Dr I. M. Rizwanul Fattah - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr I. M. Rizwanul Fattah

Improved prediction accuracy of biomass heating value using proximate analysis with various ANN training algorithms

Results in engineering, Dec 1, 2022

Fuel, Nov 1, 2019

This work aims to assess the effects of flame-wall impingement on the combustion and soot process... more This work aims to assess the effects of flame-wall impingement on the combustion and soot processes of diesel flames. For this work, experimental measurements were performed in a constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) at ambient conditions that are representative of compression-ignition engines. The characteristics of impinging and free flames were compared at two identical ambient and injector conditions (20.8 kg/m 3 ambient density, 6 MPa ambient pressure, 1000 K bulk temperature, 15 and 10 vol% ambient O 2 concentration, and 100 MPa injection pressure). To simulate flame-wall impingement, a flat plane steel wall, normal to the injector axis, was initially placed at 53 mm from nozzle, but was varied from 53 to 35 mm during the experiments. Under the test conditions of this work, it was found that wall impingement resulted in lower soot temperature and soot content, in addition to a loss of momentum for the wall jet. The results also revealed that decreasing impingement distance from the nozzle resulted in reduced soot temperature and soot level for the wall jet. The reduced soot content observed for the wall jet appeared to be mainly driven by enhanced mixing. Flame transparency modeling was also performed to assess the uncertainties of two-color measurements for flameplane wall impingement. The analysis indicated that the derived soot temperature and concentration values would be affected by the actual temperature profiles, rendering the technique useful to reveal trends, but not reliable for absolute soot concentration measurements.

Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, Jun 8, 2022

Circularity is not a new concept. Activities such as reuse or recycling have been around for cent... more Circularity is not a new concept. Activities such as reuse or recycling have been around for centuries. Today, an urgent solution to tackle the increasing harmful emissions resulting in severe climate changes is being proposed and investigated. This is because a link between industry and environment is critically important for business. A more sustainable socio-technical system is therefore urgently needed. There has been a rapid growth of academic articles on the circular economy. The circular economy concept has been considered a solution to many of today's challenges, including resource scarcity and waste generation.

Journal of The Energy Institute, Dec 1, 2019

The use of color-ratio pyrometry (CRP) methods, with variable or prescribed soot content (KL) to ... more The use of color-ratio pyrometry (CRP) methods, with variable or prescribed soot content (KL) to image flameewall interactions was examined, with results compared with that obtained using the more mature two-color pyrometry (TCP) technique. The CRP and TCP methods were applied to flameewall impingement images recorded in a optically-accessible constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) under compression-ignition (CI) engine conditions. Good correlation in the result trends were observed for the CRP method with fixed KL output and that generated using TCP. Slight discrepancies in the predicted absolute temperature values were observed, which were linked to the difference in the KL value prescribed to the CRP method, and the KL value predicted using TCP. No useful output was obtained with CRP method with variable soot output because of channel noise. A simplified flame transparency modeling was performed to assess the inherent errors associated with the pyrometry methods. The results indicated that the uncertainties arising from the fixing of the KL output appeared acceptable.

Energy & Fuels, Jul 3, 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of walls on soot processes of a post-injection... more The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of walls on soot processes of a post-injection strategy with different dwell times. The experiments were performed in an optically-accessible constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) simulating compression ignition engine conditions with moderate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experiments with various injection strategies were performed at ambient conditions with gas density, pressure and temperature of 20.8 kg/m 3 , 6 MPa and 1000 K respectively, and 15 vol.% O 2 concentration. The main and post injections had a quantity ratio of 8:2 (main:post) totaling 10 mg, and a flat wall was placed 35 mm axially from the injector. The dwell time between the main and post injections was also varied to induce different levels of interaction between the injections. High-speed flame 1 Page 1 of 38 Energy & Fuels natural luminosity imaging and two-color pyrometry technique were applied to observe flame characteristics and to obtain soot temperature and KL factor information, respectively. By comparing the wall jet and free jet cases with no direct jet interaction, it was found that the wall affected the post jet flame structure similarly to a single jet or the main jet. However, the post jet with greater extent of interaction with the main jet induced by shorter dwell time can achieve better mixing for the wall jet case. Increased interaction between the main and post jets, also appeared to induce a soot oxidation phase, which was otherwise not observed when the injections were more temporally separated.

Treatment strategies for enhancing the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water and wastewater systems

Journal of water process engineering, Jun 1, 2021

Abstract The emergence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in water and wastewater systems ha... more Abstract The emergence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in water and wastewater systems has high-risk implications for the environment. This manuscript discusses the treatment strategies for the removal of EDC in water and wastewater systems. The reviewed treatment outlines for EDC removal are classified into physical, biological, and chemical treatments. The application of EDC treatments is discussed based on the removal and degradation process to eliminate the EDC compounds. Interestingly, the physical treatment of membrane filtration processes has been an efficient method for EDC removal without using chemical disinfection in a treatment system. Nevertheless, like other EDC treatment methods, the membrane filtrations are not able to remove emerging contaminants completely. Thus, the overall factor of limitations and challenges in EDC treatment methods such as solubility, hydrophilicity, degradability, and polarity are discussed as to understand the applicability of the treatment techniques from the degradation pathways and the by-products produced. The integration treatment strategies through alternative approaches, such as sequential and hybrid treatments that enhanced the considerable removal of EDC are rely on the sample characteristics. Therefore, this article gathered each treatment approach's effectiveness and limitations, providing a potential outlook of EDC treatment strategies in water and wastewater treatment systems.

Thermal and combustion characteristics of honge, jatropha, and honge‐jatropha mixed biodiesels

Environmental progress & sustainable energy, May 24, 2023

Thermal characteristics of biodiesels are useful in system design, modeling, and operation. Such ... more Thermal characteristics of biodiesels are useful in system design, modeling, and operation. Such investigations are extensively being carried out in combustors, engine, and process industries. This article examines the thermal characteristics of jatropha (Jatropha curcas), honge (Pongamia pinnata), and their equal mixing from thermogravitometry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) curves for the specific 10°C/min heating rate under atmospheric air. Fuel properties are measured following ASTM standards to compare with diesel properties. Each experiment was repeated three times, and the properties showed insignificant scatter. The average properties of the repeated tests are presented. Two phases of decomposition were observed for diesel, whereas three (viz., devolatilization of aqueous fractions, combustion of methyl esters, and combustion of carbonaceous residues) in biodiesels. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) is thermally stable compared to honge oil methyl ester (HOME). Mixed biodiesel (JOME+HOME) is prone to oxidation due to the high content of oleic and linoleic acids. Recorded onset and offset temperatures of mixed biodiesel are low compared to pure biodiesel. Mixed biodiesel exhibited high volatility resembling diesel characteristics. It exhibited an enthalpy of 240 J/g, whereas the enthalpy of diesel, jatropha, and honge exhibited enthalpies of 130, 321, and 570 J/g, respectively. The combustion index (S) of diesel, jatropha, honge, and mixed biodiesel was 41.6, 82.8, 77.74, and 64.6, respectively. Mixed biodiesel reduces the intensity of combustion (Hf), promising better combustion characteristics. Thus, mixed biodiesel shows the potential of an efficient alternative energy source.

Response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing engine performance and emissions fueled with biofuel: Review of RSM for sustainability energy transition

Results in Engineering

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical method to design experiments and optimize the... more Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical method to design experiments and optimize the effect of process variables. RSM is based on the principles of design of experiments or DOE. Design of experiments or DOE is a field of applied statistics that plans, conducts, analyses, and interprets controlled tests to assess factors that affect parameter values. Response surface methodology or RSM uses a statistical method for designing experiments and optimization. Despite the potential of response surface methodology to predict and optimize engine performance and emissions characteristics, a comprehensive review on RSM for biofuels, particularly for internal combustion engines (ICEs), is difficult to find. The review of response surface methodology is sometimes included together with other machine learning approaches such as ANN. Therefore, a review article that is exclusively written to address the specific of RSM for biofuel and ICE is required. This review article offers a fresh perspective on the application of RSM for biofuel in ICE. This article aims to critically review the RSM to optimize engine performance and emissions using biofuel. The study concludes with several possible research gaps for future works of RSM biofuel application. Although response surface methodology or RSM has drawbacks such as extrapolation inaccuracy outside the investigational ranges and discrete variables error, RSM has numerous advantages to design, model, estimate, and optimize biofuel for ICE with satisfactory accuracy. With its prediction and optimization capability, response surface methodology has the potential to assist the development of ICE optimization powered by biofuel for sustainability energy transition.

Energies, Jun 13, 2023

The most effective way to reduce internal combustion engine emissions is to use a sustainable alt... more The most effective way to reduce internal combustion engine emissions is to use a sustainable alternative fuel that contains oxygen molecules. Alternative fuels may be used to address a future global energy crisis. Different oxygenated alternative fuels have been investigated in internal combustion engines. Polyoxymethylene di-methylene ether (PODE), which contains 3-5 CH 2 O groups, is currently superior in the field of oxygenated fuels due to its physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, using PODE as a fuel does not necessitate any significant engine modifications. When compared to standard diesel fuel, the use of PODE results in near stoichiometric combustion with less hazardous exhaust gas. It also significantly reduces NO x emissions due to the lack of C-to-C bonds. Several articles in the literature were found on the manufacturing and application processes for the production of PODE. However, the current review focuses primarily on simplifying the various production technologies, the physical and chemical properties of PODEn and its advantages and disadvantages in ICEs, PODEn application in internal combustion engines and its characteristics, PODE spray analysis, and measurements of the fuel's physical and chemical characteristics. This review emphasizes the fact that PODE can be used as a sole fuel or in conjunction with fossil fuels and advanced combustion technologies. Because C-C bonds and higher oxygen molecules are not available, the trade-off relationship between nitrogen oxides and soot production is avoided when PODEn is used as a fuel, and combustion efficiency is significantly improved.

Phenolic-rich bio-oil production by microwave catalytic pyrolysis of switchgrass: Experimental study, life cycle assessment, and economic analysis

Journal of Cleaner Production, Sep 1, 2022

This study aims to determine the environmental impacts and feasibility of optimizing the producti... more This study aims to determine the environmental impacts and feasibility of optimizing the production of phenolicrich bio-oil, via switchgrass microwave catalytic pyrolysis. K 3 PO 4 (Tripotassium phosphate) was used as the catalyst, at different temperatures, throughout this life cycle assessment (LCA) study. Results were compared with non-catalytic microwave pyrolysis (SiC-400) and conventional pyrolysis. K 3 PO 4 (KP) was used as the microwave absorber and catalyst to enhance the low microwave absorption of switchgrass during microwave pyrolysis, and to improve the bio-oil quality and selectivity for phenolics production. Pyrolysis temperatures made a considerable difference to the LCA. There was an 86% reduction in the pyrolysis time when heating the sample to 300 • C (KP-300), as compared to 400 • C (KP-400), resulting in a significant reduction of the amount of energy required, and GHG's emitted. The total global warming potential (GWP) for microwave catalytic pyrolysis is observed within 159-223 kg CO 2-eq/1000 kg of dried switchgrass (SG), with the baseline case (SiC-400) being the highest, and KP-300 being the lowest. Using the produced biochar, which is rich in nutrients for soil application, brings the net GWP to negative values through carbon sequestration. KP-300 also showed the highest selectivity for phenol and alkylphenols production, which increased by 252% and 420% respectively, compared to the baseline. The results clearly indicate that introducing K 3 PO 4 showed great potential for accelerating microwave heating, and improving bio-oil selectivity towards alkylphenols, which can be used to replace petroleum-based phenol. This in turn can reduce GHG emissions, due to higher conversion efficiencies and lower energy consumption compared with non-catalytic microwave pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis.

Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges

Environmental Pollution, Jun 1, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and eco... more The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and economy. Simultaneously, an intractable issue appeared: a considerable number of hazardous medical wastes have been generated from the hospitals, clinics, and other health care facilities, constituting a serious threat to public health and environmental sustainability without proper management. Traditional disposal methods like incineration, landfill and autoclaving are unable to reduce environmental burden due to the issues such as toxic gas release, large land occupation, and unsustainability. While the application of clean and safe pyrolysis technology on the medical wastes treatment to produce high-grade bioproducts has the potential to alleviate the situation. Besides, medical wastes are excellent and ideal raw materials, which possess high hydrogen, carbon content and heating value. Consequently, pyrolysis of medical wastes can deal with wastes and generate valuable products like bio-oil and biochar. Consequently, this paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the pyrolysis of medical wastes. It demonstrates the feasibility of pyrolysis, which mainly includes pyrolysis characteristics, product properties, related problems, the prospects and future challenges of pyrolysis of medical wastes.

Energy, Aug 1, 2014

Continued legislative pressure to reduce exhaust emissions from CI (compression ignition) has res... more Continued legislative pressure to reduce exhaust emissions from CI (compression ignition) has resulted in the development of advanced fuel injection equipment. This advanced injection system produces higher temperatures and pressures at the injector tip, where deposit formation is initiated. In this research, an endurance test was carried out for 250 h on 2 fuel samples; DF (diesel fuel) as baseline fuel and JB20 (20% jatropha biodiesel and 80% DF) in a single-cylinder CI engine. The effects of JB20 on injector nozzle deposits, engine lubricating oil, and fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated during the endurance test. According to the results of the investigation, visual inspection showed some deposit accumulation on injectors for both fuel samples. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis showed greater carbon deposits on and around the injector tip for JB20 compared to the engine running with DF. Similarly, lubricating oil analysis presented excessive wear metal concentrations and decreased viscosity values when the engine was fueled with JB20. Finally, fuel economy and emission results during the endurance test showed higher BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) and NO x emissions, and lower HC (hydrocarbons) and CO (carbon monoxide) emissions, for the JB20 blend compared to DF.

Study on stability, fuel properties, engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of biofuel emulsion

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Dec 1, 2015

This study reviewed papers related to biofuel emulsion, principally assessing the use of biofuel ... more This study reviewed papers related to biofuel emulsion, principally assessing the use of biofuel emulsion. The discussion is focused mainly on three active areas of emulsified biofuel, namely, exploration of various factors affecting the preparation of stable emulsion and its fuel properties, investigation of the effect of water concentration on physicochemical properties of fuel, and observation of the improvement and degradation of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics and the possible methods to enhance these characteristics.

State of the art of biodiesel production processes: a review of the heterogeneous catalyst

RSC Advances, 2015

This study described the latest technology for fixed batch and continues biodiesel production for... more This study described the latest technology for fixed batch and continues biodiesel production for both laboratory and industrial scale as well as the role of the heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production process.

CRC Press eBooks, Apr 2, 2021

State-of-the-art of the pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of food waste: Progress and challenges

Science of The Total Environment, Feb 1, 2022

The continuous growth of population and the steady improvement of people's living standards h... more The continuous growth of population and the steady improvement of people's living standards have accelerated the generation of massive food waste. Untreated food waste has great potential to harm the environment and human health due to bad odor release, bacterial leaching, and virus transmission. However, the application of traditional disposal techniques like composting, landfilling, animal feeding, and anaerobic digestion are difficult to ease the environmental burdens because of problems such as large land occupation, virus transmission, hazardous gas emissions, and poor efficiency. Pyrolysis is a practical and promising route to reduce the environmental burden by converting food waste into bioenergy. This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of food waste, introduce the production of biofuels from conventional and advanced pyrolysis of food waste, and provide a basis for scientific disposal and sustainable management of food waste. The review shows that co-pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis significantly impact the pyrolysis process and product characteristics. The addition of tire waste promotes the synthesis of hydrocarbons and inhibits the formation of oxygenated compounds efficiently. The application of calcium oxide (CaO) exhibits good performance in the increment of bio-oil yield and hydrocarbon content. Based on this literature review, pyrolysis can be considered as the optimal technique for dealing with food waste and producing valuable products.

Performance, emissions, and heat losses of palm and jatropha biodiesel blends in a diesel engine

Industrial Crops and Products, Aug 1, 2014

ABSTRACT After the successful implementation of B5, 5% palm (Elaeis guineensis) based biodiesel, ... more ABSTRACT After the successful implementation of B5, 5% palm (Elaeis guineensis) based biodiesel, in Malaysia on June 1, 2011, the Malaysian government is now looking to phase out B5 by replacing it with B10 or even a higher blending ratio. Being non-edible feedstock, jatropha (Jatropha curcas) can play a vital role along with the existing palm oil. This experiment was conducted in a four-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with B5, 10%, and 20% blends of palm (PB10 and PB20) and jatropha (JB10 and JB20) biodiesel and compared with fossil diesel at full load and in the speed range of 1000 to 4000 RPM. The brake power was decreased on average 2.3% to 10.7% while operating on 10% and 20% blends of palm and jatropha biodiesel. An average of 26.4% BSFC increment was observed for PB20 and JB20 blends. An average of 30.7% carbon monoxide (CO) and 25.8% hydrocarbon (HC) emission reductions were found for 20% blends. On average, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission is decreased by 3.3% while operating on PB10 and PB20 blends, whereas it is increased by 3.0% while operating on JB10 and JB20 blends.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

This paper deals with the performance and emission analysis of a multicylinder diesel engine usin... more This paper deals with the performance and emission analysis of a multicylinder diesel engine using biodiesel along with an in-depth analysis of the engine heat losses in different subsystems followed by the energy balance of all the energy flows from the engine. Energy balance analysis allows the designer to appraise the internal energy variations of a thermodynamic system as a function of "energy flows" across the control volume as work or heat and also the enthalpies associated with the energy flows which are passing through these boundaries. Palm and coconut are the two most potential biodiesel feed stocks in this part of the world. The investigation was conducted in a four-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with 10% and 20% blends of palm and coconut biodiesels and compared with B5 at full load condition and in the speed range of 1000 to 4000 RPM. Among the all tested blends, palm blends seemed more promising in terms of engine performance, emission, and heat losses. The influence of heat losses on engine performance and emission has been discussed thoroughly in this paper.

A framework to assess indicators of the circular economy in biological systems

Environmental Technology and Innovation, Nov 1, 2022

Improved prediction accuracy of biomass heating value using proximate analysis with various ANN training algorithms

Results in engineering, Dec 1, 2022

Fuel, Nov 1, 2019

This work aims to assess the effects of flame-wall impingement on the combustion and soot process... more This work aims to assess the effects of flame-wall impingement on the combustion and soot processes of diesel flames. For this work, experimental measurements were performed in a constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) at ambient conditions that are representative of compression-ignition engines. The characteristics of impinging and free flames were compared at two identical ambient and injector conditions (20.8 kg/m 3 ambient density, 6 MPa ambient pressure, 1000 K bulk temperature, 15 and 10 vol% ambient O 2 concentration, and 100 MPa injection pressure). To simulate flame-wall impingement, a flat plane steel wall, normal to the injector axis, was initially placed at 53 mm from nozzle, but was varied from 53 to 35 mm during the experiments. Under the test conditions of this work, it was found that wall impingement resulted in lower soot temperature and soot content, in addition to a loss of momentum for the wall jet. The results also revealed that decreasing impingement distance from the nozzle resulted in reduced soot temperature and soot level for the wall jet. The reduced soot content observed for the wall jet appeared to be mainly driven by enhanced mixing. Flame transparency modeling was also performed to assess the uncertainties of two-color measurements for flameplane wall impingement. The analysis indicated that the derived soot temperature and concentration values would be affected by the actual temperature profiles, rendering the technique useful to reveal trends, but not reliable for absolute soot concentration measurements.

Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry, Jun 8, 2022

Circularity is not a new concept. Activities such as reuse or recycling have been around for cent... more Circularity is not a new concept. Activities such as reuse or recycling have been around for centuries. Today, an urgent solution to tackle the increasing harmful emissions resulting in severe climate changes is being proposed and investigated. This is because a link between industry and environment is critically important for business. A more sustainable socio-technical system is therefore urgently needed. There has been a rapid growth of academic articles on the circular economy. The circular economy concept has been considered a solution to many of today's challenges, including resource scarcity and waste generation.

Journal of The Energy Institute, Dec 1, 2019

The use of color-ratio pyrometry (CRP) methods, with variable or prescribed soot content (KL) to ... more The use of color-ratio pyrometry (CRP) methods, with variable or prescribed soot content (KL) to image flameewall interactions was examined, with results compared with that obtained using the more mature two-color pyrometry (TCP) technique. The CRP and TCP methods were applied to flameewall impingement images recorded in a optically-accessible constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) under compression-ignition (CI) engine conditions. Good correlation in the result trends were observed for the CRP method with fixed KL output and that generated using TCP. Slight discrepancies in the predicted absolute temperature values were observed, which were linked to the difference in the KL value prescribed to the CRP method, and the KL value predicted using TCP. No useful output was obtained with CRP method with variable soot output because of channel noise. A simplified flame transparency modeling was performed to assess the inherent errors associated with the pyrometry methods. The results indicated that the uncertainties arising from the fixing of the KL output appeared acceptable.

Energy & Fuels, Jul 3, 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of walls on soot processes of a post-injection... more The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of walls on soot processes of a post-injection strategy with different dwell times. The experiments were performed in an optically-accessible constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) simulating compression ignition engine conditions with moderate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experiments with various injection strategies were performed at ambient conditions with gas density, pressure and temperature of 20.8 kg/m 3 , 6 MPa and 1000 K respectively, and 15 vol.% O 2 concentration. The main and post injections had a quantity ratio of 8:2 (main:post) totaling 10 mg, and a flat wall was placed 35 mm axially from the injector. The dwell time between the main and post injections was also varied to induce different levels of interaction between the injections. High-speed flame 1 Page 1 of 38 Energy & Fuels natural luminosity imaging and two-color pyrometry technique were applied to observe flame characteristics and to obtain soot temperature and KL factor information, respectively. By comparing the wall jet and free jet cases with no direct jet interaction, it was found that the wall affected the post jet flame structure similarly to a single jet or the main jet. However, the post jet with greater extent of interaction with the main jet induced by shorter dwell time can achieve better mixing for the wall jet case. Increased interaction between the main and post jets, also appeared to induce a soot oxidation phase, which was otherwise not observed when the injections were more temporally separated.

Treatment strategies for enhancing the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water and wastewater systems

Journal of water process engineering, Jun 1, 2021

Abstract The emergence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in water and wastewater systems ha... more Abstract The emergence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in water and wastewater systems has high-risk implications for the environment. This manuscript discusses the treatment strategies for the removal of EDC in water and wastewater systems. The reviewed treatment outlines for EDC removal are classified into physical, biological, and chemical treatments. The application of EDC treatments is discussed based on the removal and degradation process to eliminate the EDC compounds. Interestingly, the physical treatment of membrane filtration processes has been an efficient method for EDC removal without using chemical disinfection in a treatment system. Nevertheless, like other EDC treatment methods, the membrane filtrations are not able to remove emerging contaminants completely. Thus, the overall factor of limitations and challenges in EDC treatment methods such as solubility, hydrophilicity, degradability, and polarity are discussed as to understand the applicability of the treatment techniques from the degradation pathways and the by-products produced. The integration treatment strategies through alternative approaches, such as sequential and hybrid treatments that enhanced the considerable removal of EDC are rely on the sample characteristics. Therefore, this article gathered each treatment approach's effectiveness and limitations, providing a potential outlook of EDC treatment strategies in water and wastewater treatment systems.

Thermal and combustion characteristics of honge, jatropha, and honge‐jatropha mixed biodiesels

Environmental progress & sustainable energy, May 24, 2023

Thermal characteristics of biodiesels are useful in system design, modeling, and operation. Such ... more Thermal characteristics of biodiesels are useful in system design, modeling, and operation. Such investigations are extensively being carried out in combustors, engine, and process industries. This article examines the thermal characteristics of jatropha (Jatropha curcas), honge (Pongamia pinnata), and their equal mixing from thermogravitometry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) curves for the specific 10°C/min heating rate under atmospheric air. Fuel properties are measured following ASTM standards to compare with diesel properties. Each experiment was repeated three times, and the properties showed insignificant scatter. The average properties of the repeated tests are presented. Two phases of decomposition were observed for diesel, whereas three (viz., devolatilization of aqueous fractions, combustion of methyl esters, and combustion of carbonaceous residues) in biodiesels. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) is thermally stable compared to honge oil methyl ester (HOME). Mixed biodiesel (JOME+HOME) is prone to oxidation due to the high content of oleic and linoleic acids. Recorded onset and offset temperatures of mixed biodiesel are low compared to pure biodiesel. Mixed biodiesel exhibited high volatility resembling diesel characteristics. It exhibited an enthalpy of 240 J/g, whereas the enthalpy of diesel, jatropha, and honge exhibited enthalpies of 130, 321, and 570 J/g, respectively. The combustion index (S) of diesel, jatropha, honge, and mixed biodiesel was 41.6, 82.8, 77.74, and 64.6, respectively. Mixed biodiesel reduces the intensity of combustion (Hf), promising better combustion characteristics. Thus, mixed biodiesel shows the potential of an efficient alternative energy source.

Response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing engine performance and emissions fueled with biofuel: Review of RSM for sustainability energy transition

Results in Engineering

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical method to design experiments and optimize the... more Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical method to design experiments and optimize the effect of process variables. RSM is based on the principles of design of experiments or DOE. Design of experiments or DOE is a field of applied statistics that plans, conducts, analyses, and interprets controlled tests to assess factors that affect parameter values. Response surface methodology or RSM uses a statistical method for designing experiments and optimization. Despite the potential of response surface methodology to predict and optimize engine performance and emissions characteristics, a comprehensive review on RSM for biofuels, particularly for internal combustion engines (ICEs), is difficult to find. The review of response surface methodology is sometimes included together with other machine learning approaches such as ANN. Therefore, a review article that is exclusively written to address the specific of RSM for biofuel and ICE is required. This review article offers a fresh perspective on the application of RSM for biofuel in ICE. This article aims to critically review the RSM to optimize engine performance and emissions using biofuel. The study concludes with several possible research gaps for future works of RSM biofuel application. Although response surface methodology or RSM has drawbacks such as extrapolation inaccuracy outside the investigational ranges and discrete variables error, RSM has numerous advantages to design, model, estimate, and optimize biofuel for ICE with satisfactory accuracy. With its prediction and optimization capability, response surface methodology has the potential to assist the development of ICE optimization powered by biofuel for sustainability energy transition.

Energies, Jun 13, 2023

The most effective way to reduce internal combustion engine emissions is to use a sustainable alt... more The most effective way to reduce internal combustion engine emissions is to use a sustainable alternative fuel that contains oxygen molecules. Alternative fuels may be used to address a future global energy crisis. Different oxygenated alternative fuels have been investigated in internal combustion engines. Polyoxymethylene di-methylene ether (PODE), which contains 3-5 CH 2 O groups, is currently superior in the field of oxygenated fuels due to its physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, using PODE as a fuel does not necessitate any significant engine modifications. When compared to standard diesel fuel, the use of PODE results in near stoichiometric combustion with less hazardous exhaust gas. It also significantly reduces NO x emissions due to the lack of C-to-C bonds. Several articles in the literature were found on the manufacturing and application processes for the production of PODE. However, the current review focuses primarily on simplifying the various production technologies, the physical and chemical properties of PODEn and its advantages and disadvantages in ICEs, PODEn application in internal combustion engines and its characteristics, PODE spray analysis, and measurements of the fuel's physical and chemical characteristics. This review emphasizes the fact that PODE can be used as a sole fuel or in conjunction with fossil fuels and advanced combustion technologies. Because C-C bonds and higher oxygen molecules are not available, the trade-off relationship between nitrogen oxides and soot production is avoided when PODEn is used as a fuel, and combustion efficiency is significantly improved.

Phenolic-rich bio-oil production by microwave catalytic pyrolysis of switchgrass: Experimental study, life cycle assessment, and economic analysis

Journal of Cleaner Production, Sep 1, 2022

This study aims to determine the environmental impacts and feasibility of optimizing the producti... more This study aims to determine the environmental impacts and feasibility of optimizing the production of phenolicrich bio-oil, via switchgrass microwave catalytic pyrolysis. K 3 PO 4 (Tripotassium phosphate) was used as the catalyst, at different temperatures, throughout this life cycle assessment (LCA) study. Results were compared with non-catalytic microwave pyrolysis (SiC-400) and conventional pyrolysis. K 3 PO 4 (KP) was used as the microwave absorber and catalyst to enhance the low microwave absorption of switchgrass during microwave pyrolysis, and to improve the bio-oil quality and selectivity for phenolics production. Pyrolysis temperatures made a considerable difference to the LCA. There was an 86% reduction in the pyrolysis time when heating the sample to 300 • C (KP-300), as compared to 400 • C (KP-400), resulting in a significant reduction of the amount of energy required, and GHG's emitted. The total global warming potential (GWP) for microwave catalytic pyrolysis is observed within 159-223 kg CO 2-eq/1000 kg of dried switchgrass (SG), with the baseline case (SiC-400) being the highest, and KP-300 being the lowest. Using the produced biochar, which is rich in nutrients for soil application, brings the net GWP to negative values through carbon sequestration. KP-300 also showed the highest selectivity for phenol and alkylphenols production, which increased by 252% and 420% respectively, compared to the baseline. The results clearly indicate that introducing K 3 PO 4 showed great potential for accelerating microwave heating, and improving bio-oil selectivity towards alkylphenols, which can be used to replace petroleum-based phenol. This in turn can reduce GHG emissions, due to higher conversion efficiencies and lower energy consumption compared with non-catalytic microwave pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis.

Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges

Environmental Pollution, Jun 1, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and eco... more The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and economy. Simultaneously, an intractable issue appeared: a considerable number of hazardous medical wastes have been generated from the hospitals, clinics, and other health care facilities, constituting a serious threat to public health and environmental sustainability without proper management. Traditional disposal methods like incineration, landfill and autoclaving are unable to reduce environmental burden due to the issues such as toxic gas release, large land occupation, and unsustainability. While the application of clean and safe pyrolysis technology on the medical wastes treatment to produce high-grade bioproducts has the potential to alleviate the situation. Besides, medical wastes are excellent and ideal raw materials, which possess high hydrogen, carbon content and heating value. Consequently, pyrolysis of medical wastes can deal with wastes and generate valuable products like bio-oil and biochar. Consequently, this paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the pyrolysis of medical wastes. It demonstrates the feasibility of pyrolysis, which mainly includes pyrolysis characteristics, product properties, related problems, the prospects and future challenges of pyrolysis of medical wastes.

Energy, Aug 1, 2014

Continued legislative pressure to reduce exhaust emissions from CI (compression ignition) has res... more Continued legislative pressure to reduce exhaust emissions from CI (compression ignition) has resulted in the development of advanced fuel injection equipment. This advanced injection system produces higher temperatures and pressures at the injector tip, where deposit formation is initiated. In this research, an endurance test was carried out for 250 h on 2 fuel samples; DF (diesel fuel) as baseline fuel and JB20 (20% jatropha biodiesel and 80% DF) in a single-cylinder CI engine. The effects of JB20 on injector nozzle deposits, engine lubricating oil, and fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated during the endurance test. According to the results of the investigation, visual inspection showed some deposit accumulation on injectors for both fuel samples. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis showed greater carbon deposits on and around the injector tip for JB20 compared to the engine running with DF. Similarly, lubricating oil analysis presented excessive wear metal concentrations and decreased viscosity values when the engine was fueled with JB20. Finally, fuel economy and emission results during the endurance test showed higher BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) and NO x emissions, and lower HC (hydrocarbons) and CO (carbon monoxide) emissions, for the JB20 blend compared to DF.

Study on stability, fuel properties, engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of biofuel emulsion

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Dec 1, 2015

This study reviewed papers related to biofuel emulsion, principally assessing the use of biofuel ... more This study reviewed papers related to biofuel emulsion, principally assessing the use of biofuel emulsion. The discussion is focused mainly on three active areas of emulsified biofuel, namely, exploration of various factors affecting the preparation of stable emulsion and its fuel properties, investigation of the effect of water concentration on physicochemical properties of fuel, and observation of the improvement and degradation of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics and the possible methods to enhance these characteristics.

State of the art of biodiesel production processes: a review of the heterogeneous catalyst

RSC Advances, 2015

This study described the latest technology for fixed batch and continues biodiesel production for... more This study described the latest technology for fixed batch and continues biodiesel production for both laboratory and industrial scale as well as the role of the heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production process.

CRC Press eBooks, Apr 2, 2021

State-of-the-art of the pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of food waste: Progress and challenges

Science of The Total Environment, Feb 1, 2022

The continuous growth of population and the steady improvement of people's living standards h... more The continuous growth of population and the steady improvement of people's living standards have accelerated the generation of massive food waste. Untreated food waste has great potential to harm the environment and human health due to bad odor release, bacterial leaching, and virus transmission. However, the application of traditional disposal techniques like composting, landfilling, animal feeding, and anaerobic digestion are difficult to ease the environmental burdens because of problems such as large land occupation, virus transmission, hazardous gas emissions, and poor efficiency. Pyrolysis is a practical and promising route to reduce the environmental burden by converting food waste into bioenergy. This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of food waste, introduce the production of biofuels from conventional and advanced pyrolysis of food waste, and provide a basis for scientific disposal and sustainable management of food waste. The review shows that co-pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis significantly impact the pyrolysis process and product characteristics. The addition of tire waste promotes the synthesis of hydrocarbons and inhibits the formation of oxygenated compounds efficiently. The application of calcium oxide (CaO) exhibits good performance in the increment of bio-oil yield and hydrocarbon content. Based on this literature review, pyrolysis can be considered as the optimal technique for dealing with food waste and producing valuable products.

Performance, emissions, and heat losses of palm and jatropha biodiesel blends in a diesel engine

Industrial Crops and Products, Aug 1, 2014

ABSTRACT After the successful implementation of B5, 5% palm (Elaeis guineensis) based biodiesel, ... more ABSTRACT After the successful implementation of B5, 5% palm (Elaeis guineensis) based biodiesel, in Malaysia on June 1, 2011, the Malaysian government is now looking to phase out B5 by replacing it with B10 or even a higher blending ratio. Being non-edible feedstock, jatropha (Jatropha curcas) can play a vital role along with the existing palm oil. This experiment was conducted in a four-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with B5, 10%, and 20% blends of palm (PB10 and PB20) and jatropha (JB10 and JB20) biodiesel and compared with fossil diesel at full load and in the speed range of 1000 to 4000 RPM. The brake power was decreased on average 2.3% to 10.7% while operating on 10% and 20% blends of palm and jatropha biodiesel. An average of 26.4% BSFC increment was observed for PB20 and JB20 blends. An average of 30.7% carbon monoxide (CO) and 25.8% hydrocarbon (HC) emission reductions were found for 20% blends. On average, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission is decreased by 3.3% while operating on PB10 and PB20 blends, whereas it is increased by 3.0% while operating on JB10 and JB20 blends.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

This paper deals with the performance and emission analysis of a multicylinder diesel engine usin... more This paper deals with the performance and emission analysis of a multicylinder diesel engine using biodiesel along with an in-depth analysis of the engine heat losses in different subsystems followed by the energy balance of all the energy flows from the engine. Energy balance analysis allows the designer to appraise the internal energy variations of a thermodynamic system as a function of "energy flows" across the control volume as work or heat and also the enthalpies associated with the energy flows which are passing through these boundaries. Palm and coconut are the two most potential biodiesel feed stocks in this part of the world. The investigation was conducted in a four-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with 10% and 20% blends of palm and coconut biodiesels and compared with B5 at full load condition and in the speed range of 1000 to 4000 RPM. Among the all tested blends, palm blends seemed more promising in terms of engine performance, emission, and heat losses. The influence of heat losses on engine performance and emission has been discussed thoroughly in this paper.

A framework to assess indicators of the circular economy in biological systems

Environmental Technology and Innovation, Nov 1, 2022

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023

With rapid industrialization, rising fossil fuel consumption, and environmental concerns, develop... more With rapid industrialization, rising fossil fuel consumption, and environmental concerns, developing clean and green energy is an inescapable option. Hydrogen has emerged as a significant potential energy carrier and a viable future replacement fuel for fossil fuels due to its renewable and pollution-free properties. Previous review papers have significantly contributed to the body of literature on the various technologies for producing hydrogen by revealing key insights into their working principles and conditions, as well as the economic and environmental aspects. In addition, they also highlighted the potential pathways to enable the application of these technologies in the context of carbon neutrality. However, these studies have not broken down the evolutionary patterns and developmental progress of either fossil fuel-based or renewable energy-based technologies used to produce hydrogen. In addition, the currently available literature does not contain the most recent research that focuses on the evolution and life cycle of each technology category from a chronological point of view. The key drivers, countries/regions, and their contributions to the field's development have received little attention. As a result, it is critical to monitor technological advances in hydrogen energy production and investigate the key enablers of these advancements. Against this backdrop, the current study employs patent analysis tools to achieve four primary goals: (1) to track the development trends in the field of hydrogen production from 2000 to 2019; (2) to identify and compare the recent development trends in the last five years according to the feedstock, i.e., fossil fuel, water, and biomass-based technologies; (3) to predict the technology life cycle of the two main groups of hydrogen production technologies (fossil and renewable); (4) to identify and compare the key drivers of hydrogen production technologies from a statistical standpoint. The findings of the study may aid in identifying technical prospects in the field of fossil and renewable-based hydrogen production, and decision-makers may use them as a reference in developing a strategic plan for future technological growth.

Catalysts, 2021

Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural... more Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed.

Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2021

COVID-19 has heightened human suffering, undermined the economy, turned the lives of billions of ... more COVID-19 has heightened human suffering, undermined the economy, turned the lives of billions of people around the globe upside down, and significantly affected the health, economic, environmental and social domains. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the ecological domain, the energy sector, society and the economy and investigate the global preventive measures taken to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. This analysis unpacks the key responses to COVID-19, the efficacy of current initiatives, and summarises the lessons learnt as an update on the information available to authorities, business and industry. This review found that a 72-hour delay in the collection and disposal of waste from infected households and quarantine facilities is crucial to controlling the spread of the virus. Broad sector by sector plans for socio-economic growth as well as a robust entrepreneurship-friendly economy is needed for the business to be sustainable at the peak of the pandemic. The socio-economic crisis has reshaped investment in energy and affected the energy sector significantly with most investment activity facing disruption due to mobility restrictions. Delays in energy projects are expected to create uncertainty in the years ahead. This report will benefit governments, leaders, energy firms and customers in addressing a pandemic-like situation in the future.