Sami Ullah | Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (original) (raw)

Papers by Sami Ullah

Energy, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2019

Journal of Molecular Structure

Abstract Nowadays, synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) via employing plants as red... more Abstract Nowadays, synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) via employing plants as reducing and stabilizing agents has been widely dealt by research community owing to their eco-friendly, simple, cost effective and renewability features. In the same line of action, current study has first time reported the formation of Elaeis guineensis leaves mediated CeO2-NPs. The phytochemicals corresponding to O–H, C O and N–H functional groups displayed their major contribution as reducing and stabilizing agents in the formation of CeO2-NPs, revealed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of uniform agglomerated cubic structured CeO2-NPs containing particle size range 13–16 nm was confirmed through observing FTIR peak at 560 cm−1, FESEM and EDAX results. The XPS and XRD revealed the chemical oxidation states of Ce3d and formation of cubic structured cerium oxide particles containing crystal size 5.2 nm. An excellent photocatalytic degradation potential was exhibited by biofabricated CeO2-NPs through demonstrating 92.24% removal efficiency in 360 min irradiation time under visible light. The kinetic modelling of CeO2-NPs for photocatalytic degradation of phenol was found to be followed by Langmuir Hinshelwood (L-H) model. Moreover, a photocatalytic degradation mechanism was also predicted to explain the removal phenomenon of phenol by employing CeO2-NPs photocatalyst. The experimental results concluded that Elaeis guineensis leaves can be employed as an inexpensive and nonhazardous potential bioresource for the synthesis of other metal oxide nanoparticles, which may have their applications in medical and environmental field.

Chemical Engineering Science

Abstract Precise prediction of the gas permeability behavior through the mixed matrix Composite m... more Abstract Precise prediction of the gas permeability behavior through the mixed matrix Composite membranes (MMMs) composed of the tubular fillers using existing theoretical approaches are infrequent. This is normally due to the neglecting the interfacial characteristics of the tubular filler particles i.e. multi-walled structured carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a matrix composed of polymeric material in the existing theoretical models, especially, the Kang-Jones-Nair (KJN) model and Hamilton-Crosser model (HC) which were developed for the prediction of gas permeability behavior through the mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) composed of the tubular fillers. In this work, raw- and functionalized MWCNTs filler based MMMs in polysulfone (PSF) matrix were synthesized successfully, followed by morphological analysis on matrix interfacial layers parameters. KJN model was modified by introducing pseudo-dispersed phase fillers that influenced the interfacial layer and consequently overall gas permeabilities, which was ignored in existing models. The new proposed theoretical model is able to predict the gas permeability behavior with significantly reduced average absolute relative error (%AARE) of 1.26% compared to 52.43% and 42.71% for unmodified KJN and HC models, respectively. Furthermore, the mKJN model revealed that the interfacial layer thickness is a unique characteristic and is autonomous of the penetrant molecules of gas which may be influenced by the heterogeneity in the experimental conditions. The cross-sectional morphology and mKJN model revealed that the filler functionalization may lead to the improvement in filler-polymer interaction which thus reduced interfacial layer thickness.

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials

Abstract In this work, a metal-organic framework (MOF-200) demonstrating microporosity was prepar... more Abstract In this work, a metal-organic framework (MOF-200) demonstrating microporosity was prepared from organic linker 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxy[1,2-biphenyl]-4-yl)-benzene) (H3BBC) and salt Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate (Zn-(NO3)2·6H2O) via direct solution-based and catalyst-free method. The MOF-200 was further post-synthetically modified to MOF-200/GO with graphene oxide (GO). The structural and texture properties of MOF-200 and MOF-200/GO were investigated by FESEM, FTIR, Raman analysis, powder XRD, thermal stability, BET analysis, and selective adsorption behavior of CO2/CH4. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms reveal their highly microporous nature. The results showed the loss in surface area from 3624 m2/g (MOF-200) to 3359 m2/g (MOF-200/GO) due to post-synthetic modification with an improvement in CO2 uptake capacity of 15% due to successful surface functionalities attachment exhibiting remarkable CO2 philic nature. Both MOF-200 and MOF-200/GO were found crystalline in nature and highly stable under thermal conditions. Furthermore, the isotherms study by using the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, Sips isotherm, and Toth isotherm models was carried out. The isotherms-based results demonstrated favorable adsorption behavior with heterogenous systems and demand pore activation by employing high-pressure gas adsorption.

Chinese Journal of Polymer Science

In this study, the effects of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforcement in expandable graphite ba... more In this study, the effects of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforcement in expandable graphite based intumescent fire retardant coatings (IFRCs) developed using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/phenol BA epoxy system were investigated. Intumescent coating formulations were developed by incorporating different weight percentages of HNTs and PDMS in basic intumescent ingredients (ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/boric acid/expandable graphite, APP/MEL/BA/EG). The performance of intumescent formulations was investigated by furnace fire test, Bunsen burner fire test, field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The Bunsen burner fire test results indicated that the fire performance of HNTs and PDMS reinforced intumescent formulation has improved due to the development of silicate network over the char residue. Improved expansion in char residue was also noticed in the formulation, SH(3), due to the minimum decomposition of char carbon. FESEM and TEM results validated the development of silicate network over char layer of coating formulations. A considerable mass loss difference was noticed during thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of intumescent coating formulations. Reference formulation, SH(0) with no filler, degraded at 300 °C and lost 50% of its total mass but SH(3), due to synergistic effects between PDMS and HNTs, degraded above 400 °C and showed the maximum thermal stability. XRD analysis showed the development of thermally stable compound mulltie, due to the synergism of HNTs and siloxane during intumescent reactions, which enhanced fire performance. FTIR analysis showed the presence of incorporated siloxane and silicates bonds in char residue, which endorsed the toughness of intumescent char layer produced. Moreover, the synergistic effect of HNTs, PDMS, and other basic intumescent ingredients enhanced the polymer cross-linking in binder system and improved fire resistive performance of coatings.

Advanced Materials Research, 2016

The wastewater containing the spent alkanolamines and its derivatives emerging from the natural g... more The wastewater containing the spent alkanolamines and its derivatives emerging from the natural gas industries into water has become a critical concern. In the present study, Titanium dioxides was used as photocatalysts to investigate for their efficiency for the photodegradation of Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) containing wastewater under the visible light irradiation. DIPA was used as a model alkanolamine while different commercially available TiO2 were tested for photodegradation of DIPA under the visible light source. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared photocatalysts were analyzed using different characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and N2-physisorption (BET).

Progress in Organic Coatings

Abstract An intumescent coating is an insulating system designed to decrease the heat transfer a ... more Abstract An intumescent coating is an insulating system designed to decrease the heat transfer a substrate structure. The intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating presented here is based on expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine, and boric acid. Bisphenol epoxy resin BE-188 (BPA) was used as a binder with ACR Hardener H-2310 polyamide amine. Different formulations were developed to study the effects of APP and boric acid on char expansion, heat shielding, char morphology and char composition after a fire test. The coating was tested at 950°C for one hour. Char expansion was examined by furnace using a fire test. The results show that the coating is stable on the substrate. The morphology of the char was studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) of the coating after a fire test. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the presence of carbon, borophosphate; boron oxide and sassolite in the residual char. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) including derivative plots showed that boric acid and APP enhance the residual weight of intumescent fire retardant coating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that IF5 recorded better carbon content up to 47.45 wt%, in the residual char that enhanced the fire resistance performance of the coating. An accelerated weathering test according to ASTM D 6695-03 showed that the IF5 coating continued its reliability up to 90 days in the hastened weathering chamber.

Advanced Materials Research, 2016

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2015

ABSTRACT

Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2015

ABSTRACT

Journal of Applied Sciences, 2014

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

ABSTRACT There is a growing need of counter assessing the increase of releases greenhouse gases s... more ABSTRACT There is a growing need of counter assessing the increase of releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide by researching an alternative technology that can help to reduce carbon dioxide content in atmosphere. This research work investigates the potential of MIL-53 as CO2 capture and storage candidate by conducting an experiment with different pressure between the synthesised and modified MIL-53. To investigate the effect of the Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in MIL-53 towards CO2 adsorption performance. The synthesised samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) techniques. A significant change is observed in the region of the aromatic deformation vibrations due to the different substitution patterns of the aromatic ring. BET surface area for MWCNT@MIL-53 is higher than CNF@MIL-53 and MIL-53. MWCNTs showed the adsorption of CO2 uptake is 0.3mmole-1/g at 100Kpa.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was measured in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2methyl-1-p... more The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was measured in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and Piperazine (PZ) activated aqueous solutions of (AMP) at two different temperatures (303.15 and 333.15)K and at various concentrations of studied solvents. The measurements were made over the pressure range of 5 to 60 bar. The results are presented as a function of pressure. It has been found that the addition of PZ to the aqueous solutions gives significantly higher CO 2 loadings at higher pressures. The influence of pressure on solubility is found to be positive. However, solubility decreases with the increase of temperature.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

The present study investigates the effects of intercalation process of protonated primary, second... more The present study investigates the effects of intercalation process of protonated primary, secondary and tertiary amines on structural and surface characteristics of sodium form of bentonite clay. For this purpose, sodium form of bentonite clay was prepared and then exchanged with mono-, di-and triethanolammonium cations via intercalation mechanism into the interlayer space of the clay. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD and BET techniques. An increase in the dspacing of bentonite clay with the molar mass of amines was observed in their x-ray diffractograms, following the order of: triethanolamine > diethanolamine > monoethanolamine. The BET results showed a gradual decrease in the BET surface area with the increase in the molar mass of amines used. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the molar mass of amines has significant effects on structural and surface properties of bentonite clay.

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008

A new apparatus was designed with a thick-walled glass capillary, electric heater tube with red c... more A new apparatus was designed with a thick-walled glass capillary, electric heater tube with red copper and heat preservation. The thick-walled glass capillary was used for its advantages of resistance to acid corrosion and pressure, and ease of observation. The experimental densities over the entire range of mole fraction for the binary mixture of p-xylene+acetic acid and o-xylene+acetic acid were measured using the new apparatus at temperatures ranging from 313.15K to 473.15K and pressure ranging from 0.20 to 2.0 MPa. The density values were used in the determination of excess molar volumes, V E . The Redlich-Kister equation was used to fit the excess molar volume values, and the coefficients and estimate of the standard error values were presented. The experimental results prove that the density measurement apparatus is successful.

This project has been designed to the preparation of halogen free intumescent fire retardant (IFR... more This project has been designed to the preparation of halogen free intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating. Flake graphite (particle size 63µm) was reacted with different acids to prepare the expandable graphite which was further used as a carbon source in IFR ...

Energy, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2019

Journal of Molecular Structure

Abstract Nowadays, synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) via employing plants as red... more Abstract Nowadays, synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) via employing plants as reducing and stabilizing agents has been widely dealt by research community owing to their eco-friendly, simple, cost effective and renewability features. In the same line of action, current study has first time reported the formation of Elaeis guineensis leaves mediated CeO2-NPs. The phytochemicals corresponding to O–H, C O and N–H functional groups displayed their major contribution as reducing and stabilizing agents in the formation of CeO2-NPs, revealed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of uniform agglomerated cubic structured CeO2-NPs containing particle size range 13–16 nm was confirmed through observing FTIR peak at 560 cm−1, FESEM and EDAX results. The XPS and XRD revealed the chemical oxidation states of Ce3d and formation of cubic structured cerium oxide particles containing crystal size 5.2 nm. An excellent photocatalytic degradation potential was exhibited by biofabricated CeO2-NPs through demonstrating 92.24% removal efficiency in 360 min irradiation time under visible light. The kinetic modelling of CeO2-NPs for photocatalytic degradation of phenol was found to be followed by Langmuir Hinshelwood (L-H) model. Moreover, a photocatalytic degradation mechanism was also predicted to explain the removal phenomenon of phenol by employing CeO2-NPs photocatalyst. The experimental results concluded that Elaeis guineensis leaves can be employed as an inexpensive and nonhazardous potential bioresource for the synthesis of other metal oxide nanoparticles, which may have their applications in medical and environmental field.

Chemical Engineering Science

Abstract Precise prediction of the gas permeability behavior through the mixed matrix Composite m... more Abstract Precise prediction of the gas permeability behavior through the mixed matrix Composite membranes (MMMs) composed of the tubular fillers using existing theoretical approaches are infrequent. This is normally due to the neglecting the interfacial characteristics of the tubular filler particles i.e. multi-walled structured carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a matrix composed of polymeric material in the existing theoretical models, especially, the Kang-Jones-Nair (KJN) model and Hamilton-Crosser model (HC) which were developed for the prediction of gas permeability behavior through the mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) composed of the tubular fillers. In this work, raw- and functionalized MWCNTs filler based MMMs in polysulfone (PSF) matrix were synthesized successfully, followed by morphological analysis on matrix interfacial layers parameters. KJN model was modified by introducing pseudo-dispersed phase fillers that influenced the interfacial layer and consequently overall gas permeabilities, which was ignored in existing models. The new proposed theoretical model is able to predict the gas permeability behavior with significantly reduced average absolute relative error (%AARE) of 1.26% compared to 52.43% and 42.71% for unmodified KJN and HC models, respectively. Furthermore, the mKJN model revealed that the interfacial layer thickness is a unique characteristic and is autonomous of the penetrant molecules of gas which may be influenced by the heterogeneity in the experimental conditions. The cross-sectional morphology and mKJN model revealed that the filler functionalization may lead to the improvement in filler-polymer interaction which thus reduced interfacial layer thickness.

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials

Abstract In this work, a metal-organic framework (MOF-200) demonstrating microporosity was prepar... more Abstract In this work, a metal-organic framework (MOF-200) demonstrating microporosity was prepared from organic linker 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxy[1,2-biphenyl]-4-yl)-benzene) (H3BBC) and salt Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate (Zn-(NO3)2·6H2O) via direct solution-based and catalyst-free method. The MOF-200 was further post-synthetically modified to MOF-200/GO with graphene oxide (GO). The structural and texture properties of MOF-200 and MOF-200/GO were investigated by FESEM, FTIR, Raman analysis, powder XRD, thermal stability, BET analysis, and selective adsorption behavior of CO2/CH4. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms reveal their highly microporous nature. The results showed the loss in surface area from 3624 m2/g (MOF-200) to 3359 m2/g (MOF-200/GO) due to post-synthetic modification with an improvement in CO2 uptake capacity of 15% due to successful surface functionalities attachment exhibiting remarkable CO2 philic nature. Both MOF-200 and MOF-200/GO were found crystalline in nature and highly stable under thermal conditions. Furthermore, the isotherms study by using the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, Sips isotherm, and Toth isotherm models was carried out. The isotherms-based results demonstrated favorable adsorption behavior with heterogenous systems and demand pore activation by employing high-pressure gas adsorption.

Chinese Journal of Polymer Science

In this study, the effects of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforcement in expandable graphite ba... more In this study, the effects of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforcement in expandable graphite based intumescent fire retardant coatings (IFRCs) developed using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/phenol BA epoxy system were investigated. Intumescent coating formulations were developed by incorporating different weight percentages of HNTs and PDMS in basic intumescent ingredients (ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/boric acid/expandable graphite, APP/MEL/BA/EG). The performance of intumescent formulations was investigated by furnace fire test, Bunsen burner fire test, field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The Bunsen burner fire test results indicated that the fire performance of HNTs and PDMS reinforced intumescent formulation has improved due to the development of silicate network over the char residue. Improved expansion in char residue was also noticed in the formulation, SH(3), due to the minimum decomposition of char carbon. FESEM and TEM results validated the development of silicate network over char layer of coating formulations. A considerable mass loss difference was noticed during thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of intumescent coating formulations. Reference formulation, SH(0) with no filler, degraded at 300 °C and lost 50% of its total mass but SH(3), due to synergistic effects between PDMS and HNTs, degraded above 400 °C and showed the maximum thermal stability. XRD analysis showed the development of thermally stable compound mulltie, due to the synergism of HNTs and siloxane during intumescent reactions, which enhanced fire performance. FTIR analysis showed the presence of incorporated siloxane and silicates bonds in char residue, which endorsed the toughness of intumescent char layer produced. Moreover, the synergistic effect of HNTs, PDMS, and other basic intumescent ingredients enhanced the polymer cross-linking in binder system and improved fire resistive performance of coatings.

Advanced Materials Research, 2016

The wastewater containing the spent alkanolamines and its derivatives emerging from the natural g... more The wastewater containing the spent alkanolamines and its derivatives emerging from the natural gas industries into water has become a critical concern. In the present study, Titanium dioxides was used as photocatalysts to investigate for their efficiency for the photodegradation of Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) containing wastewater under the visible light irradiation. DIPA was used as a model alkanolamine while different commercially available TiO2 were tested for photodegradation of DIPA under the visible light source. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared photocatalysts were analyzed using different characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and N2-physisorption (BET).

Progress in Organic Coatings

Abstract An intumescent coating is an insulating system designed to decrease the heat transfer a ... more Abstract An intumescent coating is an insulating system designed to decrease the heat transfer a substrate structure. The intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating presented here is based on expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine, and boric acid. Bisphenol epoxy resin BE-188 (BPA) was used as a binder with ACR Hardener H-2310 polyamide amine. Different formulations were developed to study the effects of APP and boric acid on char expansion, heat shielding, char morphology and char composition after a fire test. The coating was tested at 950°C for one hour. Char expansion was examined by furnace using a fire test. The results show that the coating is stable on the substrate. The morphology of the char was studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) of the coating after a fire test. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the presence of carbon, borophosphate; boron oxide and sassolite in the residual char. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) including derivative plots showed that boric acid and APP enhance the residual weight of intumescent fire retardant coating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that IF5 recorded better carbon content up to 47.45 wt%, in the residual char that enhanced the fire resistance performance of the coating. An accelerated weathering test according to ASTM D 6695-03 showed that the IF5 coating continued its reliability up to 90 days in the hastened weathering chamber.

Advanced Materials Research, 2016

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2015

ABSTRACT

Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2015

ABSTRACT

Journal of Applied Sciences, 2014

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

ABSTRACT There is a growing need of counter assessing the increase of releases greenhouse gases s... more ABSTRACT There is a growing need of counter assessing the increase of releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide by researching an alternative technology that can help to reduce carbon dioxide content in atmosphere. This research work investigates the potential of MIL-53 as CO2 capture and storage candidate by conducting an experiment with different pressure between the synthesised and modified MIL-53. To investigate the effect of the Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in MIL-53 towards CO2 adsorption performance. The synthesised samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) techniques. A significant change is observed in the region of the aromatic deformation vibrations due to the different substitution patterns of the aromatic ring. BET surface area for MWCNT@MIL-53 is higher than CNF@MIL-53 and MIL-53. MWCNTs showed the adsorption of CO2 uptake is 0.3mmole-1/g at 100Kpa.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was measured in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2methyl-1-p... more The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was measured in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and Piperazine (PZ) activated aqueous solutions of (AMP) at two different temperatures (303.15 and 333.15)K and at various concentrations of studied solvents. The measurements were made over the pressure range of 5 to 60 bar. The results are presented as a function of pressure. It has been found that the addition of PZ to the aqueous solutions gives significantly higher CO 2 loadings at higher pressures. The influence of pressure on solubility is found to be positive. However, solubility decreases with the increase of temperature.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

The present study investigates the effects of intercalation process of protonated primary, second... more The present study investigates the effects of intercalation process of protonated primary, secondary and tertiary amines on structural and surface characteristics of sodium form of bentonite clay. For this purpose, sodium form of bentonite clay was prepared and then exchanged with mono-, di-and triethanolammonium cations via intercalation mechanism into the interlayer space of the clay. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD and BET techniques. An increase in the dspacing of bentonite clay with the molar mass of amines was observed in their x-ray diffractograms, following the order of: triethanolamine > diethanolamine > monoethanolamine. The BET results showed a gradual decrease in the BET surface area with the increase in the molar mass of amines used. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the molar mass of amines has significant effects on structural and surface properties of bentonite clay.

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008

A new apparatus was designed with a thick-walled glass capillary, electric heater tube with red c... more A new apparatus was designed with a thick-walled glass capillary, electric heater tube with red copper and heat preservation. The thick-walled glass capillary was used for its advantages of resistance to acid corrosion and pressure, and ease of observation. The experimental densities over the entire range of mole fraction for the binary mixture of p-xylene+acetic acid and o-xylene+acetic acid were measured using the new apparatus at temperatures ranging from 313.15K to 473.15K and pressure ranging from 0.20 to 2.0 MPa. The density values were used in the determination of excess molar volumes, V E . The Redlich-Kister equation was used to fit the excess molar volume values, and the coefficients and estimate of the standard error values were presented. The experimental results prove that the density measurement apparatus is successful.

This project has been designed to the preparation of halogen free intumescent fire retardant (IFR... more This project has been designed to the preparation of halogen free intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating. Flake graphite (particle size 63µm) was reacted with different acids to prepare the expandable graphite which was further used as a carbon source in IFR ...