated plant watering system using Arduino devices. Both the design specifications and the financial requirements are clearly reported. The report also includes all the layout drawings of both the circuit and the physical product. The engineering calculation and analysis are presented thoroughly in the report. The details of the fabrication are explained in a step-by-step manner. All in all, the result is achieved successfully with the utilisation of an LCD screen to display the soil moisture and with the working function of the soil moisture sensor, the relay and the vertical pump. Eventually, the demonstration and testing are done accordingly. To conclude, the [REDACTED] project has given the benefit of the opportunity in designing and devising a product through the engineering approach in practicality.

The video report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALahglW2h9Y&t=112s

This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or c... more This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or courses. The paper is a rookie attempt to deriving mathematical expressions of the well-known puzzle, the bridge and torch problem. The problem is about finding the shortest time needed for n people to cross a bridge at night. The catch is the bridge can only support at most two persons at a time, and the two persons will cross the bridge at the speed of the slower one. Moreover, a torch is needed for each and every crossing, and the torch has a finite time of burning. Thus, the puzzle is a problem to determine the possible shortest time from the choice of the two persons per crossing against the finite burning time of the torch. The result of this paper gives into fruition of a set of three equations--the vector form describing the mechanics of the logic solution, even-valued n function and odd-valued n function.

Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied ... more Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility, X is a ratio of magnetization, M to the magnetic field intensity, H. X > 0 is paramagnetism, and X < 0 is diamagnetism. The objective of the experiment is to determine the magnetic susceptibilities of FeCl_3 solution and water. The volume and mass susceptibilities of the solution are also determined. The experiment consists of two parts. The first part is to measure the magnetic flux as a function of the current. The second part is to measure the change in the liquid column as a function of current. The best value for magnetic flux is obtained at I = 0 A. For series connection, Φ0 = (1.54 ± 0.01) x 10-6 mWb. For parallel connection, Φ0 = [(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x 10-4)] mWb. It is obtained that FeCl_3 is paramagnetic and water is diamagnetic. In particular, for FeCl_3, X = 0.04 ± (6.76 x 10-6). Whereas, for water, X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-3. The volume and mass susceptibilities of FeCl_3 are only managed to be simplified algebraically.

The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis ... more The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of a single solenoid coil, and to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of the Helmholtz coil. Helmholtz coil is a device that produces a region of a nearly uniform magnetic field. It consists of two solenoids that are parallel to each other on the same axis. Both solenoids are separated by a distance, d. Each coil carries an equal electric current in the same direction. The entire experiment is conducted via a simulator software provided. For Experiment I, the graph of B vs x is obtained alongside with the logarithmic graph of B vs the square of x. The comparison of the experimental and the theoretical logarithmic graphs allows the determination of the turns of wire, N of the hypothetical single coil. That is, N = 1717.5. It is managed to obtain the best value for B_0 through the standard deviation as the uncertainty in a single measurement with 70% confidence. That is, B_0 = (4.1267 x 10-3) ± (9.2236 x 10-5) T. The experimental μ_0 is deduced and it is given by μ_0 = (2.5292 x 10-7) T m A^-1. The determination of the experimental μ0 yields a percentage error of 79.9%. For Experiment II, the graph of B vs x is obtained for all d = R, d = 1.5R and d = 0.5R. Two major things found out in this part are, firstly, the mathematical erratum in either the simulator or in the laboratory manual is very substantial, and secondly, the erratum has caused such an ambiguity that a thorough quantitative analysis has become cumbersome given the time constraint as the deviation between the experimental and the theoretical values are of logarithmic. Next, the graph of B_0 vs d is also obtained for both the experimental and the theoretical values. Nothing much could be done on the quantitative aspect of it. However, qualitatively, it is observed that as d increases, B decreases. This may explain the lesser incident flux density as the coils move further apart. Lastly, the slope of the experimental data has a greater rate of change as opposed to that of the theoretical values.

The report of [REDACTED] assignment project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives an... more The report of [REDACTED] assignment project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole timeline of the project. The problem statements of the project are simply to comprehend and to brainstorm for the lines of codes and for the development of the product successfully. The project proposed and reported is an LED cube 4x4x4 that has both the graphic and sound displays using Arduino products. Both the design specifications and the financial requirements are clearly reported. The report also includes all the layout drawings of both the circuit and the physical product. The engineering calculation and analysis are presented thoroughly in the report. The details of the fabrication are explained in a step-by-step manner. All in all, the result was partially satisfactory. On the plus side, the lines of codes work well with the application of the integrated circuit, IC SN74HC595N. On the minus side, a limitation on the practicality of fabricating the physical product is encountered at a later stage of the fabrication. The issue prevented the electronics components from being successfully assembled with the physical product. Eventually, the demonstration and testing are done on the breadboard instead. To conclude, the project has given the benefit of the opportunity in designing and devising a product through the valuable engineering approach, regardless.

The video report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGE9cysRufg&t=16s

This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution. Con... more This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution. Congkak is a Malay traditional board game. It is played by which the player drops each marble into every successive hole progressing from the hole the player has chosen to start. The objective of this paper is to derive an equation determining the final nth hole with a known starting point (hole) and the number of marbles at hand. The resultant equation is impressively a mere linear equation with a dependence on a restricted domain of the function.

A glider is a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in-flight by the dynamic reaction of th... more A glider is a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in-flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. As for the glider project, we used balsa wood, cupboard foam, sheet metal, carbon fiber rod and plasticine. Balsa wood is used for its outstanding lightweight feature in its family. The cupboard foam is used for the wing and tail of the glider. We designed the wing to swept-back shape to lengthen the gliding time. The tail is of the same material as the wing but we chose the conventional tail shape to provide more stability during gliding. The wing and tail are made rigid by putting a stainless steel and carbon fiber rod along the wing and the tail length so that it would not wobble and both side of the wing and tail will be in a straight line. Lastly, we attached a clump of plasticine at the nose of the glider to avoid extreme pitch up or down. The glider weighed 333 gram and having a cubic loading of 1.76 oz per cubic feet. Its stall speed was 14.5 km/h
and wing aspect ratio of 6.82.

This is a particular section of the author's propulsion lab (group) project of which the author c... more This is a particular section of the author's propulsion lab (group) project of which the author contributed the most in the making of the report. In general, the calculations that have been made in the consideration of the rocket aerodynamics can be differentiated into two different approaches – static & dynamics. The static takes into account the first moments, centroids & center of gravity. Whereas, the dynamics consists of peak height, the velocity of rocket, the time lapse, drag equation, the nozzle thrust & dynamic pressure. Nonetheless, most of the equations have been considered with few assumptions made. It is for certain that any possible discrepancy is inevitable in this particular section in comparison of the actual results obtained. Lastly, the results obtained are as follows: centre of gravity = 19 cm upward with respect to the nozzle-end; centre of pressure = 5 cm upward with respect to the nozzle-end; peak height = 33.69 cm; instantaneous velocity = 25.71 m/s; time of free-falling = 2.62 s; time of upward motion = 2.38 s; drag = 1.21 N; instantaneous nozzle thrust = 608.4 N; and dynamic pressure = 397.9 Pa.

This project proposes an economic paper shredder for the use of corporate and university. The pap... more This project proposes an economic paper shredder for the use of corporate and university. The paper shredder is primarily eco-friendly by producing small and light waste that is recyclable into mulch. Besides that, the paper shredder is also convenient and immediate to be used as well as effective in terms of the security level of shredded paper. The paper shredder is primarily economic with reasonable quality. Also, the dimension of the paper shredder is of fit-on-table size with easy-to-carry weight and thus making the economic paper shredder portable and convenient to use. The problems of existing paper shredder that to be resolved are identified through the method of problem identification. The tools that the team implement are customer survey, brainstorming and literature review. Concept generation and evaluation are done using the method of Pugh’s chart. The method is practical and convenient in evaluating the potential feature of a paper shredder numerically. The process of design embodiment consists of layout design and the necessary engineering calculation and analysis using computer-aided engineering software. The detail design includes the finalized design, drawings of parts and assembly and also the analysis of cost. The prototyping process provides the details of fabrication. This part of progress also provides the manual of the product and the product testing results.

Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive comp... more Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive components. Eddy current inspection is governed by the principles of electromagnetic induction-namely, Ampere's law, Faraday's law and Lenz's law-and variables such as inductive reactance and impedance are imperative. The impedance plane diagram is discussed in displaying eddy current behaviour. The equipment of eddy current inspection is discussed in details and is consisted of such fundamental parts as instrumentation and probes. Reference standards of eddy current inspection are also discussed and are for the calibration of the instruments in detecting defects. Common reference standards include flat plate, tube and hole discontinuity standards, and conductivity standards. Conventional reference standards include ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers), BS (British Standards), and ASTM (American Society for Testing of Materials).

Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to in... more Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to inspect internal defects. The principles, procedures, standards, and advantages and disadvantages of radiographic testing are discussed. Radiographic testing principles involve the use of high-energy electromagnetic radiation to inspect structures and defects. There are six procedural steps in performing radiographic testing-which are of the preparation, equipment and technique selections, inspection, and recording. Codes and standards for radiographic testing include ASTM, ASME, API, ISO and CEN. Radiographic testing has the upper hand in seeing through the sample and stores a permanent record of it; whereas, its grave limitations are the health hazards and the need for comprehensive facilities.

Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and work... more Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and working, applications, and the second and third harmonic generations. Nd-YAG laser is a four-level, solid-state laser-of the emission of 1064 nm and of neodymium-doped yttriumaluminum garnet crystal. Nd-YAG lasing action is achieved when a population inversion occurs between the energy state E 3 and E 2. The second and third harmonic generations of Nd-YAG laser system are a nonlinear optical frequency conversion of the fundamental infrared wave to the green and ultraviolet waves, respectively.

The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual qu... more The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual quantum computing system realised by Arduino coding software. The XOR circuit determines whether the wavefunction collapses or gets entangled. The Arduino IDE provides the coding platform that computes the mathematical model of quantum computing Bloch sphere—whose results are transmitted as outputs for the tangible circuits. The engineering process of problem definition, embodiment of design and prototyping are both documented and video-reported. The results showed that the XOR logic circuit successfully switches accordingly as calculated to both wavefunction collapse and quantum entanglement of the conceptual quantum computing system by Arduino coding.

Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentia... more Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentially ferromagnetic—and are usually in the form of thin film, single-molecule magnet or grains. Nanomagnets are so versatile of a material that not only does it advance the technological aspect of the industries, but it also has found application in biotechnology and alike. In this essay, three main categories of applications of nanomagnets that are to be discussed are—engineering, biomedical and environmental.

Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electric... more Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electrical charges and has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Dielectric materials can be found in such applications as energy storage, constructing radio frequency, improving semiconductors, as cooling agents, and many more. In this essay, five applications of dielectric materials that are to be discussed are—capacitors, liquid crystal display, transmission lines, transformer, and resonator oscillators.

In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record da... more In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record data and study the celestial objects in the night sky. This fieldwork consists of four astronomical observations in the area of campus in [REDACTED]. We were able to observe and learn about the celestial objects by applying the theory of astronomy we had learned in this semester.

The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomi... more The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomical charts and catalogues as well as their use. This has caused an abundance of astronomical information available to the science community and casual users alike. These online astronomy resources are very beneficial and informative in enhancing a learning experience. The resources come in various forms but not limited to sites, databases, interactive media, virtual and augmented reality, and online talks and courses. In this essay, I will talk about two forms of the online astronomy resources-that is, online courses and smartphone apps. On that note, I have chosen the MIT Open Courseware 8.20 Introduction to Special Relativity, and the Sky Map smartphone apps.

Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk... more Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C yang dijual dalam talian adalah tidak selamat”. Hipotesis yang ingin diuji dalam esei ini adalah seperti berikut: produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C adalah memudaratkan. Secara amnya, data yang dikumpulkan dalam esei ini adalah berdasarkan kaedah ulasan daripada sastera saintifik yang tersedia ada dalam subjek yang dibincangkan.

Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid material... more Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid materials. Many techniques and methods are implemented to understand the structure of solid compounds, study its properties and predict its behavior. Since its official establishment in the mid-1900s, it has evolved to include various fields of study while also launching new areas of interest. Improvements to existing materials have been continuously worked on since then, and new compounds have been developed and understood clearly with the aid of SSP methods. In this review, several of its contributions and applications are explored in detail.

Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used... more Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used as the vital component for integrated circuits, optical fibres and fundamentally for communication devices. Photonic materials are the materials that interact with light for the purpose of information transmission, generation, detection, processing and storage. A thin film is defined as a low-dimensional material that is fabricated through the process of condensing atomic, molecular or ionic species of matter. Thin films are fabricated for electronic devices and for optical coatings. Bulk materials are defined as a semiconductor that which band gap energy (E g) is composition-dependent. The characterisation of electronic or photonic materials is instrumental in determining the parameters involved in any given semiconductor sample. For electrical characterisation, three techniques presented are the resistivity, eddy current and Hall effect. Furthermore, four-point probe, wafer mapping and capacitive probe are also discussed. As for electronic characterisation, X-ray fluorescence, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy are the techniques presented. These characterisation techniques are vital in understanding the fundamental properties of various semiconductors as the building blocks of optoelectronic devices.

The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole... more The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole timeline of the project. The problem statements of the project are simply to comprehend and to brainstorm for the lines of codes and for the development of the product successfully. The project proposed and reported is an automated plant watering system using Arduino devices. Both the design specifications and the financial requirements are clearly reported. The report also includes all the layout drawings of both the circuit and the physical product. The engineering calculation and analysis are presented thoroughly in the report. The details of the fabrication are explained in a step-by-step manner. All in all, the result is achieved successfully with the utilisation of an LCD screen to display the soil moisture and with the working function of the soil moisture sensor, the relay and the vertical pump. Eventually, the demonstration and testing are done accordingly. To conclude, the [REDACTED] project has given the benefit of the opportunity in designing and devising a product through the engineering approach in practicality.

The video report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALahglW2h9Y&t=112s

This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or c... more This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or courses. The paper is a rookie attempt to deriving mathematical expressions of the well-known puzzle, the bridge and torch problem. The problem is about finding the shortest time needed for n people to cross a bridge at night. The catch is the bridge can only support at most two persons at a time, and the two persons will cross the bridge at the speed of the slower one. Moreover, a torch is needed for each and every crossing, and the torch has a finite time of burning. Thus, the puzzle is a problem to determine the possible shortest time from the choice of the two persons per crossing against the finite burning time of the torch. The result of this paper gives into fruition of a set of three equations--the vector form describing the mechanics of the logic solution, even-valued n function and odd-valued n function.

Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied ... more Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility, X is a ratio of magnetization, M to the magnetic field intensity, H. X > 0 is paramagnetism, and X < 0 is diamagnetism. The objective of the experiment is to determine the magnetic susceptibilities of FeCl_3 solution and water. The volume and mass susceptibilities of the solution are also determined. The experiment consists of two parts. The first part is to measure the magnetic flux as a function of the current. The second part is to measure the change in the liquid column as a function of current. The best value for magnetic flux is obtained at I = 0 A. For series connection, Φ0 = (1.54 ± 0.01) x 10-6 mWb. For parallel connection, Φ0 = [(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x 10-4)] mWb. It is obtained that FeCl_3 is paramagnetic and water is diamagnetic. In particular, for FeCl_3, X = 0.04 ± (6.76 x 10-6). Whereas, for water, X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-3. The volume and mass susceptibilities of FeCl_3 are only managed to be simplified algebraically.

The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis ... more The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of a single solenoid coil, and to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of the Helmholtz coil. Helmholtz coil is a device that produces a region of a nearly uniform magnetic field. It consists of two solenoids that are parallel to each other on the same axis. Both solenoids are separated by a distance, d. Each coil carries an equal electric current in the same direction. The entire experiment is conducted via a simulator software provided. For Experiment I, the graph of B vs x is obtained alongside with the logarithmic graph of B vs the square of x. The comparison of the experimental and the theoretical logarithmic graphs allows the determination of the turns of wire, N of the hypothetical single coil. That is, N = 1717.5. It is managed to obtain the best value for B_0 through the standard deviation as the uncertainty in a single measurement with 70% confidence. That is, B_0 = (4.1267 x 10-3) ± (9.2236 x 10-5) T. The experimental μ_0 is deduced and it is given by μ_0 = (2.5292 x 10-7) T m A^-1. The determination of the experimental μ0 yields a percentage error of 79.9%. For Experiment II, the graph of B vs x is obtained for all d = R, d = 1.5R and d = 0.5R. Two major things found out in this part are, firstly, the mathematical erratum in either the simulator or in the laboratory manual is very substantial, and secondly, the erratum has caused such an ambiguity that a thorough quantitative analysis has become cumbersome given the time constraint as the deviation between the experimental and the theoretical values are of logarithmic. Next, the graph of B_0 vs d is also obtained for both the experimental and the theoretical values. Nothing much could be done on the quantitative aspect of it. However, qualitatively, it is observed that as d increases, B decreases. This may explain the lesser incident flux density as the coils move further apart. Lastly, the slope of the experimental data has a greater rate of change as opposed to that of the theoretical values.

The report of [REDACTED] assignment project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives an... more The report of [REDACTED] assignment project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole timeline of the project. The problem statements of the project are simply to comprehend and to brainstorm for the lines of codes and for the development of the product successfully. The project proposed and reported is an LED cube 4x4x4 that has both the graphic and sound displays using Arduino products. Both the design specifications and the financial requirements are clearly reported. The report also includes all the layout drawings of both the circuit and the physical product. The engineering calculation and analysis are presented thoroughly in the report. The details of the fabrication are explained in a step-by-step manner. All in all, the result was partially satisfactory. On the plus side, the lines of codes work well with the application of the integrated circuit, IC SN74HC595N. On the minus side, a limitation on the practicality of fabricating the physical product is encountered at a later stage of the fabrication. The issue prevented the electronics components from being successfully assembled with the physical product. Eventually, the demonstration and testing are done on the breadboard instead. To conclude, the project has given the benefit of the opportunity in designing and devising a product through the valuable engineering approach, regardless.

The video report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGE9cysRufg&t=16s

This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution. Con... more This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution. Congkak is a Malay traditional board game. It is played by which the player drops each marble into every successive hole progressing from the hole the player has chosen to start. The objective of this paper is to derive an equation determining the final nth hole with a known starting point (hole) and the number of marbles at hand. The resultant equation is impressively a mere linear equation with a dependence on a restricted domain of the function.

A glider is a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in-flight by the dynamic reaction of th... more A glider is a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in-flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. As for the glider project, we used balsa wood, cupboard foam, sheet metal, carbon fiber rod and plasticine. Balsa wood is used for its outstanding lightweight feature in its family. The cupboard foam is used for the wing and tail of the glider. We designed the wing to swept-back shape to lengthen the gliding time. The tail is of the same material as the wing but we chose the conventional tail shape to provide more stability during gliding. The wing and tail are made rigid by putting a stainless steel and carbon fiber rod along the wing and the tail length so that it would not wobble and both side of the wing and tail will be in a straight line. Lastly, we attached a clump of plasticine at the nose of the glider to avoid extreme pitch up or down. The glider weighed 333 gram and having a cubic loading of 1.76 oz per cubic feet. Its stall speed was 14.5 km/h
and wing aspect ratio of 6.82.

This is a particular section of the author's propulsion lab (group) project of which the author c... more This is a particular section of the author's propulsion lab (group) project of which the author contributed the most in the making of the report. In general, the calculations that have been made in the consideration of the rocket aerodynamics can be differentiated into two different approaches – static & dynamics. The static takes into account the first moments, centroids & center of gravity. Whereas, the dynamics consists of peak height, the velocity of rocket, the time lapse, drag equation, the nozzle thrust & dynamic pressure. Nonetheless, most of the equations have been considered with few assumptions made. It is for certain that any possible discrepancy is inevitable in this particular section in comparison of the actual results obtained. Lastly, the results obtained are as follows: centre of gravity = 19 cm upward with respect to the nozzle-end; centre of pressure = 5 cm upward with respect to the nozzle-end; peak height = 33.69 cm; instantaneous velocity = 25.71 m/s; time of free-falling = 2.62 s; time of upward motion = 2.38 s; drag = 1.21 N; instantaneous nozzle thrust = 608.4 N; and dynamic pressure = 397.9 Pa.

This project proposes an economic paper shredder for the use of corporate and university. The pap... more This project proposes an economic paper shredder for the use of corporate and university. The paper shredder is primarily eco-friendly by producing small and light waste that is recyclable into mulch. Besides that, the paper shredder is also convenient and immediate to be used as well as effective in terms of the security level of shredded paper. The paper shredder is primarily economic with reasonable quality. Also, the dimension of the paper shredder is of fit-on-table size with easy-to-carry weight and thus making the economic paper shredder portable and convenient to use. The problems of existing paper shredder that to be resolved are identified through the method of problem identification. The tools that the team implement are customer survey, brainstorming and literature review. Concept generation and evaluation are done using the method of Pugh’s chart. The method is practical and convenient in evaluating the potential feature of a paper shredder numerically. The process of design embodiment consists of layout design and the necessary engineering calculation and analysis using computer-aided engineering software. The detail design includes the finalized design, drawings of parts and assembly and also the analysis of cost. The prototyping process provides the details of fabrication. This part of progress also provides the manual of the product and the product testing results.