Akmal Hafizi - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Drafts by Akmal Hafizi
![Research paper thumbnail of MPhil Research Proposal: MXene as Wearable Moisture Sensor [Dropped Out]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121230670/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The healing process of a wound is most dependent on the moisture level. An optimal moisture level... more The healing process of a wound is most dependent on the moisture level. An optimal moisture level in the wound bed is crucial for proper tissue regeneration. Conventionally, wound assessment is primarily based on the visual inspection, which involves a removal of the dressing that results in a disturbance on the healing process. An approach to an effective wound management is imperative to aid patients recover from chronic pain. Therefore, the possibility of monitoring the moisture level in a wound, in real-time may significantly improve the quality of wound management, and avoid unnecessary dressing changes. Several sensors have been developed in the modern healthcare applications. Nonetheless, the wound environment is still poorly researched, and the most relevant reason is the biocompatibility factor. In the advancement of 2D materials, the transition metal carbides or nitrides called MXene—originating from the parent MAX phase—have attracted extensive attention due to its unique morphology, electrical properties, hydrophilicity, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Therefore, this fundamental study is to further investigate the properties of MXene on its electrical properties, water adsorption effect, and its application in flexible wearable sensors for the detection of moisture in chronic wound monitoring. The research objectives consist of three parts—[REDACTED]; [REDACTED]; and, [REDACTED]. The research methodology is divided into three parts—[REDACTED] of MXene; fabrication and characterization of functionalized MXene/polyelectrolyte multilayers; and, experimental verification of functionalized MXene-based flexible sensor.
This research aims to study the growth of TiO2 under a direct imposition of a strong permanent ne... more This research aims to study the growth of TiO2 under a direct imposition of a strong permanent neodymium magnet with a magnetic dipole. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the magnetic field imposition on the growth and characterisation of TiO2. Methodically, this research uses ammonium fluoride as the electrolyte and platinum as the cathode. The characterisation encompasses the I-t curve, annealing, FESEM, and XRD. The research discovered that only the perpendicular magnet imposition has the electromagnetic effect on the anions. The research also found that the magnetic field imposition catalyses the formation of the rutile phase at 450°C, and more rutile phase formations are observed under the magnetic field imposition at 650°C. The interplanar distance increases under the magnetic field imposition, but the FWHM fails to show a consistent trend. The I-t curves of the region A-B for the parallel magnet imposition do have a lower anodizing current due to the interference of the diamagnetism effect. As for the perpendicular magnet imposition, the lower anodizing current due to the interference of the diamagnetism effect and the Lorentz force is observed with a poor oxide formation due to the separation of ions. As for the region B-C for the parallel magnet imposition, the diamagnetism effect interferes the oxide pits formation causing the lower anodizing current. As for the perpendicular magnet imposition, the lower anodizing current due to the interference is observed with a localised F- concentration. The TiO2 microscopy discovered that all the magnetic field impositions—except for the perpendicular-north magnet imposition—yields larger TiO2 nanotubes but a less dense TiO2 thin film.
LEDs are comprised of a p-n junction and the recombination of the carriers at the junction yields... more LEDs are comprised of a p-n junction and the recombination of the carriers at the junction yields the light generation. Titanium-containing materials in LEDs development are reviewed. Titanium is an effective co-dopant material in the white light generation of LED. A titanium-containing nanocrystalline-lithium-titanium oxide (LTO) has an application in the white light emitting diodes (WLED).
Quantum dot-sensitised solar cells (QDSSCs) have turned out to be strong alternatives in comparis... more Quantum dot-sensitised solar cells (QDSSCs) have turned out to be strong alternatives in comparison to conventional solar cell technology, with important advantages like reduced environmental impact and cost. QDSSCs generate more electrons at the electrolyte interface than dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) in order to increase efficiency. With the replacement of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 with 𝑍𝑛𝑂, an increase in performance can be achieved. Synthesis methods for quantum dots include colloidal synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, and biomimetic synthesis. Colloidal synthesis is the process by which metal ions are dissolved in a solvent. Hydrothermal synthesis is a high-pressure and high-temperature process. Biomimetic synthesis is a biological nucleation process. The advantages of ZnO quantum dots are mainly due to their quantum confinement effect, which causes the large exciton binding energy. By selecting a suitable synthesis method and material, the efficiencies of the solar cells can be significantly improved.
The vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules is reviewed-both in infrared and Raman spectra... more The vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules is reviewed-both in infrared and Raman spectra. The infrared spectrum is of the change in the dipole moment, whereas the Raman spectrum is of induced dipole moment by the radiation. The vibrational infrared spectrum is reviewed for HCl, whereas the vibrational Raman spectrum is reviewed for C 60 and C 70 .
Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive comp... more Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive components. Eddy current inspection is governed by the principles of electromagnetic induction-namely, Ampere's law, Faraday's law and Lenz's law-and variables such as inductive reactance and impedance are imperative. The impedance plane diagram is discussed in displaying eddy current behaviour. The equipment of eddy current inspection is discussed in details and is consisted of such fundamental parts as instrumentation and probes. Reference standards of eddy current inspection are also discussed and are for the calibration of the instruments in detecting defects. Common reference standards include flat plate, tube and hole discontinuity standards, and conductivity standards. Conventional reference standards include ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers), BS (British Standards), and ASTM (American Society for Testing of Materials).
Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to in... more Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to inspect internal defects. The principles, procedures, standards, and advantages and disadvantages of radiographic testing are discussed. Radiographic testing principles involve the use of high-energy electromagnetic radiation to inspect structures and defects. There are six procedural steps in performing radiographic testing-which are of the preparation, equipment and technique selections, inspection, and recording. Codes and standards for radiographic testing include ASTM, ASME, API, ISO and CEN. Radiographic testing has the upper hand in seeing through the sample and stores a permanent record of it; whereas, its grave limitations are the health hazards and the need for comprehensive facilities.
Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and work... more Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and working, applications, and the second and third harmonic generations. Nd-YAG laser is a four-level, solid-state laser-of the emission of 1064 nm and of neodymium-doped yttriumaluminum garnet crystal. Nd-YAG lasing action is achieved when a population inversion occurs between the energy state E 3 and E 2. The second and third harmonic generations of Nd-YAG laser system are a nonlinear optical frequency conversion of the fundamental infrared wave to the green and ultraviolet waves, respectively.
The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual qu... more The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual quantum computing system realised by Arduino coding software. The XOR circuit determines whether the wavefunction collapses or gets entangled. The Arduino IDE provides the coding platform that computes the mathematical model of quantum computing Bloch sphere—whose results are transmitted as outputs for the tangible circuits. The engineering process of problem definition, embodiment of design and prototyping are both documented and video-reported. The results showed that the XOR logic circuit successfully switches accordingly as calculated to both wavefunction collapse and quantum entanglement of the conceptual quantum computing system by Arduino coding.
Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentia... more Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentially ferromagnetic—and are usually in the form of thin film, single-molecule magnet or grains. Nanomagnets are so versatile of a material that not only does it advance the technological aspect of the industries, but it also has found application in biotechnology and alike. In this essay, three main categories of applications of nanomagnets that are to be discussed are—engineering, biomedical and environmental.
Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electric... more Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electrical charges and has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Dielectric materials can be found in such applications as energy storage, constructing radio frequency, improving semiconductors, as cooling agents, and many more. In this essay, five applications of dielectric materials that are to be discussed are—capacitors, liquid crystal display, transmission lines, transformer, and resonator oscillators.
In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record da... more In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record data and study the celestial objects in the night sky. This fieldwork consists of four astronomical observations in the area of campus in [REDACTED]. We were able to observe and learn about the celestial objects by applying the theory of astronomy we had learned in this semester.
The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomi... more The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomical charts and catalogues as well as their use. This has caused an abundance of astronomical information available to the science community and casual users alike. These online astronomy resources are very beneficial and informative in enhancing a learning experience. The resources come in various forms but not limited to sites, databases, interactive media, virtual and augmented reality, and online talks and courses. In this essay, I will talk about two forms of the online astronomy resources-that is, online courses and smartphone apps. On that note, I have chosen the MIT Open Courseware 8.20 Introduction to Special Relativity, and the Sky Map smartphone apps.
Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk... more Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C yang dijual dalam talian adalah tidak selamat”. Hipotesis yang ingin diuji dalam esei ini adalah seperti berikut: produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C adalah memudaratkan. Secara amnya, data yang dikumpulkan dalam esei ini adalah berdasarkan kaedah ulasan daripada sastera saintifik yang tersedia ada dalam subjek yang dibincangkan.
Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid material... more Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid materials. Many techniques and methods are implemented to understand the structure of solid compounds, study its properties and predict its behavior. Since its official establishment in the mid-1900s, it has evolved to include various fields of study while also launching new areas of interest. Improvements to existing materials have been continuously worked on since then, and new compounds have been developed and understood clearly with the aid of SSP methods. In this review, several of its contributions and applications are explored in detail.
Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used... more Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used as the vital component for integrated circuits, optical fibres and fundamentally for communication devices. Photonic materials are the materials that interact with light for the purpose of information transmission, generation, detection, processing and storage. A thin film is defined as a low-dimensional material that is fabricated through the process of condensing atomic, molecular or ionic species of matter. Thin films are fabricated for electronic devices and for optical coatings. Bulk materials are defined as a semiconductor that which band gap energy (E g) is composition-dependent. The characterisation of electronic or photonic materials is instrumental in determining the parameters involved in any given semiconductor sample. For electrical characterisation, three techniques presented are the resistivity, eddy current and Hall effect. Furthermore, four-point probe, wafer mapping and capacitive probe are also discussed. As for electronic characterisation, X-ray fluorescence, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy are the techniques presented. These characterisation techniques are vital in understanding the fundamental properties of various semiconductors as the building blocks of optoelectronic devices.
The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole... more The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole timeline of the project. The problem statements of the project are simply to comprehend and to brainstorm for the lines of codes and for the development of the product successfully. The project proposed and reported is an automated plant watering system using Arduino devices. Both the design specifications and the financial requirements are clearly reported. The report also includes all the layout drawings of both the circuit and the physical product. The engineering calculation and analysis are presented thoroughly in the report. The details of the fabrication are explained in a step-by-step manner. All in all, the result is achieved successfully with the utilisation of an LCD screen to display the soil moisture and with the working function of the soil moisture sensor, the relay and the vertical pump. Eventually, the demonstration and testing are done accordingly. To conclude, the [REDACTED] project has given the benefit of the opportunity in designing and devising a product through the engineering approach in practicality.
The video report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALahglW2h9Y&t=112s
This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or c... more This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or courses. The paper is a rookie attempt to deriving mathematical expressions of the well-known puzzle, the bridge and torch problem. The problem is about finding the shortest time needed for n people to cross a bridge at night. The catch is the bridge can only support at most two persons at a time, and the two persons will cross the bridge at the speed of the slower one. Moreover, a torch is needed for each and every crossing, and the torch has a finite time of burning. Thus, the puzzle is a problem to determine the possible shortest time from the choice of the two persons per crossing against the finite burning time of the torch. The result of this paper gives into fruition of a set of three equations--the vector form describing the mechanics of the logic solution, even-valued n function and odd-valued n function.
Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied ... more Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility, X is a ratio of magnetization, M to the magnetic field intensity, H. X > 0 is paramagnetism, and X < 0 is diamagnetism. The objective of the experiment is to determine the magnetic susceptibilities of FeCl_3 solution and water. The volume and mass susceptibilities of the solution are also determined. The experiment consists of two parts. The first part is to measure the magnetic flux as a function of the current. The second part is to measure the change in the liquid column as a function of current. The best value for magnetic flux is obtained at I = 0 A. For series connection, Φ0 = (1.54 ± 0.01) x 10-6 mWb. For parallel connection, Φ0 = [(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x 10-4)] mWb. It is obtained that FeCl_3 is paramagnetic and water is diamagnetic. In particular, for FeCl_3, X = 0.04 ± (6.76 x 10-6). Whereas, for water, X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-3. The volume and mass susceptibilities of FeCl_3 are only managed to be simplified algebraically.
The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis ... more The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of a single solenoid coil, and to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of the Helmholtz coil. Helmholtz coil is a device that produces a region of a nearly uniform magnetic field. It consists of two solenoids that are parallel to each other on the same axis. Both solenoids are separated by a distance, d. Each coil carries an equal electric current in the same direction. The entire experiment is conducted via a simulator software provided. For Experiment I, the graph of B vs x is obtained alongside with the logarithmic graph of B vs the square of x. The comparison of the experimental and the theoretical logarithmic graphs allows the determination of the turns of wire, N of the hypothetical single coil. That is, N = 1717.5. It is managed to obtain the best value for B_0 through the standard deviation as the uncertainty in a single measurement with 70% confidence. That is, B_0 = (4.1267 x 10-3) ± (9.2236 x 10-5) T. The experimental μ_0 is deduced and it is given by μ_0 = (2.5292 x 10-7) T m A^-1. The determination of the experimental μ0 yields a percentage error of 79.9%. For Experiment II, the graph of B vs x is obtained for all d = R, d = 1.5R and d = 0.5R. Two major things found out in this part are, firstly, the mathematical erratum in either the simulator or in the laboratory manual is very substantial, and secondly, the erratum has caused such an ambiguity that a thorough quantitative analysis has become cumbersome given the time constraint as the deviation between the experimental and the theoretical values are of logarithmic. Next, the graph of B_0 vs d is also obtained for both the experimental and the theoretical values. Nothing much could be done on the quantitative aspect of it. However, qualitatively, it is observed that as d increases, B decreases. This may explain the lesser incident flux density as the coils move further apart. Lastly, the slope of the experimental data has a greater rate of change as opposed to that of the theoretical values.
The healing process of a wound is most dependent on the moisture level. An optimal moisture level... more The healing process of a wound is most dependent on the moisture level. An optimal moisture level in the wound bed is crucial for proper tissue regeneration. Conventionally, wound assessment is primarily based on the visual inspection, which involves a removal of the dressing that results in a disturbance on the healing process. An approach to an effective wound management is imperative to aid patients recover from chronic pain. Therefore, the possibility of monitoring the moisture level in a wound, in real-time may significantly improve the quality of wound management, and avoid unnecessary dressing changes. Several sensors have been developed in the modern healthcare applications. Nonetheless, the wound environment is still poorly researched, and the most relevant reason is the biocompatibility factor. In the advancement of 2D materials, the transition metal carbides or nitrides called MXene—originating from the parent MAX phase—have attracted extensive attention due to its unique morphology, electrical properties, hydrophilicity, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Therefore, this fundamental study is to further investigate the properties of MXene on its electrical properties, water adsorption effect, and its application in flexible wearable sensors for the detection of moisture in chronic wound monitoring. The research objectives consist of three parts—[REDACTED]; [REDACTED]; and, [REDACTED]. The research methodology is divided into three parts—[REDACTED] of MXene; fabrication and characterization of functionalized MXene/polyelectrolyte multilayers; and, experimental verification of functionalized MXene-based flexible sensor.
This research aims to study the growth of TiO2 under a direct imposition of a strong permanent ne... more This research aims to study the growth of TiO2 under a direct imposition of a strong permanent neodymium magnet with a magnetic dipole. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the magnetic field imposition on the growth and characterisation of TiO2. Methodically, this research uses ammonium fluoride as the electrolyte and platinum as the cathode. The characterisation encompasses the I-t curve, annealing, FESEM, and XRD. The research discovered that only the perpendicular magnet imposition has the electromagnetic effect on the anions. The research also found that the magnetic field imposition catalyses the formation of the rutile phase at 450°C, and more rutile phase formations are observed under the magnetic field imposition at 650°C. The interplanar distance increases under the magnetic field imposition, but the FWHM fails to show a consistent trend. The I-t curves of the region A-B for the parallel magnet imposition do have a lower anodizing current due to the interference of the diamagnetism effect. As for the perpendicular magnet imposition, the lower anodizing current due to the interference of the diamagnetism effect and the Lorentz force is observed with a poor oxide formation due to the separation of ions. As for the region B-C for the parallel magnet imposition, the diamagnetism effect interferes the oxide pits formation causing the lower anodizing current. As for the perpendicular magnet imposition, the lower anodizing current due to the interference is observed with a localised F- concentration. The TiO2 microscopy discovered that all the magnetic field impositions—except for the perpendicular-north magnet imposition—yields larger TiO2 nanotubes but a less dense TiO2 thin film.
LEDs are comprised of a p-n junction and the recombination of the carriers at the junction yields... more LEDs are comprised of a p-n junction and the recombination of the carriers at the junction yields the light generation. Titanium-containing materials in LEDs development are reviewed. Titanium is an effective co-dopant material in the white light generation of LED. A titanium-containing nanocrystalline-lithium-titanium oxide (LTO) has an application in the white light emitting diodes (WLED).
Quantum dot-sensitised solar cells (QDSSCs) have turned out to be strong alternatives in comparis... more Quantum dot-sensitised solar cells (QDSSCs) have turned out to be strong alternatives in comparison to conventional solar cell technology, with important advantages like reduced environmental impact and cost. QDSSCs generate more electrons at the electrolyte interface than dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) in order to increase efficiency. With the replacement of 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 with 𝑍𝑛𝑂, an increase in performance can be achieved. Synthesis methods for quantum dots include colloidal synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, and biomimetic synthesis. Colloidal synthesis is the process by which metal ions are dissolved in a solvent. Hydrothermal synthesis is a high-pressure and high-temperature process. Biomimetic synthesis is a biological nucleation process. The advantages of ZnO quantum dots are mainly due to their quantum confinement effect, which causes the large exciton binding energy. By selecting a suitable synthesis method and material, the efficiencies of the solar cells can be significantly improved.
The vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules is reviewed-both in infrared and Raman spectra... more The vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules is reviewed-both in infrared and Raman spectra. The infrared spectrum is of the change in the dipole moment, whereas the Raman spectrum is of induced dipole moment by the radiation. The vibrational infrared spectrum is reviewed for HCl, whereas the vibrational Raman spectrum is reviewed for C 60 and C 70 .
Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive comp... more Eddy current inspection is a non-destructive testing method in detecting flaws in conductive components. Eddy current inspection is governed by the principles of electromagnetic induction-namely, Ampere's law, Faraday's law and Lenz's law-and variables such as inductive reactance and impedance are imperative. The impedance plane diagram is discussed in displaying eddy current behaviour. The equipment of eddy current inspection is discussed in details and is consisted of such fundamental parts as instrumentation and probes. Reference standards of eddy current inspection are also discussed and are for the calibration of the instruments in detecting defects. Common reference standards include flat plate, tube and hole discontinuity standards, and conductivity standards. Conventional reference standards include ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers), BS (British Standards), and ASTM (American Society for Testing of Materials).
Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to in... more Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing technique that uses radioactive materials to inspect internal defects. The principles, procedures, standards, and advantages and disadvantages of radiographic testing are discussed. Radiographic testing principles involve the use of high-energy electromagnetic radiation to inspect structures and defects. There are six procedural steps in performing radiographic testing-which are of the preparation, equipment and technique selections, inspection, and recording. Codes and standards for radiographic testing include ASTM, ASME, API, ISO and CEN. Radiographic testing has the upper hand in seeing through the sample and stores a permanent record of it; whereas, its grave limitations are the health hazards and the need for comprehensive facilities.
Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and work... more Nd-YAG laser is discussed in respective aspects-brief introduction, brief history, parts and working, applications, and the second and third harmonic generations. Nd-YAG laser is a four-level, solid-state laser-of the emission of 1064 nm and of neodymium-doped yttriumaluminum garnet crystal. Nd-YAG lasing action is achieved when a population inversion occurs between the energy state E 3 and E 2. The second and third harmonic generations of Nd-YAG laser system are a nonlinear optical frequency conversion of the fundamental infrared wave to the green and ultraviolet waves, respectively.
The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual qu... more The pre-requisite XOR logic circuit is built and made applicable to an accompanying conceptual quantum computing system realised by Arduino coding software. The XOR circuit determines whether the wavefunction collapses or gets entangled. The Arduino IDE provides the coding platform that computes the mathematical model of quantum computing Bloch sphere—whose results are transmitted as outputs for the tangible circuits. The engineering process of problem definition, embodiment of design and prototyping are both documented and video-reported. The results showed that the XOR logic circuit successfully switches accordingly as calculated to both wavefunction collapse and quantum entanglement of the conceptual quantum computing system by Arduino coding.
Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentia... more Nanomagnets are defined as nano-sized materials that possess a spontaneous magnetization—essentially ferromagnetic—and are usually in the form of thin film, single-molecule magnet or grains. Nanomagnets are so versatile of a material that not only does it advance the technological aspect of the industries, but it also has found application in biotechnology and alike. In this essay, three main categories of applications of nanomagnets that are to be discussed are—engineering, biomedical and environmental.
Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electric... more Dielectric material is defined as an electrically non-conducting material that can store electrical charges and has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Dielectric materials can be found in such applications as energy storage, constructing radio frequency, improving semiconductors, as cooling agents, and many more. In this essay, five applications of dielectric materials that are to be discussed are—capacitors, liquid crystal display, transmission lines, transformer, and resonator oscillators.
In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record da... more In this fieldwork, we used a retractable telescope with an equatorial mount to observe, record data and study the celestial objects in the night sky. This fieldwork consists of four astronomical observations in the area of campus in [REDACTED]. We were able to observe and learn about the celestial objects by applying the theory of astronomy we had learned in this semester.
The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomi... more The recent advances in the Internet and computer technology have totally revolutionised astronomical charts and catalogues as well as their use. This has caused an abundance of astronomical information available to the science community and casual users alike. These online astronomy resources are very beneficial and informative in enhancing a learning experience. The resources come in various forms but not limited to sites, databases, interactive media, virtual and augmented reality, and online talks and courses. In this essay, I will talk about two forms of the online astronomy resources-that is, online courses and smartphone apps. On that note, I have chosen the MIT Open Courseware 8.20 Introduction to Special Relativity, and the Sky Map smartphone apps.
Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk... more Esei ini adalah untuk menggunakan pemikiran saintifik atas pernyataan berikut, “penggunaan produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C yang dijual dalam talian adalah tidak selamat”. Hipotesis yang ingin diuji dalam esei ini adalah seperti berikut: produk pemutihan kulit dan suntikan vitamin C adalah memudaratkan. Secara amnya, data yang dikumpulkan dalam esei ini adalah berdasarkan kaedah ulasan daripada sastera saintifik yang tersedia ada dalam subjek yang dibincangkan.
Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid material... more Solid state physics is a branch of physics which concerns itself with the study of rigid materials. Many techniques and methods are implemented to understand the structure of solid compounds, study its properties and predict its behavior. Since its official establishment in the mid-1900s, it has evolved to include various fields of study while also launching new areas of interest. Improvements to existing materials have been continuously worked on since then, and new compounds have been developed and understood clearly with the aid of SSP methods. In this review, several of its contributions and applications are explored in detail.
Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used... more Electronic materials are the materials used in electrical and electronic industries, and are used as the vital component for integrated circuits, optical fibres and fundamentally for communication devices. Photonic materials are the materials that interact with light for the purpose of information transmission, generation, detection, processing and storage. A thin film is defined as a low-dimensional material that is fabricated through the process of condensing atomic, molecular or ionic species of matter. Thin films are fabricated for electronic devices and for optical coatings. Bulk materials are defined as a semiconductor that which band gap energy (E g) is composition-dependent. The characterisation of electronic or photonic materials is instrumental in determining the parameters involved in any given semiconductor sample. For electrical characterisation, three techniques presented are the resistivity, eddy current and Hall effect. Furthermore, four-point probe, wafer mapping and capacitive probe are also discussed. As for electronic characterisation, X-ray fluorescence, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy are the techniques presented. These characterisation techniques are vital in understanding the fundamental properties of various semiconductors as the building blocks of optoelectronic devices.
The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole... more The report of [REDACTED] project begins with the introduction, overview, objectives and the whole timeline of the project. The problem statements of the project are simply to comprehend and to brainstorm for the lines of codes and for the development of the product successfully. The project proposed and reported is an automated plant watering system using Arduino devices. Both the design specifications and the financial requirements are clearly reported. The report also includes all the layout drawings of both the circuit and the physical product. The engineering calculation and analysis are presented thoroughly in the report. The details of the fabrication are explained in a step-by-step manner. All in all, the result is achieved successfully with the utilisation of an LCD screen to display the soil moisture and with the working function of the soil moisture sensor, the relay and the vertical pump. Eventually, the demonstration and testing are done accordingly. To conclude, the [REDACTED] project has given the benefit of the opportunity in designing and devising a product through the engineering approach in practicality.
The video report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALahglW2h9Y&t=112s
This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or c... more This paper is the author's personal side project and is of no affiliation to any institution or courses. The paper is a rookie attempt to deriving mathematical expressions of the well-known puzzle, the bridge and torch problem. The problem is about finding the shortest time needed for n people to cross a bridge at night. The catch is the bridge can only support at most two persons at a time, and the two persons will cross the bridge at the speed of the slower one. Moreover, a torch is needed for each and every crossing, and the torch has a finite time of burning. Thus, the puzzle is a problem to determine the possible shortest time from the choice of the two persons per crossing against the finite burning time of the torch. The result of this paper gives into fruition of a set of three equations--the vector form describing the mechanics of the logic solution, even-valued n function and odd-valued n function.
Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied ... more Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility, X is a ratio of magnetization, M to the magnetic field intensity, H. X > 0 is paramagnetism, and X < 0 is diamagnetism. The objective of the experiment is to determine the magnetic susceptibilities of FeCl_3 solution and water. The volume and mass susceptibilities of the solution are also determined. The experiment consists of two parts. The first part is to measure the magnetic flux as a function of the current. The second part is to measure the change in the liquid column as a function of current. The best value for magnetic flux is obtained at I = 0 A. For series connection, Φ0 = (1.54 ± 0.01) x 10-6 mWb. For parallel connection, Φ0 = [(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x 10-4)] mWb. It is obtained that FeCl_3 is paramagnetic and water is diamagnetic. In particular, for FeCl_3, X = 0.04 ± (6.76 x 10-6). Whereas, for water, X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-3. The volume and mass susceptibilities of FeCl_3 are only managed to be simplified algebraically.
The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis ... more The objectives of the experiment are to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of a single solenoid coil, and to determine the magnetic field along the horizontal x-axis that passes through the centre of the Helmholtz coil. Helmholtz coil is a device that produces a region of a nearly uniform magnetic field. It consists of two solenoids that are parallel to each other on the same axis. Both solenoids are separated by a distance, d. Each coil carries an equal electric current in the same direction. The entire experiment is conducted via a simulator software provided. For Experiment I, the graph of B vs x is obtained alongside with the logarithmic graph of B vs the square of x. The comparison of the experimental and the theoretical logarithmic graphs allows the determination of the turns of wire, N of the hypothetical single coil. That is, N = 1717.5. It is managed to obtain the best value for B_0 through the standard deviation as the uncertainty in a single measurement with 70% confidence. That is, B_0 = (4.1267 x 10-3) ± (9.2236 x 10-5) T. The experimental μ_0 is deduced and it is given by μ_0 = (2.5292 x 10-7) T m A^-1. The determination of the experimental μ0 yields a percentage error of 79.9%. For Experiment II, the graph of B vs x is obtained for all d = R, d = 1.5R and d = 0.5R. Two major things found out in this part are, firstly, the mathematical erratum in either the simulator or in the laboratory manual is very substantial, and secondly, the erratum has caused such an ambiguity that a thorough quantitative analysis has become cumbersome given the time constraint as the deviation between the experimental and the theoretical values are of logarithmic. Next, the graph of B_0 vs d is also obtained for both the experimental and the theoretical values. Nothing much could be done on the quantitative aspect of it. However, qualitatively, it is observed that as d increases, B decreases. This may explain the lesser incident flux density as the coils move further apart. Lastly, the slope of the experimental data has a greater rate of change as opposed to that of the theoretical values.