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Papers by Harold Liebowitz

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1979

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1997

Journal of Field Archaeology, 1980

... Simple hand-lens examina-36. For a review of the geology of flint and early flint technology,... more ... Simple hand-lens examina-36. For a review of the geology of flint and early flint technology, see Walter Shepherd, Flint: Its Origin, Properties and Uses (London 1972). 37. Heinz A. Lowenstam, "Geology of the Eastern Nazareth Moun-... minology," GSA 80 (1969) 725-728. 39. ...

The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul 1, 1996

... Preface This book derives from my dissertation "Burial in Late Bronze Age Canaan as a Ba... more ... Preface This book derives from my dissertation "Burial in Late Bronze Age Canaan as a Basis for the Study of ... Research Strategy As a first step toward a clearer view of the Late Bronze Age, this study proposes several underlying ... First, burials are common archaeological finds. ...

monarch and monarchy. One cluster is comprised of melech and malchut and the other is comprised o... more monarch and monarchy. One cluster is comprised of melech and malchut and the other is comprised of hayoshev al kis'oh and hakise'. Melech cor responds to hayoshev al kis'oh and malchut corresponds to hakise'. Yet, there may be distinct differences between the two clusters of terms. While malchut refers to the institution of kingship, hakise' refers to the office of king. And, while melech refers to the concept of monarch, the phrase hayoshev al kis'oh, with the participle hayoshev, refers to the occupant of the office of king. While the melech-malchut cluster is more abstract, the hakise'-hayoshev al kis'oh cluster is more descriptive and adjectival. Indeed. hakise' and hayoshev al kis'oh are appropriate since the monarch is fre quently symbolized in Near Eastern literature and art by the enthroned figure. This paper is addressed to the enthronement motif. The terms hakise' and hayoshev al kis'oh are used in biblical literature as referents to the office of king or the occupant of that office whether the occupant of the office is a temporal ruler (foreigner, Judean, or Israelite) or God. The use of the term hakise' for foreign rulers is found in the phrase rak hakise' egdal mimekah in the Joseph episode (Gen. 41:40) and the phrase hayoshev al kis'oh is found in the plague account umet kal bekor be'eretz mitzrayim mibekor par oh hayoshev al kis'oh (Ex. 11:5). The biblical reference to the Egyptian monarch by referring to the throne cor responds to Egyptian literary practice as seen in an inscription of Rameses II. Indeed, Egyptian evidence indicates that the investiture of the future king involves his enthronement. The account of the accession of Hatshepsut as coregent of Tuthmosis I describes how Tuthmosis I had Hatshepsut seated on his throne in his presence, thereby symbolizing her coming to power. And the accession of Amenophis II was described as follows:

Journal of Field Archaeology, 1984

... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz ident... more ... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz identified by R. Hachmann as an iron smelter (written communication, December 3, 1979) has not yet been fully published. Hachmann' s ...

Journal of field archaeology, 1984

... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz ident... more ... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz identified by R. Hachmann as an iron smelter (written communication, December 3, 1979) has not yet been fully published. Hachmann' s ...

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1989

In response to my article (Liebowitz 1987: 3-24), in which I argued that the increase of ivories ... more In response to my article (Liebowitz 1987: 3-24), in which I argued that the increase of ivories from Palestinian sites during LB II demonstrates that the period reflected a cultural high point rather than a period of decline, Bienkowski asserts that my observations did not take into account the social and political context of the objects. He notes that almost all the ivories I mentioned came from palaces and from cities under Egyptian control and that, therefore, the increase in ivories tells us little about conditions in Palestine in general. He argues that one cannot speak either of a cultural high point (Liebowitz 1987) or of a cultural decline (Knapp 1987) for the country as a whole, but that the sites under Egyptian domination survived, while those not under Egyptian rule declined. While his idea is logical, attractive, and of heuristic value, I must point out several problems with it. It is neither startling nor unanticipated that many objects such as finely-worked and sophisticated ivories come from the homes of the ruling class. My point is that when one compares the best to be found in LB I with the best to be found in LB II there is no question that the luxury items of LB II are far more sophisticated than those of LB I. Similarly, when comparing the nature of Egyptian art in the various periods, the comparison is justifiably made between Pharaonic art and the art of the nobles of one period with that of another period. Thus, his point that I failed to take into account the "social conditions"

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1983

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2001

... AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH DISSERTATION SERIES Edited by Baruch Halpern Volume 8 V... more ... AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH DISSERTATION SERIES Edited by Baruch Halpern Volume 8 Volumes in the series 1. The Role of Human Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, by Alberto Ravinell Whitney Green (1975) 2. The Tabernacle Menorah: A Synthetic ...

Page 1. Tell el-Hesi The Site and the Expedition edited by Bruce T. Dahlberg and Kevin G. O'... more Page 1. Tell el-Hesi The Site and the Expedition edited by Bruce T. Dahlberg and Kevin G. O'ConneZi, SJ. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. TELL EL-HESI The Site and the Expedition Dedicated to the Memory of Harry Thomas Frank 19334980 Page 6. ...

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1994

Vetus Testamentum, 2013

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a ... more Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.

Vetus Testamentum, 2013

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a ... more Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a ... more Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1979

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1997

Journal of Field Archaeology, 1980

... Simple hand-lens examina-36. For a review of the geology of flint and early flint technology,... more ... Simple hand-lens examina-36. For a review of the geology of flint and early flint technology, see Walter Shepherd, Flint: Its Origin, Properties and Uses (London 1972). 37. Heinz A. Lowenstam, "Geology of the Eastern Nazareth Moun-... minology," GSA 80 (1969) 725-728. 39. ...

The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul 1, 1996

... Preface This book derives from my dissertation "Burial in Late Bronze Age Canaan as a Ba... more ... Preface This book derives from my dissertation "Burial in Late Bronze Age Canaan as a Basis for the Study of ... Research Strategy As a first step toward a clearer view of the Late Bronze Age, this study proposes several underlying ... First, burials are common archaeological finds. ...

monarch and monarchy. One cluster is comprised of melech and malchut and the other is comprised o... more monarch and monarchy. One cluster is comprised of melech and malchut and the other is comprised of hayoshev al kis'oh and hakise'. Melech cor responds to hayoshev al kis'oh and malchut corresponds to hakise'. Yet, there may be distinct differences between the two clusters of terms. While malchut refers to the institution of kingship, hakise' refers to the office of king. And, while melech refers to the concept of monarch, the phrase hayoshev al kis'oh, with the participle hayoshev, refers to the occupant of the office of king. While the melech-malchut cluster is more abstract, the hakise'-hayoshev al kis'oh cluster is more descriptive and adjectival. Indeed. hakise' and hayoshev al kis'oh are appropriate since the monarch is fre quently symbolized in Near Eastern literature and art by the enthroned figure. This paper is addressed to the enthronement motif. The terms hakise' and hayoshev al kis'oh are used in biblical literature as referents to the office of king or the occupant of that office whether the occupant of the office is a temporal ruler (foreigner, Judean, or Israelite) or God. The use of the term hakise' for foreign rulers is found in the phrase rak hakise' egdal mimekah in the Joseph episode (Gen. 41:40) and the phrase hayoshev al kis'oh is found in the plague account umet kal bekor be'eretz mitzrayim mibekor par oh hayoshev al kis'oh (Ex. 11:5). The biblical reference to the Egyptian monarch by referring to the throne cor responds to Egyptian literary practice as seen in an inscription of Rameses II. Indeed, Egyptian evidence indicates that the investiture of the future king involves his enthronement. The account of the accession of Hatshepsut as coregent of Tuthmosis I describes how Tuthmosis I had Hatshepsut seated on his throne in his presence, thereby symbolizing her coming to power. And the accession of Amenophis II was described as follows:

Journal of Field Archaeology, 1984

... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz ident... more ... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz identified by R. Hachmann as an iron smelter (written communication, December 3, 1979) has not yet been fully published. Hachmann' s ...

Journal of field archaeology, 1984

... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz ident... more ... cf. Waldbaum, op. cit. [in note 2] 80). The 15th century BC installation at Kamidel-Loz identified by R. Hachmann as an iron smelter (written communication, December 3, 1979) has not yet been fully published. Hachmann' s ...

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1989

In response to my article (Liebowitz 1987: 3-24), in which I argued that the increase of ivories ... more In response to my article (Liebowitz 1987: 3-24), in which I argued that the increase of ivories from Palestinian sites during LB II demonstrates that the period reflected a cultural high point rather than a period of decline, Bienkowski asserts that my observations did not take into account the social and political context of the objects. He notes that almost all the ivories I mentioned came from palaces and from cities under Egyptian control and that, therefore, the increase in ivories tells us little about conditions in Palestine in general. He argues that one cannot speak either of a cultural high point (Liebowitz 1987) or of a cultural decline (Knapp 1987) for the country as a whole, but that the sites under Egyptian domination survived, while those not under Egyptian rule declined. While his idea is logical, attractive, and of heuristic value, I must point out several problems with it. It is neither startling nor unanticipated that many objects such as finely-worked and sophisticated ivories come from the homes of the ruling class. My point is that when one compares the best to be found in LB I with the best to be found in LB II there is no question that the luxury items of LB II are far more sophisticated than those of LB I. Similarly, when comparing the nature of Egyptian art in the various periods, the comparison is justifiably made between Pharaonic art and the art of the nobles of one period with that of another period. Thus, his point that I failed to take into account the "social conditions"

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1983

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2001

... AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH DISSERTATION SERIES Edited by Baruch Halpern Volume 8 V... more ... AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH DISSERTATION SERIES Edited by Baruch Halpern Volume 8 Volumes in the series 1. The Role of Human Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, by Alberto Ravinell Whitney Green (1975) 2. The Tabernacle Menorah: A Synthetic ...

Page 1. Tell el-Hesi The Site and the Expedition edited by Bruce T. Dahlberg and Kevin G. O'... more Page 1. Tell el-Hesi The Site and the Expedition edited by Bruce T. Dahlberg and Kevin G. O'ConneZi, SJ. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. TELL EL-HESI The Site and the Expedition Dedicated to the Memory of Harry Thomas Frank 19334980 Page 6. ...

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1994

Vetus Testamentum, 2013

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a ... more Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.

Vetus Testamentum, 2013

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a ... more Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.

Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a ... more Lev 19:28 prohibits tattooing, but no reason for the prohibition is given. Since it appears in a context of pagan mourning practices (Lev 19:27,28) it is assumed that the reason for the prohibition lay in its association with such mourning practices. In this paper we explore the broader context of the law in biblical times, and how it was understood in subsequent rabbinic times. We propose that in the biblical period the prohibition was associated with the marking of slaves, and that in the subsequent rabbinic period it was associated with paganism.