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Books by Janne Harjula
Puukenkien kopinaa. Henrik Asplundin juhlakirja
Karhunhammas, 2019
Puukenkien kopinaa on juhlakirja filosofian tohtorille, dosentti Henrik Asplundille. Kirjan kaikk... more Puukenkien kopinaa on juhlakirja filosofian tohtorille, dosentti Henrik
Asplundille. Kirjan kaikki artikkelit liittyvät tavalla tai toisella hänen
monipuoliseen ja mittavaan uraansa arkeologina, opettajana ja
tutkijana. Ne valaisevat kiinnostavia arkeologisia tutkimuskysymyksiä
ulottuen esihistorian hämärästä myöhäiselle historialliselle ajalle.
Käsittelyssä ovat niin kalmistot, keramiikka, elinkeinot, muinaiskasvit ja
luututkimus kuin muinaismuistohallinto, uskomukset ja arkeologian
hyödyntämät uusimmat teknologiat. Artikkelien kirjoittajiksi on
valikoitunut kollegoita ja yhteistyökumppaneita Henrik Asplundin
pitkän uran eri vaiheista. Valokuvien ja anekdoottien kautta saadaan
välähdys myös Henrik Asplundin työ- ja siviilipersoonasta.
Koroinen – Suomen ensimmäinen kirkollinen keskus
Turun Historiallinen Arkisto, 2018
Turun Koroistenniemi on ainutlaatuinen kohde Suomen historiassa. Siellä sijaitsi 1200-luvun toise... more Turun Koroistenniemi on ainutlaatuinen kohde Suomen historiassa. Siellä sijaitsi 1200-luvun toiselta neljännekseltä aina 1300-luvun taitteeseen asti Suomen ensimmäinen kirkollinen keskus, tuomiokirkko ja piispallinen asunto. Sieltä käsin johdettiin maamme kristillistymistä ja kirkollisen hallinnon muovautumista.
Monitieteisessä teoksessa hahmotellaan laajan asiantuntijajoukon voimin Koroisten käyttöhistoriaa ennen kirkollisen hallinnon saapumista, piispanistuimen perustamista, alueen käytön muutoksia 1200-luvulta keskiajan loppuun sekä niemen käytön hiipumista ja myöhempää hyödyntämistä.
Teoksen uudet tulkinnat eivät luo kuvaa ainoastaan yhdestä yksittäisestä kohteesta ja sen historiasta, vaan Koroisten valtavan varhaishistoriallisen merkityksen vuoksi tulokset laajentavat nykyisiä käsityksiä esihistoriallisen ja historiallisen ajan taitteesta sekä kristillisen kulttuurin vakiintumisesta Suomeen.
This book represents the outcome of the “Conference on Church Archaeology in the Baltic Sea Regio... more This book represents the outcome of the “Conference on Church Archaeology in the Baltic Sea Region” held in August 2013 in Turku, Finland, which, in turn, had its roots in the long tradition of Scandinavian Symposia for Nordic Church Archaeology, started in 1981 in Denmark.
During the past few decades, the scope of church archaeology has expanded immensely and can presently be described as a multifaceted field of research. This book represents a convincing testament to this development. Every chapter gives a distinctive perspective on the theme of sacred monuments and practices written by leading experts in this field. As such, this volume offers unique insights into the study of religious life and its material aspects in the Baltic Sea Region, made available for English-readers for the first time.
Mankby – A Deserted Medieval Village on the Coast of Southern Finland
Archaeologia Medii Aevi Finlandiae , 2016
In August 1556 a village of six farms was abandoned in Espoo in Southern Finland. Mankby, as the ... more In August 1556 a village of six farms was abandoned in Espoo in Southern Finland. Mankby, as the village was called, had been a prosperous dwelling place since the 13th century, but all this changed when king Gustav Vasa decided to found a royal demesne nearby and incorporated the fields of Mankby in the new estate. During a rapid desertion process, the peasants moved to new homes, and the old village plot became uninhabited until this day.
During seven years of excavations, 2007–2013, archaeologists from Helsinki University and Espoo City Museum have unveiled remains of the village of Mankby. This volume presents the results of this research, shedding light on many different aspects of medieval life. The main excavated structures, the results of the scientific analyses and the artefacts found during the excavations are presented in this volume, as well as the medieval settlement structure of the region and its prehistoric predecessors.
Mankby has shown to be one of the best preserved village sites in Southern Finland, and the research on this site has updated our view on medieval peasants and their life conditions. The studies discuss new aspects on dwellings, contacts, trade, subsistence, diet and social structures. The village and its rich find material reflects the historic phenomena of its time: the medieval Swedish colonisation of the Finnish coast, the influence of the Hanseatic League and the dawn of early modern society. The results of the research in Mankby offer both micro-historic glimpses into the past and insights into the larger picture of history.
What were the shoe styles like and where did the fashions come from? What kind of footwear did ch... more What were the shoe styles like and where did the fashions come from? What kind of footwear did children have? How were feet shod in winter or when walking on muddy streets? How did the constructions of medieval shoes differ from post-medieval types? What kind of evidence is there of local shoemaking?
In this study, we are led into the history of shoes and their manufacture. The book is based on the author’s thorough survey and analysis of archaeological finds related to footwear and shoemaking in the town of Turku, Finland, and the nearby Turku Castle. It covers the period from the foundation of Turku in the late 13th century to the dawn of the Early Modern Period in the first half of the 16th century. In treating its theme in this extent and depth, the study is the first of its kind in Finland.
The study is a part of the project Medieval Urban Life in Motion – Challenges and Possibilities for Archaeological Understanding of a Town (Turku, Finland), funded by the Academy of Finland in 2004-2006. It was carried out in the School of Cultural Research, Department of Archaeology, University of Turku, Turku Provincial Museum and Aboa Vetus Museum. This book is the fifteenth volume in the Archaeologia Medii Aevi Finlandiae series, publications of the Society for Medieval Archaeology in Finland. It can be recommended for archaeologists, historians, re-enactors and anyone interested in shoes and their cultural history.
This book offers a glimpse on the material culture of medieval Turku, the most important town of ... more This book offers a glimpse on the material culture of medieval Turku, the most important town of Finland in the Middle Ages. In this archaeological study, there are presented and discussed the knife sheaths, sword scabbards and grip coverings from swords or daggers found in archaeological surveys and excavations carried out during the last hundred years in the town of Turku and at Turku Castle. The objects of this study were manufactured of leather, a significant raw material often called ‘the plastic of the Middle Ages’. The whole research material is comprised of 224 artefacts, dated to 14th-16th centuries.
As personal equipment accompanying the owner, the artefacts of this study inevitably reflect the mentality and aesthetic values of their period and society. These have been viewed by studying the decoration of the artefacts. It is also asked where and by whom the objects were made, and who the users were.
All the artefacts have been individually described in text and pictures in the catalogue section of the book. Besides the medieval material, there’s been included a short introduction to Iron Age sheaths and scabbards in Finland in the light of the present knowledge.
The study is a part of the project ‘From Village into Town – Changing Ways of Life in Southwestern Finland from the 10th to the 16th century’. The project was funded by the Academy of Finland in 2001-2003 and carried out in the Department of Archaeology, University of Turku and Turku Provincial Museum.
Papers by Janne Harjula
The life of wood in North-eastern Europe in AD 1100–1600
Antiquity, 2020
This project develops theoretical as well as methodological tools for the study of ancient wood, ... more This project develops theoretical as well as methodological tools for the study of ancient wood, focusing on wood-use in North-eastern Europe within the period AD 1100–1600. The authors approach wood within the framework of object biographies and link the study of wooden artefacts with broader archaeological understandings of formation processes and environmental reconstruction.
Medieval Literacy in Turku: Material and Linguistic Remains from a Multilingual Townscape
Urban Literacy in the Nordic Middle Ages (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 53), 2021
In gremio – in praxi. Leather without borders, 2024
The subject of this paper is medieval leather scabbards from archaeological excavations in Turku,... more The subject of this paper is medieval leather scabbards from archaeological excavations in Turku, southwest Finland. In addition, the related accessories of swords – cover-guards and handle grips – are discussed. The purpose is to review these artefact groups, last surveyed for the author’s licentiate thesis published in 2005. Based on the latest review made for this paper, it can be concluded that the number of scabbards has slightly increased, and both their dating and distribution has expanded. Moreover, new information regarding the composition and refurbishment of scabbards is available.
SKAS, 2023
The paper focuses on the paleographical analysis of the first medieval birch-bark manuscript foun... more The paper focuses on the paleographical analysis of the first medieval birch-bark manuscript found in Finland. The object was C14-dated to the 14th century, and named after its finding spot as 'the birch-bark letter of the Turku Cathedral Square'. Firstly, the birch-bark document was scanned using microscope photography. Secondly, digital microphotographs were combined, and the contrasts on the script were amplified with digital image processing. The transcription of the whole script of the birch-bark manuscript of the Turku Cathedral Square written with gothic minuscules can be read seu his qui ri[???] lybeus duxit kirrkunum auari quibus. The text and message of the birch-bark manuscript from Turku is an extremely rare example of medieval non-formal language use in medieval Finland as it enlightens the thoughts of a medieval common citizen. The meticulous documentation and paleographical analysis of the find carried out leaves the opportunity for alternative interpretations and translations of the text in the future.
Kieliä ja kohtaamisia Turun historiassa: Näkökulmia monikielisyyteen (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 1475), 2021
Keskiaikainen Turku oli monikielinen kaupunki. Käytössä oli kirkollisissa yhteyksissä latina, hal... more Keskiaikainen Turku oli monikielinen kaupunki. Käytössä oli kirkollisissa yhteyksissä latina, hallinnollisessa ja oikeudellisessa kontekstissa emämaan kieli ruotsi sekä Itämeren piirin kaupan kieli keskialasaksa. Turussa puhuttiin luonnollisesti myös suomea. Keskiajalla käytettyjen kielten ja kirjallisen kulttuurin tutkimisen hankaluutena on lähdeaineistojen vähäisyys ja säilyneiden aineistojen valikoituneisuus. Toisaalta materiaalin niukkuus antaa edellytykset koota yhteen kaikki tunnetut aineistot -niin kirjalliset kuin esineelliset -ja luoda niistä laaja kokonaiskuva. Tätä artikkelia varten olemmekin pyrkineet kokoamaan kaiken saatavilla olevan aineiston eri kielten käytöstä ja kielten käyttöön liittyvien aineellisten välineiden luonteesta. Esittelemme Turun keskiajan kirjallisesta kulttuurista kertovia lähteitä ja analysoimme niiden pohjalta monikielisyyttä ja eri kielten käyttöyhteyksiä.
Shattered and Scattered Pasts: Festschrift for Professor Georg Haggrén, 2025
The paper discusses the circular buckles found in pairs from some burials excavated in Koroinen, ... more The paper discusses the circular buckles found in pairs from some burials excavated in Koroinen, a 13th–14th century episcopal see site in Turku, SW Finland. Based on the comparative archaeological material from Britain and elsewhere in Europe, the buckles most probably represent hose buckles i.e., they attached the hose to the undergarment of the male dress using buckles and straps. The finds seem to represent dress accessories of men with a high ecclesiastical status, and who were buried fully clothed, unlike common people who usually got a modest, shrouded burial. Furthermore, the circular buckles found in Koroinen seem to be the first archaeological indication of the use of hose as part of the men’s clothing in medieval Finland.
Religions, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Post-Medieval Archaeology, 2019
In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, F... more In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, Finland, dating to the early 18th century, exhibiting evidence for large-scale raw bone material collection and preparation. Sawn ends of bovine metapodials originating from at least 230 individuals were found in shallow pits near the town border. Bones from adult male cattle dominated the sample. The uniformity of the craft process, careful selection of the bones and the concentrated deposition of the waste indicate a professional large-scale operation aimed at preparation of half-finished products. The shafts were probably not worked further at this site. It is likely that metapodial shafts were exported to larger cities, such as Stockholm, because Rauma, or possibly even the whole of 18th-century Finland, would not have had the markets for such a large number of end products.
Genetics Selection Evolution, 2013
Background Several molecular and population genetic studies have focused on the native sheep bree... more Background Several molecular and population genetic studies have focused on the native sheep breeds of Finland. In this work, we investigated their ancestral sheep populations from Iron Age, Medieval and Post-Medieval periods by sequencing a partial mitochondrial DNA D-loop and the 5’-promoter region of the SRY gene. We compared the maternal (mitochondrial DNA haplotypes) and paternal (SNP oY 1) genetic diversity of ancient sheep in Finland with modern domestic sheep populations in Europe and Asia to study temporal changes in genetic variation and affinities between ancient and modern populations. Results A 523-bp mitochondrial DNA sequence was successfully amplified for 26 of 36 sheep ancient samples i.e. five, seven and 14 samples representative of Iron Age, Medieval and Post-Medieval sheep, respectively. Genetic diversity was analyzed within the cohorts. This ancient dataset was compared with present-day data consisting of 94 animals from 10 contemporary European breeds and with ...
The dagger finds of Finland from the 13th to the 16th centuries
Zeitschrift Fur Archaologie Des Mittelalters, 2004
Kasvatus & Aika, 2008
Pitkaan vallitsi kasitys, etta luku- ja kirjoitustaito olivat Pohjoismaissa keskiajalla [1] lahin... more Pitkaan vallitsi kasitys, etta luku- ja kirjoitustaito olivat Pohjoismaissa keskiajalla [1] lahinna kirkon edustajien ja maallisen eliitin etuoike uksia. Voiko arkeologinen tutkimus muuttaa tata historiankuvaa? Viime vuosina Suomessa tehtyjen arkeologisten kaivaustutkimusten tuloksena on saatu paljon uutta kirjoi ttamiseen liittyvaa lahdeaineistoa. Pohdin tassa artikkelissa arkeologian mahdollis uuksia vastata kysymyksiin, jotka liittyvat keskiajan kirjalliseen kulttuuriin. Arkeologia historian, kirjallisuustieteiden ja filologian tutkimusk entalla Paaasialliset kirjallisen kulttuurin[2] historiaa tutkivat t ieteet ovat olleet historia-, kirjallisuus- ja kielitieteet. Myos tutkimuskysymykset, aineistot, m enetelmat ja nakokulmat ovat noudattaneet naiden tieteiden kaytantoja. Keskiajan osalta kirjallisen kul ttuurin tutkimus on keskittynyt kasikirjoitusten tekstisisaltojen analyysiin p aleografiaa apuna kayttaen ja toisaalta kodikologiaan, joka tutkii kasikirjoituksia kokonaisvaltais...
This issue of Mirator represents the outcome of the Conference on Church Archaeology in the Balti... more This issue of Mirator represents the outcome of the Conference on Church Archaeology in the Baltic Sea Region held on the 26th to 30th of August 2013 in Turku, Finland. The roots of this conference are in the long tradition of Scandinavian gatherings called Symposium för nordisk kyrkoarkeologi (‘Symposium for Nordic Church Archaeology’) started in 1981 in Moesgård, Denmark. The third symposium in the series was held 1987 in Turku. Over a quarter of century later, church researchers gathered in Turku for the second time – the eleventh time in the series of these events – with a wider scope. The event was an international conference with English as the language of discussion instead of the Scandinavian languages spoken in the earlier, smaller symposia. The 1987 symposium was organized by the National Board of Antiquities and Turku Provincial Museum. The central figure in arrangements and active in other church archaeology symposiums was Dr Knut Drake (1927–2013), at the time the head ...
Zooarchaeological evidence of large-scale cattle metapodial processing in the 18th century in the small town of Rauma, Finland
Post-Medieval Archaeology, 2019
In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, F... more In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, Finland, dating to the early 18th century, exhibiting evidence for large-scale raw bone material collection and preparation. Sawn ends of bovine metapodials originating from at least 230 individuals were found in shallow pits near the town border. Bones from adult male cattle dominated the sample. The uniformity of the craft process, careful selection of the bones and the concentrated deposition of the waste indicate a professional large-scale operation aimed at preparation of half-finished products. The shafts were probably not worked further at this site. It is likely that metapodial shafts were exported to larger cities, such as Stockholm, because Rauma, or possibly even the whole of 18th-century Finland, would not have had the markets for such a large number of end products.
Puukenkien kopinaa. Henrik Asplundin juhlakirja
Karhunhammas, 2019
Puukenkien kopinaa on juhlakirja filosofian tohtorille, dosentti Henrik Asplundille. Kirjan kaikk... more Puukenkien kopinaa on juhlakirja filosofian tohtorille, dosentti Henrik
Asplundille. Kirjan kaikki artikkelit liittyvät tavalla tai toisella hänen
monipuoliseen ja mittavaan uraansa arkeologina, opettajana ja
tutkijana. Ne valaisevat kiinnostavia arkeologisia tutkimuskysymyksiä
ulottuen esihistorian hämärästä myöhäiselle historialliselle ajalle.
Käsittelyssä ovat niin kalmistot, keramiikka, elinkeinot, muinaiskasvit ja
luututkimus kuin muinaismuistohallinto, uskomukset ja arkeologian
hyödyntämät uusimmat teknologiat. Artikkelien kirjoittajiksi on
valikoitunut kollegoita ja yhteistyökumppaneita Henrik Asplundin
pitkän uran eri vaiheista. Valokuvien ja anekdoottien kautta saadaan
välähdys myös Henrik Asplundin työ- ja siviilipersoonasta.
Koroinen – Suomen ensimmäinen kirkollinen keskus
Turun Historiallinen Arkisto, 2018
Turun Koroistenniemi on ainutlaatuinen kohde Suomen historiassa. Siellä sijaitsi 1200-luvun toise... more Turun Koroistenniemi on ainutlaatuinen kohde Suomen historiassa. Siellä sijaitsi 1200-luvun toiselta neljännekseltä aina 1300-luvun taitteeseen asti Suomen ensimmäinen kirkollinen keskus, tuomiokirkko ja piispallinen asunto. Sieltä käsin johdettiin maamme kristillistymistä ja kirkollisen hallinnon muovautumista.
Monitieteisessä teoksessa hahmotellaan laajan asiantuntijajoukon voimin Koroisten käyttöhistoriaa ennen kirkollisen hallinnon saapumista, piispanistuimen perustamista, alueen käytön muutoksia 1200-luvulta keskiajan loppuun sekä niemen käytön hiipumista ja myöhempää hyödyntämistä.
Teoksen uudet tulkinnat eivät luo kuvaa ainoastaan yhdestä yksittäisestä kohteesta ja sen historiasta, vaan Koroisten valtavan varhaishistoriallisen merkityksen vuoksi tulokset laajentavat nykyisiä käsityksiä esihistoriallisen ja historiallisen ajan taitteesta sekä kristillisen kulttuurin vakiintumisesta Suomeen.
This book represents the outcome of the “Conference on Church Archaeology in the Baltic Sea Regio... more This book represents the outcome of the “Conference on Church Archaeology in the Baltic Sea Region” held in August 2013 in Turku, Finland, which, in turn, had its roots in the long tradition of Scandinavian Symposia for Nordic Church Archaeology, started in 1981 in Denmark.
During the past few decades, the scope of church archaeology has expanded immensely and can presently be described as a multifaceted field of research. This book represents a convincing testament to this development. Every chapter gives a distinctive perspective on the theme of sacred monuments and practices written by leading experts in this field. As such, this volume offers unique insights into the study of religious life and its material aspects in the Baltic Sea Region, made available for English-readers for the first time.
Mankby – A Deserted Medieval Village on the Coast of Southern Finland
Archaeologia Medii Aevi Finlandiae , 2016
In August 1556 a village of six farms was abandoned in Espoo in Southern Finland. Mankby, as the ... more In August 1556 a village of six farms was abandoned in Espoo in Southern Finland. Mankby, as the village was called, had been a prosperous dwelling place since the 13th century, but all this changed when king Gustav Vasa decided to found a royal demesne nearby and incorporated the fields of Mankby in the new estate. During a rapid desertion process, the peasants moved to new homes, and the old village plot became uninhabited until this day.
During seven years of excavations, 2007–2013, archaeologists from Helsinki University and Espoo City Museum have unveiled remains of the village of Mankby. This volume presents the results of this research, shedding light on many different aspects of medieval life. The main excavated structures, the results of the scientific analyses and the artefacts found during the excavations are presented in this volume, as well as the medieval settlement structure of the region and its prehistoric predecessors.
Mankby has shown to be one of the best preserved village sites in Southern Finland, and the research on this site has updated our view on medieval peasants and their life conditions. The studies discuss new aspects on dwellings, contacts, trade, subsistence, diet and social structures. The village and its rich find material reflects the historic phenomena of its time: the medieval Swedish colonisation of the Finnish coast, the influence of the Hanseatic League and the dawn of early modern society. The results of the research in Mankby offer both micro-historic glimpses into the past and insights into the larger picture of history.
What were the shoe styles like and where did the fashions come from? What kind of footwear did ch... more What were the shoe styles like and where did the fashions come from? What kind of footwear did children have? How were feet shod in winter or when walking on muddy streets? How did the constructions of medieval shoes differ from post-medieval types? What kind of evidence is there of local shoemaking?
In this study, we are led into the history of shoes and their manufacture. The book is based on the author’s thorough survey and analysis of archaeological finds related to footwear and shoemaking in the town of Turku, Finland, and the nearby Turku Castle. It covers the period from the foundation of Turku in the late 13th century to the dawn of the Early Modern Period in the first half of the 16th century. In treating its theme in this extent and depth, the study is the first of its kind in Finland.
The study is a part of the project Medieval Urban Life in Motion – Challenges and Possibilities for Archaeological Understanding of a Town (Turku, Finland), funded by the Academy of Finland in 2004-2006. It was carried out in the School of Cultural Research, Department of Archaeology, University of Turku, Turku Provincial Museum and Aboa Vetus Museum. This book is the fifteenth volume in the Archaeologia Medii Aevi Finlandiae series, publications of the Society for Medieval Archaeology in Finland. It can be recommended for archaeologists, historians, re-enactors and anyone interested in shoes and their cultural history.
This book offers a glimpse on the material culture of medieval Turku, the most important town of ... more This book offers a glimpse on the material culture of medieval Turku, the most important town of Finland in the Middle Ages. In this archaeological study, there are presented and discussed the knife sheaths, sword scabbards and grip coverings from swords or daggers found in archaeological surveys and excavations carried out during the last hundred years in the town of Turku and at Turku Castle. The objects of this study were manufactured of leather, a significant raw material often called ‘the plastic of the Middle Ages’. The whole research material is comprised of 224 artefacts, dated to 14th-16th centuries.
As personal equipment accompanying the owner, the artefacts of this study inevitably reflect the mentality and aesthetic values of their period and society. These have been viewed by studying the decoration of the artefacts. It is also asked where and by whom the objects were made, and who the users were.
All the artefacts have been individually described in text and pictures in the catalogue section of the book. Besides the medieval material, there’s been included a short introduction to Iron Age sheaths and scabbards in Finland in the light of the present knowledge.
The study is a part of the project ‘From Village into Town – Changing Ways of Life in Southwestern Finland from the 10th to the 16th century’. The project was funded by the Academy of Finland in 2001-2003 and carried out in the Department of Archaeology, University of Turku and Turku Provincial Museum.
The life of wood in North-eastern Europe in AD 1100–1600
Antiquity, 2020
This project develops theoretical as well as methodological tools for the study of ancient wood, ... more This project develops theoretical as well as methodological tools for the study of ancient wood, focusing on wood-use in North-eastern Europe within the period AD 1100–1600. The authors approach wood within the framework of object biographies and link the study of wooden artefacts with broader archaeological understandings of formation processes and environmental reconstruction.
Medieval Literacy in Turku: Material and Linguistic Remains from a Multilingual Townscape
Urban Literacy in the Nordic Middle Ages (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 53), 2021
In gremio – in praxi. Leather without borders, 2024
The subject of this paper is medieval leather scabbards from archaeological excavations in Turku,... more The subject of this paper is medieval leather scabbards from archaeological excavations in Turku, southwest Finland. In addition, the related accessories of swords – cover-guards and handle grips – are discussed. The purpose is to review these artefact groups, last surveyed for the author’s licentiate thesis published in 2005. Based on the latest review made for this paper, it can be concluded that the number of scabbards has slightly increased, and both their dating and distribution has expanded. Moreover, new information regarding the composition and refurbishment of scabbards is available.
SKAS, 2023
The paper focuses on the paleographical analysis of the first medieval birch-bark manuscript foun... more The paper focuses on the paleographical analysis of the first medieval birch-bark manuscript found in Finland. The object was C14-dated to the 14th century, and named after its finding spot as 'the birch-bark letter of the Turku Cathedral Square'. Firstly, the birch-bark document was scanned using microscope photography. Secondly, digital microphotographs were combined, and the contrasts on the script were amplified with digital image processing. The transcription of the whole script of the birch-bark manuscript of the Turku Cathedral Square written with gothic minuscules can be read seu his qui ri[???] lybeus duxit kirrkunum auari quibus. The text and message of the birch-bark manuscript from Turku is an extremely rare example of medieval non-formal language use in medieval Finland as it enlightens the thoughts of a medieval common citizen. The meticulous documentation and paleographical analysis of the find carried out leaves the opportunity for alternative interpretations and translations of the text in the future.
Kieliä ja kohtaamisia Turun historiassa: Näkökulmia monikielisyyteen (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 1475), 2021
Keskiaikainen Turku oli monikielinen kaupunki. Käytössä oli kirkollisissa yhteyksissä latina, hal... more Keskiaikainen Turku oli monikielinen kaupunki. Käytössä oli kirkollisissa yhteyksissä latina, hallinnollisessa ja oikeudellisessa kontekstissa emämaan kieli ruotsi sekä Itämeren piirin kaupan kieli keskialasaksa. Turussa puhuttiin luonnollisesti myös suomea. Keskiajalla käytettyjen kielten ja kirjallisen kulttuurin tutkimisen hankaluutena on lähdeaineistojen vähäisyys ja säilyneiden aineistojen valikoituneisuus. Toisaalta materiaalin niukkuus antaa edellytykset koota yhteen kaikki tunnetut aineistot -niin kirjalliset kuin esineelliset -ja luoda niistä laaja kokonaiskuva. Tätä artikkelia varten olemmekin pyrkineet kokoamaan kaiken saatavilla olevan aineiston eri kielten käytöstä ja kielten käyttöön liittyvien aineellisten välineiden luonteesta. Esittelemme Turun keskiajan kirjallisesta kulttuurista kertovia lähteitä ja analysoimme niiden pohjalta monikielisyyttä ja eri kielten käyttöyhteyksiä.
Shattered and Scattered Pasts: Festschrift for Professor Georg Haggrén, 2025
The paper discusses the circular buckles found in pairs from some burials excavated in Koroinen, ... more The paper discusses the circular buckles found in pairs from some burials excavated in Koroinen, a 13th–14th century episcopal see site in Turku, SW Finland. Based on the comparative archaeological material from Britain and elsewhere in Europe, the buckles most probably represent hose buckles i.e., they attached the hose to the undergarment of the male dress using buckles and straps. The finds seem to represent dress accessories of men with a high ecclesiastical status, and who were buried fully clothed, unlike common people who usually got a modest, shrouded burial. Furthermore, the circular buckles found in Koroinen seem to be the first archaeological indication of the use of hose as part of the men’s clothing in medieval Finland.
Religions, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Post-Medieval Archaeology, 2019
In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, F... more In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, Finland, dating to the early 18th century, exhibiting evidence for large-scale raw bone material collection and preparation. Sawn ends of bovine metapodials originating from at least 230 individuals were found in shallow pits near the town border. Bones from adult male cattle dominated the sample. The uniformity of the craft process, careful selection of the bones and the concentrated deposition of the waste indicate a professional large-scale operation aimed at preparation of half-finished products. The shafts were probably not worked further at this site. It is likely that metapodial shafts were exported to larger cities, such as Stockholm, because Rauma, or possibly even the whole of 18th-century Finland, would not have had the markets for such a large number of end products.
Genetics Selection Evolution, 2013
Background Several molecular and population genetic studies have focused on the native sheep bree... more Background Several molecular and population genetic studies have focused on the native sheep breeds of Finland. In this work, we investigated their ancestral sheep populations from Iron Age, Medieval and Post-Medieval periods by sequencing a partial mitochondrial DNA D-loop and the 5’-promoter region of the SRY gene. We compared the maternal (mitochondrial DNA haplotypes) and paternal (SNP oY 1) genetic diversity of ancient sheep in Finland with modern domestic sheep populations in Europe and Asia to study temporal changes in genetic variation and affinities between ancient and modern populations. Results A 523-bp mitochondrial DNA sequence was successfully amplified for 26 of 36 sheep ancient samples i.e. five, seven and 14 samples representative of Iron Age, Medieval and Post-Medieval sheep, respectively. Genetic diversity was analyzed within the cohorts. This ancient dataset was compared with present-day data consisting of 94 animals from 10 contemporary European breeds and with ...
The dagger finds of Finland from the 13th to the 16th centuries
Zeitschrift Fur Archaologie Des Mittelalters, 2004
Kasvatus & Aika, 2008
Pitkaan vallitsi kasitys, etta luku- ja kirjoitustaito olivat Pohjoismaissa keskiajalla [1] lahin... more Pitkaan vallitsi kasitys, etta luku- ja kirjoitustaito olivat Pohjoismaissa keskiajalla [1] lahinna kirkon edustajien ja maallisen eliitin etuoike uksia. Voiko arkeologinen tutkimus muuttaa tata historiankuvaa? Viime vuosina Suomessa tehtyjen arkeologisten kaivaustutkimusten tuloksena on saatu paljon uutta kirjoi ttamiseen liittyvaa lahdeaineistoa. Pohdin tassa artikkelissa arkeologian mahdollis uuksia vastata kysymyksiin, jotka liittyvat keskiajan kirjalliseen kulttuuriin. Arkeologia historian, kirjallisuustieteiden ja filologian tutkimusk entalla Paaasialliset kirjallisen kulttuurin[2] historiaa tutkivat t ieteet ovat olleet historia-, kirjallisuus- ja kielitieteet. Myos tutkimuskysymykset, aineistot, m enetelmat ja nakokulmat ovat noudattaneet naiden tieteiden kaytantoja. Keskiajan osalta kirjallisen kul ttuurin tutkimus on keskittynyt kasikirjoitusten tekstisisaltojen analyysiin p aleografiaa apuna kayttaen ja toisaalta kodikologiaan, joka tutkii kasikirjoituksia kokonaisvaltais...
This issue of Mirator represents the outcome of the Conference on Church Archaeology in the Balti... more This issue of Mirator represents the outcome of the Conference on Church Archaeology in the Baltic Sea Region held on the 26th to 30th of August 2013 in Turku, Finland. The roots of this conference are in the long tradition of Scandinavian gatherings called Symposium för nordisk kyrkoarkeologi (‘Symposium for Nordic Church Archaeology’) started in 1981 in Moesgård, Denmark. The third symposium in the series was held 1987 in Turku. Over a quarter of century later, church researchers gathered in Turku for the second time – the eleventh time in the series of these events – with a wider scope. The event was an international conference with English as the language of discussion instead of the Scandinavian languages spoken in the earlier, smaller symposia. The 1987 symposium was organized by the National Board of Antiquities and Turku Provincial Museum. The central figure in arrangements and active in other church archaeology symposiums was Dr Knut Drake (1927–2013), at the time the head ...
Zooarchaeological evidence of large-scale cattle metapodial processing in the 18th century in the small town of Rauma, Finland
Post-Medieval Archaeology, 2019
In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, F... more In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, Finland, dating to the early 18th century, exhibiting evidence for large-scale raw bone material collection and preparation. Sawn ends of bovine metapodials originating from at least 230 individuals were found in shallow pits near the town border. Bones from adult male cattle dominated the sample. The uniformity of the craft process, careful selection of the bones and the concentrated deposition of the waste indicate a professional large-scale operation aimed at preparation of half-finished products. The shafts were probably not worked further at this site. It is likely that metapodial shafts were exported to larger cities, such as Stockholm, because Rauma, or possibly even the whole of 18th-century Finland, would not have had the markets for such a large number of end products.
Tidens landskap – en vänbok till Anders Andrén, 2019
LUND ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW 22 | 2016 , 2017
The article reexamines the remains of medieval buildings located on the river bank at the Cape of... more The article reexamines the remains of medieval buildings located on the river bank at the Cape of Koroinen in Turku, where the episcopal see of Finland was located in the 13th century. We take a new look at the structures with a special focus on the use of brick. It seems that a stone keep with a brick floor and a small brick house with grand brick decorations as well as a large wooden house with a heat-storage hypocaust were constructed before 1429. The stone keep and the wooden house with a hypocaust appear to date from the 13th to early 14th century. Another large wooden building preceding the keep may be one of the bishop's first buildings, or it might even be older than that. The masonry buildings suffered from tilting, which may be the reason they were not repaired after a possible fire.
Kauneus, arvo ja kadonnut menneisyys. Näkökulmia Klaus Holman muistokokoelmaan, 2017
Ancient DNA analysis offers a way to detect changes in populations over time. To date, most studi... more Ancient DNA analysis offers a way to detect changes in populations over time. To date, most studies of ancient cattle have focused on their domestication in prehistory, while only a limited number of studies have analysed later periods. Conversely, the genetic structure of modern cattle populations is well known given the undertaking of several molecular and population genetic studies.
Runic Inscriptions on Stave Vessels in Turku: Materializations of Language, Education, Magic, and Domestic Religion
Objects, Environment, and Everyday Life in Medieval Europe (Studies in the History of Daily Life (800-1600) (HDL 3).
The Medieval Town of Turku – Its Roots, Founding and Development till the 14th Century
Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum X: Vorbesiedlung, Gründung und Entwicklung, 2016
Voimatekijästä unohdetuksi raunioksi. Turun dominikaanikonventti
Pohjoinen reformaatio, 2016