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Papers by Marcos Paulo Lucca-Silveira

Business Ethics Quarterly, Apr 1, 2022

Esta tese tem o propósito de desenvolver uma argumentação normativa sobre justiça distributiva e ... more Esta tese tem o propósito de desenvolver uma argumentação normativa sobre justiça distributiva e saúde. São duas as questões que pautam a pesquisa: o que devemos uns aos outros, enquanto cidadãos de uma sociedade democrática, na promoção e proteção da saúde de nossos concidadãos? Quais obrigações e deveres de justiça que um Estado democrático possui perante a saúde de seus cidadãos? Para respondermos essas questões, inicialmente, buscamos apresentar um entendimento objetivo e publicamente acessível de necessidades de saúde. Essas necessidades estão relacionadas ao funcionamento normal das espécies e impactam o leque de oportunidades disponíveis ao longo de nossas vidas. Dialogando com a teoria da justiça como equidade, de Rawls, e com a extensão dessa teoria proposta por Daniels, defendemos que o conjunto das instituições, dos serviços, dos bens e dos recursos necessários à manutenção, ao reestabelecimento e à provisão de equivalentes funcionais ao funcionamento normal dos cidadãos ...

The Foundation Review, 2021

Sociologia & Antropologia, 2021

Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é refletir sobre os dilemas normativos que rondam o futuro das tra... more Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é refletir sobre os dilemas normativos que rondam o futuro das transferências de renda no Brasil, pós-pandemia. Iniciamos pela análise dos impactos da pandemia sobre resultados socioeconômicos e dos efeitos do auxílio emergencial sobre a distribuição de renda. Abordamos a discussão atual sobre os limites do Bolsa Família e o conceito de renda básica universal. Introduzimos três princípios de justiça para nortear nossa análise normativa: o igualitarismo, o prioritarismo e o suficientismo. Mostramos como esses conceitos permitem fazer questões sobres os objetivos de políticas e sobre dilemas morais implicados nos desenhos e métodos de implementação. Mostramos ainda que os próprios princípios de justiça são modificados quando levamos em conta aspectos práticos e não ideais da realidade sobre quais políticas são elaboradas.

Despite being recognized as an appropriate tool to address different dimensions of transport-rela... more Despite being recognized as an appropriate tool to address different dimensions of transport-related social exclusion and inequalities, the Capability Approach still lacks application within the urban mobility domain. This study conceptualized the vectors of mobility capabilities and functionings of preschools and nurseries (children up to 6 years old) in São Paulo, Brazil. From the location of 203 schools (of which 109 are public), an indicator of mobility capabilities was estimated using georeferenced datasets relating to mobility, street network, road safety, and the built environment in the surroundings. The schools were analyzed according to their level of mobility capabilities and the corresponding capacity to promote pedestrian mobility, i.e., the agency of each school. Results pointed out that public schools present share of pedestrian trips two times higher and average walking time 30% higher than private schools. Schools with positive agency (mostly the public ones) seem t...

This thesis aims to develop a normative argument about distributive justice and health. Two quest... more This thesis aims to develop a normative argument about distributive justice and health. Two questions underpin the study: what do we owe each other, as citizens of a democratic society, in the promotion and protection of the health of our fellow citizens? What justice obligations and duties does a democratic State have vis-à-vis the health of its citizens? Firstly, to answer these questions, we seek to present an objective and publicly accessible understanding of health needs. These needs are related to the normal functioning of species and impact the range of opportunities available throughout our lives. Drawing on Rawls's theory of justice as fairness, and on the extension to this theory, proposed by Daniels, we argue that the set of institutions, services, goods and resources necessary for the maintenance, reestablishment, and provision of functional equivalents to normal functioning, should be distributed in a way that respects the principle of fair equality of opportunity. Secondly, we develop an argument about the contemporary debate dedicated to the definition and defense of the fundamental principle that should mark the fair allocation of the most varied distribuenda. We argue that although justice requires a notion of equality (such as that the democratic equality we defend) rather than a threshold of sufficiency or a principle of priority, these normative criteria can aid in the formulation and evaluation of public policies and institutional recommendations. We question the attacks directed at egalitarian theories, arguing that these theories can not be reduced, nor do they necessarily require, the application of simple egalitarian distributive principles. Finally, we are dedicated to developing an argument about justice and health centred on the issues of social determinants of health and the social gradient in health. We shall argue, drawing on the empirical literature on the issue, that public health policies should be based on an ideal of democratic equality and should take the elimination of existing health inequities between social groups as a central guideline, as well as combatting present structural injustices in contemporary societies.

Ao Professor Bernardo Ricupero, pela orientação, aprendizado e grande apoio que se iniciou na Ini... more Ao Professor Bernardo Ricupero, pela orientação, aprendizado e grande apoio que se iniciou na Iniciação Científica, ao longo dos anos de graduação em Ciências Sociais. Agradeço não só pela ajuda e generosidade, como pela amizade e pelo seu espírito pluralista e toleranterevelado na aceitação de orientar um estudante com interesses diversos, assim como no diálogo com minhas posições teóricas nem sempre consonantes. Ao Professor Gildo Marçal Brandão (in memoriam), pelo aprendizado, pelas conversas e pelo apoio também fundamental. Conjuntamente com Bernardo, forneceu a base do aprendizado que permitiu o florescimento do meu interesse sobre o pensamento político brasileiro. Aos Professores Patrício Tierno e Milton Lahuerta, pelos valiosos comentários realizados na banca de qualificação deste trabalho. A este último, agradeço especialmente pelo vasto depoimento concedido a respeito da revista Presença.

AI and Ethics, 2022

It has been recently claimed that explainability should be added as a fifth principle to AI ethic... more It has been recently claimed that explainability should be added as a fifth principle to AI ethics, supplementing the four principles that are usually accepted in Bioethics: Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence and Justice. We propose here that with regard to AI, on the one hand explainability is indeed a new dimension of ethical concern that should be paid attention to, while on the other hand, explainability in itself should not necessarily be considered an ethical "principle". We think of explainability rather (i) as an epistemic requirement for taking into account ethical principles, but not as an ethical principle in itself; (ii) as an ethical demand that can be derived from ethical principles. We do agree that explainability is a key demand in AI Ethics, with practical importance for stakeholders to take into account; but we argue that it should not be considered as a fifth ethical principle, to maintain a philosophical consistency in the organization of AI ethical principles.

Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, Aug 1, 2017

Brazilian Political Science Review

In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen presents an approach to justice that seeks to make com... more In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen presents an approach to justice that seeks to make comparisons based on social realizations. This approach focuses attention both on real political-social institutions and on people's behaviour, as well as other potential influences affecting the degree of justice existing in a given society. The new theoretical proposal advanced by Sen (2009) differs then from the theory of justice formulated by John Rawls (1999a) and other contemporary theorists. In the eyes of the Indian author, the theory formulated by Rawls searches for solutions to questions of perfect justice and suffers from problems of feasibility and redundancy. In this article, I argue, centring attention on the question of the appropriate primary subject of social justice, that the critique and subsequent proposal for change of the subject of justice presented by Sen (2009) can be judged mistaken. From a liberal-egalitarian perspective, the primary subject of social justice should be the basic structure of society as formulated by Rawls. Hence I explore the idea that Rawls's option to focus on this subject is directly associated with this particular conception of social justice. I also look to show that Sen's (2009) critique of the redundancy of contemporary theories of justice can be considered implausible. I argue that an ideal theory, such as the one formulated by Rawls, is central to practical guidelines for actions that seek to lessen injustices in real life situations.

Business Ethics Quarterly, Apr 1, 2022

Esta tese tem o propósito de desenvolver uma argumentação normativa sobre justiça distributiva e ... more Esta tese tem o propósito de desenvolver uma argumentação normativa sobre justiça distributiva e saúde. São duas as questões que pautam a pesquisa: o que devemos uns aos outros, enquanto cidadãos de uma sociedade democrática, na promoção e proteção da saúde de nossos concidadãos? Quais obrigações e deveres de justiça que um Estado democrático possui perante a saúde de seus cidadãos? Para respondermos essas questões, inicialmente, buscamos apresentar um entendimento objetivo e publicamente acessível de necessidades de saúde. Essas necessidades estão relacionadas ao funcionamento normal das espécies e impactam o leque de oportunidades disponíveis ao longo de nossas vidas. Dialogando com a teoria da justiça como equidade, de Rawls, e com a extensão dessa teoria proposta por Daniels, defendemos que o conjunto das instituições, dos serviços, dos bens e dos recursos necessários à manutenção, ao reestabelecimento e à provisão de equivalentes funcionais ao funcionamento normal dos cidadãos ...

The Foundation Review, 2021

Sociologia & Antropologia, 2021

Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é refletir sobre os dilemas normativos que rondam o futuro das tra... more Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é refletir sobre os dilemas normativos que rondam o futuro das transferências de renda no Brasil, pós-pandemia. Iniciamos pela análise dos impactos da pandemia sobre resultados socioeconômicos e dos efeitos do auxílio emergencial sobre a distribuição de renda. Abordamos a discussão atual sobre os limites do Bolsa Família e o conceito de renda básica universal. Introduzimos três princípios de justiça para nortear nossa análise normativa: o igualitarismo, o prioritarismo e o suficientismo. Mostramos como esses conceitos permitem fazer questões sobres os objetivos de políticas e sobre dilemas morais implicados nos desenhos e métodos de implementação. Mostramos ainda que os próprios princípios de justiça são modificados quando levamos em conta aspectos práticos e não ideais da realidade sobre quais políticas são elaboradas.

Despite being recognized as an appropriate tool to address different dimensions of transport-rela... more Despite being recognized as an appropriate tool to address different dimensions of transport-related social exclusion and inequalities, the Capability Approach still lacks application within the urban mobility domain. This study conceptualized the vectors of mobility capabilities and functionings of preschools and nurseries (children up to 6 years old) in São Paulo, Brazil. From the location of 203 schools (of which 109 are public), an indicator of mobility capabilities was estimated using georeferenced datasets relating to mobility, street network, road safety, and the built environment in the surroundings. The schools were analyzed according to their level of mobility capabilities and the corresponding capacity to promote pedestrian mobility, i.e., the agency of each school. Results pointed out that public schools present share of pedestrian trips two times higher and average walking time 30% higher than private schools. Schools with positive agency (mostly the public ones) seem t...

This thesis aims to develop a normative argument about distributive justice and health. Two quest... more This thesis aims to develop a normative argument about distributive justice and health. Two questions underpin the study: what do we owe each other, as citizens of a democratic society, in the promotion and protection of the health of our fellow citizens? What justice obligations and duties does a democratic State have vis-à-vis the health of its citizens? Firstly, to answer these questions, we seek to present an objective and publicly accessible understanding of health needs. These needs are related to the normal functioning of species and impact the range of opportunities available throughout our lives. Drawing on Rawls's theory of justice as fairness, and on the extension to this theory, proposed by Daniels, we argue that the set of institutions, services, goods and resources necessary for the maintenance, reestablishment, and provision of functional equivalents to normal functioning, should be distributed in a way that respects the principle of fair equality of opportunity. Secondly, we develop an argument about the contemporary debate dedicated to the definition and defense of the fundamental principle that should mark the fair allocation of the most varied distribuenda. We argue that although justice requires a notion of equality (such as that the democratic equality we defend) rather than a threshold of sufficiency or a principle of priority, these normative criteria can aid in the formulation and evaluation of public policies and institutional recommendations. We question the attacks directed at egalitarian theories, arguing that these theories can not be reduced, nor do they necessarily require, the application of simple egalitarian distributive principles. Finally, we are dedicated to developing an argument about justice and health centred on the issues of social determinants of health and the social gradient in health. We shall argue, drawing on the empirical literature on the issue, that public health policies should be based on an ideal of democratic equality and should take the elimination of existing health inequities between social groups as a central guideline, as well as combatting present structural injustices in contemporary societies.

Ao Professor Bernardo Ricupero, pela orientação, aprendizado e grande apoio que se iniciou na Ini... more Ao Professor Bernardo Ricupero, pela orientação, aprendizado e grande apoio que se iniciou na Iniciação Científica, ao longo dos anos de graduação em Ciências Sociais. Agradeço não só pela ajuda e generosidade, como pela amizade e pelo seu espírito pluralista e toleranterevelado na aceitação de orientar um estudante com interesses diversos, assim como no diálogo com minhas posições teóricas nem sempre consonantes. Ao Professor Gildo Marçal Brandão (in memoriam), pelo aprendizado, pelas conversas e pelo apoio também fundamental. Conjuntamente com Bernardo, forneceu a base do aprendizado que permitiu o florescimento do meu interesse sobre o pensamento político brasileiro. Aos Professores Patrício Tierno e Milton Lahuerta, pelos valiosos comentários realizados na banca de qualificação deste trabalho. A este último, agradeço especialmente pelo vasto depoimento concedido a respeito da revista Presença.

AI and Ethics, 2022

It has been recently claimed that explainability should be added as a fifth principle to AI ethic... more It has been recently claimed that explainability should be added as a fifth principle to AI ethics, supplementing the four principles that are usually accepted in Bioethics: Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence and Justice. We propose here that with regard to AI, on the one hand explainability is indeed a new dimension of ethical concern that should be paid attention to, while on the other hand, explainability in itself should not necessarily be considered an ethical "principle". We think of explainability rather (i) as an epistemic requirement for taking into account ethical principles, but not as an ethical principle in itself; (ii) as an ethical demand that can be derived from ethical principles. We do agree that explainability is a key demand in AI Ethics, with practical importance for stakeholders to take into account; but we argue that it should not be considered as a fifth ethical principle, to maintain a philosophical consistency in the organization of AI ethical principles.

Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, Aug 1, 2017

Brazilian Political Science Review

In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen presents an approach to justice that seeks to make com... more In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen presents an approach to justice that seeks to make comparisons based on social realizations. This approach focuses attention both on real political-social institutions and on people's behaviour, as well as other potential influences affecting the degree of justice existing in a given society. The new theoretical proposal advanced by Sen (2009) differs then from the theory of justice formulated by John Rawls (1999a) and other contemporary theorists. In the eyes of the Indian author, the theory formulated by Rawls searches for solutions to questions of perfect justice and suffers from problems of feasibility and redundancy. In this article, I argue, centring attention on the question of the appropriate primary subject of social justice, that the critique and subsequent proposal for change of the subject of justice presented by Sen (2009) can be judged mistaken. From a liberal-egalitarian perspective, the primary subject of social justice should be the basic structure of society as formulated by Rawls. Hence I explore the idea that Rawls's option to focus on this subject is directly associated with this particular conception of social justice. I also look to show that Sen's (2009) critique of the redundancy of contemporary theories of justice can be considered implausible. I argue that an ideal theory, such as the one formulated by Rawls, is central to practical guidelines for actions that seek to lessen injustices in real life situations.