Eduardo O de Souza | University of Tampa (original) (raw)
Papers by Eduardo O de Souza
Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de força (TF) ... more Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de força (TF) é amplamente utilizada, entretanto seus efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo da manipulação da ordem dos exercícios do TF, alternando segmentos corporais, sobre a força dinâmica máxima (1 RM) de membros inferiores (MMII) e superiores (MMSS), a concentração de lactato sanguíneo [La], a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e o volume total de treino (VT). Métodos: Dezoito homens (23,1 ± 3,8 anos; 78,4 ± 8,6 kg; 1,72 ± 0,06 m) executaram três condições de TF: condição A (supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott, meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora); condição B (meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora, supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott) e condição C (supino reto, meio-agachamento, desenvolvimento, leg press, rosca Scott e cadeira extensora). Os exercícios foram executados com três séries de 10 RM. Os testes de 1 RM para MMII e MMSS foram realizados nas semanas iniciais e após as condições experimentais. As coletas de sangue foram feitas no repouso [T0], imediatamente após [IA], 3 [T3] e 5 minutos [T5] após cada condição. A
Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Although used by resistance-trained individuals, it is unknown if increasing muscle strength prio... more Although used by resistance-trained individuals, it is unknown if increasing muscle strength prior to hypertrophy training leads to greater muscle growth and strength gains. We investigated muscle thickness and maximum strength in 26 resistance-trained men who were randomly assigned to either: STHT, consisted in a 3-week strength-oriented training period (4x1-3 repetition maximum [RM]) prior to a 5-week hypertrophy-oriented period (4x8-12RM), or HT, which comprised an 8-week hypertrophy-oriented training period. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness, and back squat and legpress 1-RM were assessed at pre, third week, and after 8 weeks of training. When pre-to-post changes are compared, STHT induced greater muscle growth (p = 0.049; 95%CI = 0.15-3.2%; d = 0.81) and strength gains in the back squat (p = 0.015; 95%CI = 1.5-13%; d = 1.05) and leg-press 45° (p = 0.044; 95%CI = 0.16-9.9%; d = 0.79) compared to HT. Our results support the use of a period to increase muscle strength prior to an HT to increase muscle thickness and maximum strength in resistance-trained men.
Frontiers in Physiology, 2020
We aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) combined with noload isometric ac... more We aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) combined with noload isometric actions (iso-holds) during the inter-set recovery period versus RT that involves passive inter-set rest on muscular strength, muscular hypertrophy, and muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. Twenty-seven resistance-trained male volunteers were randomly assigned to either a traditional group (TRAD) that performed a hypertrophy-oriented RT routine with the rest intervals spent passively (n = 13) or to a group that supplemented traditional RT with iso-holds (ISO) for the working muscle group between each set (n = 14). Training for both routines consisted of three weekly sessions performed for 8 weeks. Three sets of 8-12 repetitions were performed per exercise. A 2-min rest interval was afforded between sets; the ISO group performed iso-holds for the first 30 s of each rest interval and then recovered for the final 90 s. Maximal strength was assessed using the one repetition maximum (1RM) tests in the leg press and bench press. Upper-body muscle endurance was assessed by performing the bench press to failure at 50% of 1RM. Muscle thickness (MT) of the elbow flexors, elbow extensors, mid-thigh, and lateral thigh was assessed using B-mode ultrasound. Results indicated a favorable effect of ISO on MT in the mid-thigh. Alternatively, there was a possible detrimental effect for ISO on leg press strength. No other notable differences were seen between conditions. In conclusion, the use of inter-set iso-holds may be a time-efficient strategy to enhance development of the quadriceps femoris; conversely, it may be detrimental to maximizing lower body strength.
Sports, 2019
There is a paucity of data on how manipulating joint angles during isolation exercises may impact... more There is a paucity of data on how manipulating joint angles during isolation exercises may impact overall session muscle activation and volume load in resistance-trained individuals. We investigated the acute effects of varying glenohumeral joint angle on the biceps brachii with a crossover repeated measure design with three different biceps curls. One session served as the positive control (CON), which subjects performed 9 sets of bicep curls with their shoulder in a neutral position. The experimental condition (VAR), varied the glenohumeral joint angle by performing 3 sets in shoulder extension (30°), 3 sets neutral (0°), and 3 sets in flexion (90°). Volume load and muscle activation (EMG) were recorded during the training sessions. Muscle swelling and strain were assessed via muscle thickness and echo-intensity responses at pre, post, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. There were no significant differences between conditions for most dependent variables. However, the overall session EMG ampli...
Sports, 2019
This study investigated the effects of advanced training techniques (ATT) on muscular responses a... more This study investigated the effects of advanced training techniques (ATT) on muscular responses and if performing a second training session would negatively affect the training stimulus. Eleven strength-trained males performed a traditional strength training session (TST) and four different ATT: pre-exhaustion A (PE-A), pre-exhaustion B (PE-B), forced repetitions (FR), and super-set (SS). On day 1, SS produced lower volume load than TST, FR, and PE-B (−16.0%, p ≤ 0.03; −14.9, p ≤ 0.03 and −18.2%, p ≤ 0.01, respectively). On day 2, SS produced lower volumes than all the other ATT (−9.73–−18.5%, p ≤ 0.03). Additionally, subjects demonstrated lower perceived exertion on day 1 compared to day 2 (6.5 ± 0.4 AU vs. 8.7 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.0001). For blood lactate concentration [La-] on days 1 and 2, [La-] after the tenth set was the highest compared to all other time points (baseline: 1.7 ± 0.2, fifth-set: 8.7 ± 1.0, tenth-set 9.7 ± 0.9, post-5 min: 8.7 ± 0.7 mmol∙L−1, p ≤ 0.0001). Acute muscl...
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2017
The current study aimed to assess the validity and test-retest reliability of a linear position t... more The current study aimed to assess the validity and test-retest reliability of a linear position transducer when compared to a force plate through a counter-movement jump in female participants. Twenty-seven female recreational athletes (19 ± 2 years) performed three counter-movement jumps simultaneously using the linear position transducer and force plate for validity. In addition, 11 elite female athletes (23 ± 6 years) performed 3 counter-movement jumps with the linear position transducer on three separate days for test-retest reliability. Pearson correlations for jump height between the devices were at a high level (r = .90), with the linear position transducer overestimating jump height by 7.0 ± 2.8 cm. The reliability measured by the linear position transducer resulted in a mean intraclass correlation of .70 for jump height, .90 for peak velocity, and .91 for mean velocity. The linear position transducer was reliable for measuring counter-movement jumps in elite female athletes; however, caution should be taken for one-off jump measures as it may overestimate jump height.
Sports, 2018
This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on mu... more This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on muscular adaptations. Fifteen female college volleyball players were randomly assigned into either progressive velocity-based training (PVBT) or optimum training load (OTL). Both groups trained three times a week for seven weeks. PVBT performed a 4-week strength block (e.g., 0.55–0.70 m·s−1) followed by a 3-week power block (e.g., 0.85–1.0 m·s−1), whereas OTL performed training at ~0.85–0.9 m·s−1. 1RM and peak power output (PP) assessments on the back squat (BS), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL) exercises were assessed pre and post training. There was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS and BP 1RM, (PVBT: 19.6%, ES: 1.72; OTL: 18.3%, ES: 1.57) and (PVBT: 8.5%, ES: 0.58; OTL: 10.2%, ES: 0.72), respectively. OTL increased DL 1RM to a greater extent than PVBT (p ≤ 0.05), (OTL: 22.9%, ES: 1.49; PVBT: 10.9%, ES: 0.88). Lastly, there was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS, BP and DL PP, (PV...
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 22, 2018
This study compared the effects of self-selected rest interval and fixed rest interval strategies... more This study compared the effects of self-selected rest interval and fixed rest interval strategies on post-activation potentiation (PAP) in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Twelve strength-trained male's (age: 25.4 ± 3.6 years; body mass: 78.8 ± 10.5 kg; height: 175 ± 7.0 cm; half-squat 1RM: 188.7 ± 33.4 kg) performed three experimental conditions: 1) fixed rest interval (FRI: CMJ test; 4-min rest interval; 5RM back squat; 4-min rest interval; CMJ test), 2) self-selected rest interval (SSRI: CMJ test; 4-min rest interval; 5RM back squat; SSRI; CMJ test), and 3) control (C: CMJ test; 8-min rest interval; CMJ test). In SSRI, participants were instructed to rest until they felt fully recovered and able to exercise at maximal intensity based on the perceived readiness scale (PR). Significant changes in pre-post CMJ performance were observed in the SSRI condition (38.2 ± 4.6 cm vs 40.5 ± 4.4 cm; p = 0.08; CI: 0.72 to 3.82 cm; ES = 0.93). There were significant differences in po...
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 29, 2018
This study investigated the effects of non-periodized (NP), traditional periodization (TP) and da... more This study investigated the effects of non-periodized (NP), traditional periodization (TP) and daily undulating (UP) regimens on muscle strength and hypertrophy in untrained individuals. Thirty-three recreationally active males were randomly divided into four groups: NP: n = 8; TP: n = 9; UP: n = 8 and control group (C): n = 8. Experimental groups underwent a 12-week strength-training program consisting of two sessions per week. Muscle strength and quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) were assessed at baseline, 6-wk (i.e. mid-point) and after 12-wk. All training groups increased squat 1RM from pre to 6-wk mid (NP: 17.02%, TP: 7.7% and UP: 12.9%, p≤0.002) and pre to post 12-wk (NP: 19.5%, TP: 17.9% and UP: 20.4%). TP was the only group that increased squat 1RM from 6-wk mid to 12-wk period (9.4%, p≤0.008). All training groups increased QCSA from pre to 6-wk mid (NP: 5.1%, TP: 4.6% and UP: 5.3%, p≤0.0006) and from pre to post 12-wk (NP: 8.1%, TP: 11.3% and UP: 8.7%). From 6-wk mid t...
Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 2014
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a taxa de elevação (slope) da percepção subjetiv... more RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a taxa de elevação (slope) da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) poderia ser dissociada da taxa de modificação de variáveis cardiopulmonares e nas concentrações de lactato sanguíneo (Lac) durante exercício aeróbio realizado após a execução de um exercício prévio de força muscular.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014
In patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), muscle strength asymmetries between legs are common and... more In patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), muscle strength asymmetries between legs are common and are typically accompanied by difficulty walking. This difficulty leads to increased effort during activities of daily living leading to greater levels of fatigue. Importantly, underlying mechanisms for these asymmetries are not completely, but altered muscle energetics may play a role. PURPOSE: To investigate glucose uptake (GU) asymmetries between the legs of persons with MS (MS) after walking and to compare them to healthy controls (CON). METHODS: 8 MS (4 men, 45 ± 9 yrs) and 8 CON (4 men, 38 ± 8 yrs) walked on a treadmill at self-selected speed for 15 minutes (MS: 2.5 ± 0.5 mph; CON 3.1 ± 0.3 mph; P = 0.01). After 2 min participants were injected with a glucose tracer (18 F-FDG) and immediately after walking, Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) imaging was conducted. Standardized glucose uptake values were calculated for 16 leg muscles that were identified in CT images. GU heterogeneity, the distribution of glucose uptake within muscles, was calculated as standard deviation / mean x 100. RESULTS: Within the MS group, glucose uptake asymmetries between the right and left legs were demonstrated (0.99 ± 1.01 and 0.84 ± 0.71; P < 0.05), whereas there were no differences between legs of the CON group. Additionally for the MS group, glucose uptake asymmetries between legs were present for the knee flexors (FLEX) (0.62 ± 0.22 and 0.53 ± 0.13; P < 0.05) but not for the knee extensors (EXT), hip muscles (HIP), dorsi-flexors, or plantar flexor. The HIP, EXT, and FLEX of both legs of subjects with MS had greater glucose uptake than the CON group (MS HIP
Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 2017
RESUMO Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de forç... more RESUMO Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de força (TF) é amplamente utilizada, entretanto seus efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo da manipulação da ordem dos exercícios do TF, alternando segmentos corporais, sobre a força dinâmica máxima (1 RM) de membros inferiores (MMII) e superiores (MMSS), a concentração de lactato sanguíneo [La], a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e o volume total de treino (VT). Métodos: Dezoito homens (23,1 ± 3,8 anos; 78,4 ± 8,6 kg; 1,72 ± 0,06 m) executaram três condições de TF: condição A (supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott, meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora); condição B (meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora, supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott) e condição C (supino reto, meio-agachamento, desenvolvimento, leg press, rosca Scott e cadeira extensora). Os exercícios foram executados com três séries de 10 RM. Os testes de 1 RM para MMII e...
PeerJ, 2016
Objective. Probiotics have been reported to support healthy digestive and immune function, aid in... more Objective. Probiotics have been reported to support healthy digestive and immune function, aid in protein absorption, and decrease inflammation. Further, a trend to increase vertical jump power has been observed following co-administration of protein and probiotics in resistance-trained subjects. However, to date the potential beneficial effect of probiotics on recovery from high intensity resistance exercise have yet to be explored. Therefore, this study examined the effect of co-administration of protein and probiotics on muscle damage, recovery and performance following a damaging exercise bout. Design. Twenty nine (n = 29) recreationally-trained males (mean ± SD; 21.5 ± 2.8 years; 89.7 ± 28.2 kg; 177.4 ± 8.0 cm) were assigned to consume either 20 g of casein (PRO) or 20 g of casein plus probiotic (1 billion CFU Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086, PROBC) in a crossover, diet-controlled design. After two weeks of supplementation, perceptional measures, athletic performance, and muscl...
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2015
Functional sport training is performed to improve specific motor patterns and physical capacities... more Functional sport training is performed to improve specific motor patterns and physical capacities that are required in specific sports. However, more information is needed to fully understand the effects that various types of equipment have on specific functional outcomes in many sports. PURPOSE: To examine the short-term effects of functional training with elastic bands (EB) on ball velocity in the Spanish racquetball serve. METHODS: Eighteen male racquetball players (34.16 ± 11.43 yr; 176.94 ± 4.39 cm; 80.16 ± 8.03 kg) who belonged to the same club which was competing at the territorial-level were divided randomly into two groups: control group (CG; n=9) and intervention group (IG; n=9). The IG performed 3 sessions of 30 min of training for 2 wk in addition to their usual training. Each session consisted of: (a) 4 sets of 10 repetitions at maximum speed with a perceived effort of 6-7 OMNI-RES using the motor patterns specific to the racquetball serve but with an EB initially elongated 15 cm beyond its original length and attached to the racquet; (b) 2 sets of 10 repetitions with a perceived effort of 8-9 OMNI-RES for shoulder adduction, trunk rotation and elbow extension with an EB also initially elongated 15 cm beyond its original length. Meanwhile, the CG performed only the usual training program. Before and after the 6 sessions, the speed of the ball during the serve from the stopped position was recorded with a video camera at a recording speed of 120 frames per sec. Frames from each 0.03 sec were later analyzed with Kinovea software. The SPPS 19.0 program was used for statistical analysis and statistically significant differences were accepted with a p<0.05. RESULTS: Regarding the speed of the ball, the CG had a non-significant decrease of 1.44 m/sec while the IG had a significant improvement of 2.67 m/sec. There was also a significant interaction between the two groups. CONCLUSION: A short-term training program using EB is enough stimuli to improve the velocity of the ball in the serve of Spanish racquetball. Further study is needed to determine the effects of such training over longer periods.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2016
assessed. Force was defined as the maximum value 100ms before flight phase (<30N). AT compliance ... more assessed. Force was defined as the maximum value 100ms before flight phase (<30N). AT compliance was calculated by dividing tendon elongation by force. Regarding age, results were compared between C and A. Concerning pathology; results were compared between A and T. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc correction tests(α=0.05) were used. RESULTS: AT thickness (C=4.6±0.9 mm, A=4.9±0.5 mm, T=6.9±1.4 mm, p=0.001) and CSA (C=59±18 mm2, A=58±13 mm2, T=83±24 mm2, p=0.021) were statistically significant thicker in T than A and C. AT elongation (C=27±3 mm, A=21±4 mm, T=25±5 mm, p=0.004) and AT compliance [mm/N]) (C=0.026±0.006 mm/N, A=0.017±0.005 mm/N, T=0.019±0.004 mm/N, p=0.001) were found to be statistically significant higher in C compared to A. In contrast, no statistically significant difference between groups were found for ATL (C=219±17 mm, A=217±24 mm, T= 220±24 mm, p≥0.05) and force (C=1068±208 N, A=1287±225 N, T=1389±288 N, p≥0.05). CONCLUSION: During one-leg jumps, tendon responds differently in regards to age, with children having the most compliant AT. The higher compliancy found might be considered as a protective factor against load-related injuries in healthy tendons, as prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy is low in children. Moreover, despite a tendency of altered AT response in tendinopathic patients no significant differences were found compared to asymptomatic adults.
Sports, 2016
Periods of intense training can elicit an acute decline in performance and body composition assoc... more Periods of intense training can elicit an acute decline in performance and body composition associated with weakened hormone profiles. This study investigated the effects of a multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) on body composition and hormone levels in college athletes following a six-week training protocol. Twenty male college athletes were equally assigned to MIPS and placebo (PLA) groups for supplementation (three pills, twice daily) in conjunction with resistance training and specialized sports training (e.g., nine total sessions/week) for six weeks. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry determined body composition at weeks 0 and 6. Serum samples collected at weeks 0 and 6 determined free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), IGF-1 and total estrogen (TE) levels. PLA experienced a significant decline in lean body mass (LBM) (´1.5 kg; p < 0.05) whereas the MIPS sustained LBM. The MIPS increased TT 21.9% (541.5˘48.7 to 639.1˘31.7) and increased FT 15.2% (13.28˘1.1 to 15.45˘1.3 ng/dL) (p < 0.05). Conversely, PLA decreased TT 7.9% (554.5˘43.3 to 497.2˘39.1 ng/dL), decreased FT 17.4% (13.41˘1.8 to 11.23˘2.55 ng/dL), and decreased FT:E 12.06% (p < 0.05). These findings suggest the MIPS can prevent decrements in LBM and anabolic hormone profiles during intense training periods.
Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences, 2014
Introduction Background: This study investigated comparative concentrations of individual amino a... more Introduction Background: This study investigated comparative concentrations of individual amino acids, total amino acids (TAA), non-essential amino acids (NEA) and essential amino acids (EAA) in the blood after the administration of Rice Protein Isolate (RPI) compared to Whey Protein Isolate (WPI).
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2014
This study compared quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum strength (1RM) after... more This study compared quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum strength (1RM) after three different short-term strength training (ST) regimens (i.e. non-periodized [NP], traditional-periodization [TP], and undulating-periodization [UP]) matched for volume load in previously untrained individuals. Thirty-one recreationally active males were randomly divided into four groups: NP: n = 9; TP: n = 9; UP: n = 8 and control group (C): n = 5. Experimental groups underwent a 6-week program consisting of two training sessions per week. Muscle strength was assessed at baseline and after the training period. Dominant leg quadriceps CSA was obtained through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and 48h after the last training session. The 1RM increased from pre to post only in the NP and UP groups (NP = 17.0 %, p = 0.002; UP = 12.9 %, p = 0.03), respectively. There were no significant differences in 1RM for LP and C groups after 6 weeks (TP = 7.7 %, p = 0.58, C = 1.2 %, p = ...
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2013
The activation of competing intracellular pathways has been proposed to explain the reduced train... more The activation of competing intracellular pathways has been proposed to explain the reduced training adaptations after concurrent strength and endurance exercises (CE). The present study investigated the acute effects of CE, strength exercises (SE), and endurance exercises (EE) on phosphorylated/total ratios of selected AMPK and Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K1 pathway proteins in rats. Six animals per exercise group were killed immediately (0 h) and 2 h after each exercise mode. In addition, 6 animals in a non-exercised condition (NE) were killed on the same day and under the same conditions. The levels of AMPK, phospho-Thr 172 AMPK (p-AMPK), Akt, phospho-Ser 473 Akt (p-Akt), p70 S6K1 , phospho-Thr 389-p70 S6K1 (p-p70 S6K1), mTOR, phospho-Ser 2448 mTOR (p-mTOR), and phospho-Thr 1462-TSC2 (p-TSC2) expression were evaluated by immunoblotting in total plantaris muscle extracts. The only significant difference detected was an increase (i.e., 87%) in Akt phosphorylated/total ratio in the CE group 2 h after exercise compared to the NE group (P = 0.002). There were no changes in AMPK, TSC2, mTOR, or p70 S6K1 ratios when the exercise modes were compared to the NE condition (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that low-intensity and low-volume CE might not blunt the training-induced adaptations, since it did not activate competing intracellular pathways in an acute bout of strength and endurance exercises in rat skeletal muscle.
Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de força (TF) ... more Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de força (TF) é amplamente utilizada, entretanto seus efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo da manipulação da ordem dos exercícios do TF, alternando segmentos corporais, sobre a força dinâmica máxima (1 RM) de membros inferiores (MMII) e superiores (MMSS), a concentração de lactato sanguíneo [La], a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e o volume total de treino (VT). Métodos: Dezoito homens (23,1 ± 3,8 anos; 78,4 ± 8,6 kg; 1,72 ± 0,06 m) executaram três condições de TF: condição A (supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott, meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora); condição B (meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora, supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott) e condição C (supino reto, meio-agachamento, desenvolvimento, leg press, rosca Scott e cadeira extensora). Os exercícios foram executados com três séries de 10 RM. Os testes de 1 RM para MMII e MMSS foram realizados nas semanas iniciais e após as condições experimentais. As coletas de sangue foram feitas no repouso [T0], imediatamente após [IA], 3 [T3] e 5 minutos [T5] após cada condição. A
Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Although used by resistance-trained individuals, it is unknown if increasing muscle strength prio... more Although used by resistance-trained individuals, it is unknown if increasing muscle strength prior to hypertrophy training leads to greater muscle growth and strength gains. We investigated muscle thickness and maximum strength in 26 resistance-trained men who were randomly assigned to either: STHT, consisted in a 3-week strength-oriented training period (4x1-3 repetition maximum [RM]) prior to a 5-week hypertrophy-oriented period (4x8-12RM), or HT, which comprised an 8-week hypertrophy-oriented training period. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness, and back squat and legpress 1-RM were assessed at pre, third week, and after 8 weeks of training. When pre-to-post changes are compared, STHT induced greater muscle growth (p = 0.049; 95%CI = 0.15-3.2%; d = 0.81) and strength gains in the back squat (p = 0.015; 95%CI = 1.5-13%; d = 1.05) and leg-press 45° (p = 0.044; 95%CI = 0.16-9.9%; d = 0.79) compared to HT. Our results support the use of a period to increase muscle strength prior to an HT to increase muscle thickness and maximum strength in resistance-trained men.
Frontiers in Physiology, 2020
We aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) combined with noload isometric ac... more We aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) combined with noload isometric actions (iso-holds) during the inter-set recovery period versus RT that involves passive inter-set rest on muscular strength, muscular hypertrophy, and muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. Twenty-seven resistance-trained male volunteers were randomly assigned to either a traditional group (TRAD) that performed a hypertrophy-oriented RT routine with the rest intervals spent passively (n = 13) or to a group that supplemented traditional RT with iso-holds (ISO) for the working muscle group between each set (n = 14). Training for both routines consisted of three weekly sessions performed for 8 weeks. Three sets of 8-12 repetitions were performed per exercise. A 2-min rest interval was afforded between sets; the ISO group performed iso-holds for the first 30 s of each rest interval and then recovered for the final 90 s. Maximal strength was assessed using the one repetition maximum (1RM) tests in the leg press and bench press. Upper-body muscle endurance was assessed by performing the bench press to failure at 50% of 1RM. Muscle thickness (MT) of the elbow flexors, elbow extensors, mid-thigh, and lateral thigh was assessed using B-mode ultrasound. Results indicated a favorable effect of ISO on MT in the mid-thigh. Alternatively, there was a possible detrimental effect for ISO on leg press strength. No other notable differences were seen between conditions. In conclusion, the use of inter-set iso-holds may be a time-efficient strategy to enhance development of the quadriceps femoris; conversely, it may be detrimental to maximizing lower body strength.
Sports, 2019
There is a paucity of data on how manipulating joint angles during isolation exercises may impact... more There is a paucity of data on how manipulating joint angles during isolation exercises may impact overall session muscle activation and volume load in resistance-trained individuals. We investigated the acute effects of varying glenohumeral joint angle on the biceps brachii with a crossover repeated measure design with three different biceps curls. One session served as the positive control (CON), which subjects performed 9 sets of bicep curls with their shoulder in a neutral position. The experimental condition (VAR), varied the glenohumeral joint angle by performing 3 sets in shoulder extension (30°), 3 sets neutral (0°), and 3 sets in flexion (90°). Volume load and muscle activation (EMG) were recorded during the training sessions. Muscle swelling and strain were assessed via muscle thickness and echo-intensity responses at pre, post, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. There were no significant differences between conditions for most dependent variables. However, the overall session EMG ampli...
Sports, 2019
This study investigated the effects of advanced training techniques (ATT) on muscular responses a... more This study investigated the effects of advanced training techniques (ATT) on muscular responses and if performing a second training session would negatively affect the training stimulus. Eleven strength-trained males performed a traditional strength training session (TST) and four different ATT: pre-exhaustion A (PE-A), pre-exhaustion B (PE-B), forced repetitions (FR), and super-set (SS). On day 1, SS produced lower volume load than TST, FR, and PE-B (−16.0%, p ≤ 0.03; −14.9, p ≤ 0.03 and −18.2%, p ≤ 0.01, respectively). On day 2, SS produced lower volumes than all the other ATT (−9.73–−18.5%, p ≤ 0.03). Additionally, subjects demonstrated lower perceived exertion on day 1 compared to day 2 (6.5 ± 0.4 AU vs. 8.7 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.0001). For blood lactate concentration [La-] on days 1 and 2, [La-] after the tenth set was the highest compared to all other time points (baseline: 1.7 ± 0.2, fifth-set: 8.7 ± 1.0, tenth-set 9.7 ± 0.9, post-5 min: 8.7 ± 0.7 mmol∙L−1, p ≤ 0.0001). Acute muscl...
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2017
The current study aimed to assess the validity and test-retest reliability of a linear position t... more The current study aimed to assess the validity and test-retest reliability of a linear position transducer when compared to a force plate through a counter-movement jump in female participants. Twenty-seven female recreational athletes (19 ± 2 years) performed three counter-movement jumps simultaneously using the linear position transducer and force plate for validity. In addition, 11 elite female athletes (23 ± 6 years) performed 3 counter-movement jumps with the linear position transducer on three separate days for test-retest reliability. Pearson correlations for jump height between the devices were at a high level (r = .90), with the linear position transducer overestimating jump height by 7.0 ± 2.8 cm. The reliability measured by the linear position transducer resulted in a mean intraclass correlation of .70 for jump height, .90 for peak velocity, and .91 for mean velocity. The linear position transducer was reliable for measuring counter-movement jumps in elite female athletes; however, caution should be taken for one-off jump measures as it may overestimate jump height.
Sports, 2018
This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on mu... more This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on muscular adaptations. Fifteen female college volleyball players were randomly assigned into either progressive velocity-based training (PVBT) or optimum training load (OTL). Both groups trained three times a week for seven weeks. PVBT performed a 4-week strength block (e.g., 0.55–0.70 m·s−1) followed by a 3-week power block (e.g., 0.85–1.0 m·s−1), whereas OTL performed training at ~0.85–0.9 m·s−1. 1RM and peak power output (PP) assessments on the back squat (BS), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL) exercises were assessed pre and post training. There was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS and BP 1RM, (PVBT: 19.6%, ES: 1.72; OTL: 18.3%, ES: 1.57) and (PVBT: 8.5%, ES: 0.58; OTL: 10.2%, ES: 0.72), respectively. OTL increased DL 1RM to a greater extent than PVBT (p ≤ 0.05), (OTL: 22.9%, ES: 1.49; PVBT: 10.9%, ES: 0.88). Lastly, there was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS, BP and DL PP, (PV...
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 22, 2018
This study compared the effects of self-selected rest interval and fixed rest interval strategies... more This study compared the effects of self-selected rest interval and fixed rest interval strategies on post-activation potentiation (PAP) in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Twelve strength-trained male's (age: 25.4 ± 3.6 years; body mass: 78.8 ± 10.5 kg; height: 175 ± 7.0 cm; half-squat 1RM: 188.7 ± 33.4 kg) performed three experimental conditions: 1) fixed rest interval (FRI: CMJ test; 4-min rest interval; 5RM back squat; 4-min rest interval; CMJ test), 2) self-selected rest interval (SSRI: CMJ test; 4-min rest interval; 5RM back squat; SSRI; CMJ test), and 3) control (C: CMJ test; 8-min rest interval; CMJ test). In SSRI, participants were instructed to rest until they felt fully recovered and able to exercise at maximal intensity based on the perceived readiness scale (PR). Significant changes in pre-post CMJ performance were observed in the SSRI condition (38.2 ± 4.6 cm vs 40.5 ± 4.4 cm; p = 0.08; CI: 0.72 to 3.82 cm; ES = 0.93). There were significant differences in po...
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 29, 2018
This study investigated the effects of non-periodized (NP), traditional periodization (TP) and da... more This study investigated the effects of non-periodized (NP), traditional periodization (TP) and daily undulating (UP) regimens on muscle strength and hypertrophy in untrained individuals. Thirty-three recreationally active males were randomly divided into four groups: NP: n = 8; TP: n = 9; UP: n = 8 and control group (C): n = 8. Experimental groups underwent a 12-week strength-training program consisting of two sessions per week. Muscle strength and quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) were assessed at baseline, 6-wk (i.e. mid-point) and after 12-wk. All training groups increased squat 1RM from pre to 6-wk mid (NP: 17.02%, TP: 7.7% and UP: 12.9%, p≤0.002) and pre to post 12-wk (NP: 19.5%, TP: 17.9% and UP: 20.4%). TP was the only group that increased squat 1RM from 6-wk mid to 12-wk period (9.4%, p≤0.008). All training groups increased QCSA from pre to 6-wk mid (NP: 5.1%, TP: 4.6% and UP: 5.3%, p≤0.0006) and from pre to post 12-wk (NP: 8.1%, TP: 11.3% and UP: 8.7%). From 6-wk mid t...
Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 2014
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a taxa de elevação (slope) da percepção subjetiv... more RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a taxa de elevação (slope) da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) poderia ser dissociada da taxa de modificação de variáveis cardiopulmonares e nas concentrações de lactato sanguíneo (Lac) durante exercício aeróbio realizado após a execução de um exercício prévio de força muscular.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014
In patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), muscle strength asymmetries between legs are common and... more In patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), muscle strength asymmetries between legs are common and are typically accompanied by difficulty walking. This difficulty leads to increased effort during activities of daily living leading to greater levels of fatigue. Importantly, underlying mechanisms for these asymmetries are not completely, but altered muscle energetics may play a role. PURPOSE: To investigate glucose uptake (GU) asymmetries between the legs of persons with MS (MS) after walking and to compare them to healthy controls (CON). METHODS: 8 MS (4 men, 45 ± 9 yrs) and 8 CON (4 men, 38 ± 8 yrs) walked on a treadmill at self-selected speed for 15 minutes (MS: 2.5 ± 0.5 mph; CON 3.1 ± 0.3 mph; P = 0.01). After 2 min participants were injected with a glucose tracer (18 F-FDG) and immediately after walking, Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) imaging was conducted. Standardized glucose uptake values were calculated for 16 leg muscles that were identified in CT images. GU heterogeneity, the distribution of glucose uptake within muscles, was calculated as standard deviation / mean x 100. RESULTS: Within the MS group, glucose uptake asymmetries between the right and left legs were demonstrated (0.99 ± 1.01 and 0.84 ± 0.71; P < 0.05), whereas there were no differences between legs of the CON group. Additionally for the MS group, glucose uptake asymmetries between legs were present for the knee flexors (FLEX) (0.62 ± 0.22 and 0.53 ± 0.13; P < 0.05) but not for the knee extensors (EXT), hip muscles (HIP), dorsi-flexors, or plantar flexor. The HIP, EXT, and FLEX of both legs of subjects with MS had greater glucose uptake than the CON group (MS HIP
Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 2017
RESUMO Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de forç... more RESUMO Introdução: A alternância entre segmentos corporais para prescrição do treinamento de força (TF) é amplamente utilizada, entretanto seus efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo da manipulação da ordem dos exercícios do TF, alternando segmentos corporais, sobre a força dinâmica máxima (1 RM) de membros inferiores (MMII) e superiores (MMSS), a concentração de lactato sanguíneo [La], a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e o volume total de treino (VT). Métodos: Dezoito homens (23,1 ± 3,8 anos; 78,4 ± 8,6 kg; 1,72 ± 0,06 m) executaram três condições de TF: condição A (supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott, meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora); condição B (meio-agachamento, leg press, cadeira extensora, supino reto, desenvolvimento, rosca Scott) e condição C (supino reto, meio-agachamento, desenvolvimento, leg press, rosca Scott e cadeira extensora). Os exercícios foram executados com três séries de 10 RM. Os testes de 1 RM para MMII e...
PeerJ, 2016
Objective. Probiotics have been reported to support healthy digestive and immune function, aid in... more Objective. Probiotics have been reported to support healthy digestive and immune function, aid in protein absorption, and decrease inflammation. Further, a trend to increase vertical jump power has been observed following co-administration of protein and probiotics in resistance-trained subjects. However, to date the potential beneficial effect of probiotics on recovery from high intensity resistance exercise have yet to be explored. Therefore, this study examined the effect of co-administration of protein and probiotics on muscle damage, recovery and performance following a damaging exercise bout. Design. Twenty nine (n = 29) recreationally-trained males (mean ± SD; 21.5 ± 2.8 years; 89.7 ± 28.2 kg; 177.4 ± 8.0 cm) were assigned to consume either 20 g of casein (PRO) or 20 g of casein plus probiotic (1 billion CFU Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086, PROBC) in a crossover, diet-controlled design. After two weeks of supplementation, perceptional measures, athletic performance, and muscl...
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2015
Functional sport training is performed to improve specific motor patterns and physical capacities... more Functional sport training is performed to improve specific motor patterns and physical capacities that are required in specific sports. However, more information is needed to fully understand the effects that various types of equipment have on specific functional outcomes in many sports. PURPOSE: To examine the short-term effects of functional training with elastic bands (EB) on ball velocity in the Spanish racquetball serve. METHODS: Eighteen male racquetball players (34.16 ± 11.43 yr; 176.94 ± 4.39 cm; 80.16 ± 8.03 kg) who belonged to the same club which was competing at the territorial-level were divided randomly into two groups: control group (CG; n=9) and intervention group (IG; n=9). The IG performed 3 sessions of 30 min of training for 2 wk in addition to their usual training. Each session consisted of: (a) 4 sets of 10 repetitions at maximum speed with a perceived effort of 6-7 OMNI-RES using the motor patterns specific to the racquetball serve but with an EB initially elongated 15 cm beyond its original length and attached to the racquet; (b) 2 sets of 10 repetitions with a perceived effort of 8-9 OMNI-RES for shoulder adduction, trunk rotation and elbow extension with an EB also initially elongated 15 cm beyond its original length. Meanwhile, the CG performed only the usual training program. Before and after the 6 sessions, the speed of the ball during the serve from the stopped position was recorded with a video camera at a recording speed of 120 frames per sec. Frames from each 0.03 sec were later analyzed with Kinovea software. The SPPS 19.0 program was used for statistical analysis and statistically significant differences were accepted with a p<0.05. RESULTS: Regarding the speed of the ball, the CG had a non-significant decrease of 1.44 m/sec while the IG had a significant improvement of 2.67 m/sec. There was also a significant interaction between the two groups. CONCLUSION: A short-term training program using EB is enough stimuli to improve the velocity of the ball in the serve of Spanish racquetball. Further study is needed to determine the effects of such training over longer periods.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2016
assessed. Force was defined as the maximum value 100ms before flight phase (<30N). AT compliance ... more assessed. Force was defined as the maximum value 100ms before flight phase (<30N). AT compliance was calculated by dividing tendon elongation by force. Regarding age, results were compared between C and A. Concerning pathology; results were compared between A and T. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc correction tests(α=0.05) were used. RESULTS: AT thickness (C=4.6±0.9 mm, A=4.9±0.5 mm, T=6.9±1.4 mm, p=0.001) and CSA (C=59±18 mm2, A=58±13 mm2, T=83±24 mm2, p=0.021) were statistically significant thicker in T than A and C. AT elongation (C=27±3 mm, A=21±4 mm, T=25±5 mm, p=0.004) and AT compliance [mm/N]) (C=0.026±0.006 mm/N, A=0.017±0.005 mm/N, T=0.019±0.004 mm/N, p=0.001) were found to be statistically significant higher in C compared to A. In contrast, no statistically significant difference between groups were found for ATL (C=219±17 mm, A=217±24 mm, T= 220±24 mm, p≥0.05) and force (C=1068±208 N, A=1287±225 N, T=1389±288 N, p≥0.05). CONCLUSION: During one-leg jumps, tendon responds differently in regards to age, with children having the most compliant AT. The higher compliancy found might be considered as a protective factor against load-related injuries in healthy tendons, as prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy is low in children. Moreover, despite a tendency of altered AT response in tendinopathic patients no significant differences were found compared to asymptomatic adults.
Sports, 2016
Periods of intense training can elicit an acute decline in performance and body composition assoc... more Periods of intense training can elicit an acute decline in performance and body composition associated with weakened hormone profiles. This study investigated the effects of a multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) on body composition and hormone levels in college athletes following a six-week training protocol. Twenty male college athletes were equally assigned to MIPS and placebo (PLA) groups for supplementation (three pills, twice daily) in conjunction with resistance training and specialized sports training (e.g., nine total sessions/week) for six weeks. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry determined body composition at weeks 0 and 6. Serum samples collected at weeks 0 and 6 determined free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), IGF-1 and total estrogen (TE) levels. PLA experienced a significant decline in lean body mass (LBM) (´1.5 kg; p < 0.05) whereas the MIPS sustained LBM. The MIPS increased TT 21.9% (541.5˘48.7 to 639.1˘31.7) and increased FT 15.2% (13.28˘1.1 to 15.45˘1.3 ng/dL) (p < 0.05). Conversely, PLA decreased TT 7.9% (554.5˘43.3 to 497.2˘39.1 ng/dL), decreased FT 17.4% (13.41˘1.8 to 11.23˘2.55 ng/dL), and decreased FT:E 12.06% (p < 0.05). These findings suggest the MIPS can prevent decrements in LBM and anabolic hormone profiles during intense training periods.
Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences, 2014
Introduction Background: This study investigated comparative concentrations of individual amino a... more Introduction Background: This study investigated comparative concentrations of individual amino acids, total amino acids (TAA), non-essential amino acids (NEA) and essential amino acids (EAA) in the blood after the administration of Rice Protein Isolate (RPI) compared to Whey Protein Isolate (WPI).
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2014
This study compared quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum strength (1RM) after... more This study compared quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum strength (1RM) after three different short-term strength training (ST) regimens (i.e. non-periodized [NP], traditional-periodization [TP], and undulating-periodization [UP]) matched for volume load in previously untrained individuals. Thirty-one recreationally active males were randomly divided into four groups: NP: n = 9; TP: n = 9; UP: n = 8 and control group (C): n = 5. Experimental groups underwent a 6-week program consisting of two training sessions per week. Muscle strength was assessed at baseline and after the training period. Dominant leg quadriceps CSA was obtained through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and 48h after the last training session. The 1RM increased from pre to post only in the NP and UP groups (NP = 17.0 %, p = 0.002; UP = 12.9 %, p = 0.03), respectively. There were no significant differences in 1RM for LP and C groups after 6 weeks (TP = 7.7 %, p = 0.58, C = 1.2 %, p = ...
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2013
The activation of competing intracellular pathways has been proposed to explain the reduced train... more The activation of competing intracellular pathways has been proposed to explain the reduced training adaptations after concurrent strength and endurance exercises (CE). The present study investigated the acute effects of CE, strength exercises (SE), and endurance exercises (EE) on phosphorylated/total ratios of selected AMPK and Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K1 pathway proteins in rats. Six animals per exercise group were killed immediately (0 h) and 2 h after each exercise mode. In addition, 6 animals in a non-exercised condition (NE) were killed on the same day and under the same conditions. The levels of AMPK, phospho-Thr 172 AMPK (p-AMPK), Akt, phospho-Ser 473 Akt (p-Akt), p70 S6K1 , phospho-Thr 389-p70 S6K1 (p-p70 S6K1), mTOR, phospho-Ser 2448 mTOR (p-mTOR), and phospho-Thr 1462-TSC2 (p-TSC2) expression were evaluated by immunoblotting in total plantaris muscle extracts. The only significant difference detected was an increase (i.e., 87%) in Akt phosphorylated/total ratio in the CE group 2 h after exercise compared to the NE group (P = 0.002). There were no changes in AMPK, TSC2, mTOR, or p70 S6K1 ratios when the exercise modes were compared to the NE condition (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that low-intensity and low-volume CE might not blunt the training-induced adaptations, since it did not activate competing intracellular pathways in an acute bout of strength and endurance exercises in rat skeletal muscle.