Judith Dubas | Utrecht University (original) (raw)

Papers by Judith Dubas

Research paper thumbnail of Microaggressions and depressive symptoms in sexual minority youth: The roles of rumination and social support

Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity, Jun 1, 2017

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Research paper thumbnail of Dark personality traits and impulsivity among adolescents: Differential links to problem behaviors and family relations

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Oct 1, 2017

Research on how dark personality traits develop and relate to risky behaviors and family relation... more Research on how dark personality traits develop and relate to risky behaviors and family relations during adolescence is scarce. This study used a person-oriented approach to examine (a) whether distinct groups of adolescents could be identified based on their developmental profiles of callous-unemotional (CU), grandiose manipulative (GM), and dysfunctional impulsivity (DI) traits and (b) whether these groups differ in their problem behaviors and parent–adolescent relationship quality. Latent class growth analyses on 4-wave data of 1,131 Dutch adolescents revealed 3 personality profiles: (1) a dark impulsive group (13.9%), with high scores on all 3 traits (CU, GM, and DI) that were stable over time; (2) an impulsive group (26.1%), with high and increasing levels of impulsivity and relatively low scores on CU and GM; and (3) and a low risk group (60.0%), with relatively low levels on all 3 personality characteristics, with impulsivity decreasing over time. Compared with adolescents in the low risk group, adolescents in the dark impulsive and impulsive groups reported higher initial levels of substance use, sexual risk behaviors, permissive sexual attitudes, parent–adolescent conflict, and lower parent–adolescent satisfaction, as well as greater increases in sexual risk behavior over time. Compared with adolescents in the impulsive group, those in the dark impulsive group showed the highest levels of risk behaviors. Hence, dark personality traits coupled with impulsivity may be indicative of an earlier and more severe trajectory of problem behaviors that may differ from the trajectory of youth who are only impulsive.

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Research paper thumbnail of Goodness of fit in the Chinese context of socialization in the first three years

Developmental Psychology, Oct 1, 2022

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Research paper thumbnail of Puberty, popularity, and intimate relationships among early adolescents: Longitudinal findings in the Netherlands

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Research paper thumbnail of Committed Compliance and Maternal Parenting Behaviors Predict Internalization of Rules and Externalizing Behaviors in Chinese Preschool Children

Early Education and Development, Feb 22, 2021

This study investigated how parenting behaviors and child committed compliance predicted internal... more This study investigated how parenting behaviors and child committed compliance predicted internalization of rules and externalizing behaviors throughout early childhood. Participants were 95 Chines...

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Research paper thumbnail of Antisocial Behavior Task

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Research paper thumbnail of Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale Across Age Groups, Gender, and Informants

Child Indicators Research, Apr 13, 2023

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Research paper thumbnail of Do Adolescents Engage in Delinquency to Cope with Depressive Symptoms? Revisiting the Longitudinal Link Between Delinquency and Depressive Symptoms While Considering Moderation by Ethnicity, Adolescent Phase, and Gender

Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology

The co-occurrence between delinquency and depression in adolescence is well-documented. However, ... more The co-occurrence between delinquency and depression in adolescence is well-documented. However, Psychology (Failure model and Acting out Model) and Criminology (Strain Theory) theories are divided on the potential longitudinal link between these two behaviors and empirical studies show mixed findings. The present 3-wave longitudinal study tested these opposing theories, using cross-lagged panel modeling on an ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample (T1: N=602; Mage= 13.50 (SD = 1.23); 46.4% female). Furthermore, we investigated whether moderation by ethnicity (non-Western ethnic minority versus Western ethnic majority [i.e., ethnically Dutch]) or adolescent phase by gender (early adolescent girls versus mid-late adolescent girls versus early adolescent boys versus mid-late adolescent boys) were present. For the total sample, results showed that higher levels of delinquency predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms, consistent with Strain theory that suggests that adole...

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Research paper thumbnail of A cross‐national study on adolescent substance use: Intentions, peer substance use, and parent‐adolescent communication

Journal of Research on Adolescence

This longitudinal two‐wave cross‐national study investigated whether intentions, friends' sub... more This longitudinal two‐wave cross‐national study investigated whether intentions, friends' substance use, and parent‐adolescent substance‐use specific communication predict adolescent alcohol and cannabis use 1 year later, while estimating reversed links. The temporal order between these two substances was also examined. We used multi‐group cross‐lagged panel modeling on data from 2 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse samples: Sint Maarten (N = 350; Mage = 14.19) and the Netherlands (N = 602; Mage = 13.50). Results showed that in the Netherlands, cannabis use predicts more subsequent problems (alcohol use, intention to use cannabis, and affiliation with cannabis‐using friends). But for Sint Maarten, alcohol use predicts more subsequent problems (cannabis use, intention to use alcohol, and affiliation with alcohol‐using friends). These opposing results demonstrate that caution is warranted when generalizing results across countries.

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Research paper thumbnail of Chinese version of comprehensive early childhood parenting questionnaire (CECPAQ-CV): Factor structure, reliability, and validity

Current Psychology

Although the research interest in parenting behaviors of Chinese parents has increased during the... more Although the research interest in parenting behaviors of Chinese parents has increased during the past two decades, there remains a lack of an adequate and comprehensive Chinese assessment tool for these parenting behaviors in early childhood. Drawn from two samples of Chinese mothers with young children (i.e., 1- to 4-year-olds), this research addressed this gap by examining the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a Chinese version of the Comprehensive Early Childhood Parenting Questionnaire (CECPAQ-CV). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a 5-factor model, consisting of 13 micro-dimensions of parenting behaviors, best fitted the data for Sample 1 (N1 = 2179) compared with 1-factor, 2-factor, and 4-factor models. This 5-factor model was further validated with the data for Sample 2 (N2 = 160). Reliability was good. The criterion validity of the CECPAQ-CV was supported by expected relations with maternal parenting stress and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The convergent and discriminant validity of the CECPAQ-CV was established with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. The results indicate that the CECPAC-CV holds promise as a reliable and valid tool to measure important dimensions of early parenting in China.

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Research paper thumbnail of To excel and to be happy: Parenting behaviors, parenting stress, and sociocultural contexts in Dutch and urban Chinese families

Early Childhood Research Quarterly

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Research paper thumbnail of A three‐wave study on the development of prosocial behaviours across toddlerhood: The role of socialization

Infant and Child Development

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Research paper thumbnail of Revisiting goodness of fit in the cultural context: Moving forward from post hoc explanations

Child Development Perspectives, 2022

The goodness‐of‐fit model, which proposes that developmental outcomes result from combinations of... more The goodness‐of‐fit model, which proposes that developmental outcomes result from combinations of environmental and children’s factors, has contributed substantially to the recognition of person × environment processes. However, which pattern of person × environment interactions characterizes this model remains unclear, making it difficult to test or compare with other models (e.g., the differential‐susceptibility model). In this article, we offer solutions for these issues. We propose that a contrastive effect pattern best summarizes both goodness of fit and poorness of fit. We outline methodological considerations that help determine whether a person × environment interaction supports the goodness‐of‐fit model. We then discuss how person × environment interactions can be culturally specific, an issue aligned with the goodness‐of‐fit model but not other models. We illustrate cultural specificities in socialization‐by‐temperament interactions with evidence from different sociocultur...

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Research paper thumbnail of Cool and hot effortful control moderate how parenting predicts child internalization in Chinese families

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2021

Internalization of external rules is a behavioral manifestation of moral development during child... more Internalization of external rules is a behavioral manifestation of moral development during childhood, and its development has come to be understood from the view of a complex parenting-by-temperament process. To examine this developmental process, the current research investigated how maternal parenting behaviors and child effortful control foretell internalization throughout early to middle childhood with two longitudinal samples of Chinese mother-child dyads. In Study 1 (N = 226), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 15 months of age were observed. At 25 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like categorization task and an externally imposed delay task. At 37 months, observed internalization of maternal rules was assessed. Results showed that for toddlers with high levels of cool effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy positively predicted later internalization. In Study 2 (N = 88), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 38 months of age were coded. At 60 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like inhibition task and a delay-of-gratification task. Observed internalization of maternal and experimenter rules and mother-reported internalization in everyday life were assessed at 60 and 84 months. Results showed that for children low on either cool or hot effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy negatively predicted later internalization during childhood. Together, the current findings support an age-relevant goodness-of-fit model for internalization development in Chinese children throughout the first 7 years of life.

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Research paper thumbnail of Prosocial Behavior in Young Preschoolers: A Cross-Cultural Study across The Netherlands, India, and China

The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2021

Abstract This cross-cultural study compared the prosocial behaviors of 101 Dutch, 37 urban Indian... more Abstract This cross-cultural study compared the prosocial behaviors of 101 Dutch, 37 urban Indian and 91 urban Chinese preschoolers, investigated (potential) cultural differences on their mothers’ values and goals, and examined how mothers’ values and goals relate to preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors. Preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors were observed in three standardized, behavioral assessments. Mothers reported on their own values and socialization goals for their children. Results showed no cultural difference in prosocial behaviors. However, Indian and Chinese mothers rated self-enhancement values as more important than Dutch mothers, and Indian mothers rated self-transcendence values and relational goals as more important than the Chinese and Dutch mothers. No difference was found on autonomous goals. These findings suggest that current cultural differences on parental socialization processes are beyond the individualistic-collectivistic dichotomy often used to classify cultures and are more reflective of the independence of these two dimensions. Mothers in urban Indian and urban Chinese societies can be categorized into an autonomous-relatedness cultural model. Additionally, there might be an ongoing shift toward an independence model in the urban, Chinese societies. Furthermore, culture moderated the association between autonomous goals and observed prosocial behaviors, with this association being significant within the Dutch sample only. No other associations between values or goals and children’s prosocial behavior were found. Overall, these findings support the ecocultural model of children’s prosocial development, and further suggest that young preschoolers from different cultures are more alike than different in prosocial behaviors.

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Research paper thumbnail of Gedeeld ouderschappelijke zorg: hetzelfde spel met verschillende regels?

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Research paper thumbnail of Opvoeding door ouders en grootouders vanuit een evolutionair perspectief

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Research paper thumbnail of Social and personality development: A transactional approach

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Research paper thumbnail of Linking emotional reactivity “for better and for worse” to differential susceptibility to parenting among kindergartners

Development and Psychopathology, 2018

This study used a combination of microlevel observation data and longitudinal questionnaire data ... more This study used a combination of microlevel observation data and longitudinal questionnaire data to study the relationship between differential reactivity and differential susceptibility, guided by three questions: (a) Does a subset of children exist that is both more likely to respond with increasingly negative emotions to increasingly negative emotions of mothers and with increasingly positive emotions to increasingly positive emotions of mothers (“emotional reactivity”)? (b) Is emotional reactivity associated with temperament markers and rearing environment? (c) Are children who show high emotional reactivity “for better and for worse” also more susceptible to parenting predicting child behavior across a year? A total of 144 Dutch children (45.3% girls) aged four to six participated. Latent profile analyses revealed a group of average reactive children (87%) and a group that was emotionally reactive “for better and for worse” (13%). Highly reactive children scored higher on surge...

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Research paper thumbnail of Heightened Adolescent Risk-Taking? Insights From Lab Studies on Age Differences in Decision-Making

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2019

Surveys concur that adolescents disproportionately engage in many real-world risk behaviors, comp... more Surveys concur that adolescents disproportionately engage in many real-world risk behaviors, compared with children and adults. Recently researchers have employed laboratory risky decision-making tasks to replicate this apparent heightened adolescent risk-taking. This review builds on the main findings of the first meta-analysis of such age differences in risky decision-making in the laboratory. Overall, although adolescents engage in more risky decision-making than adults, adolescents engage in risky decision-making equal to children. However, adolescents take fewer risks than children on tasks that allow the option of opting out of taking a risk. To reconcile findings on age differences in risk-taking in the real-world versus the laboratory, an integrative framework merges theories on neuropsychological development with ecological models that emphasize the importance of risk exposure in explaining age differences in risk-taking. Policy insights and recent developments are discussed.

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Research paper thumbnail of Microaggressions and depressive symptoms in sexual minority youth: The roles of rumination and social support

Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity, Jun 1, 2017

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Research paper thumbnail of Dark personality traits and impulsivity among adolescents: Differential links to problem behaviors and family relations

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Oct 1, 2017

Research on how dark personality traits develop and relate to risky behaviors and family relation... more Research on how dark personality traits develop and relate to risky behaviors and family relations during adolescence is scarce. This study used a person-oriented approach to examine (a) whether distinct groups of adolescents could be identified based on their developmental profiles of callous-unemotional (CU), grandiose manipulative (GM), and dysfunctional impulsivity (DI) traits and (b) whether these groups differ in their problem behaviors and parent–adolescent relationship quality. Latent class growth analyses on 4-wave data of 1,131 Dutch adolescents revealed 3 personality profiles: (1) a dark impulsive group (13.9%), with high scores on all 3 traits (CU, GM, and DI) that were stable over time; (2) an impulsive group (26.1%), with high and increasing levels of impulsivity and relatively low scores on CU and GM; and (3) and a low risk group (60.0%), with relatively low levels on all 3 personality characteristics, with impulsivity decreasing over time. Compared with adolescents in the low risk group, adolescents in the dark impulsive and impulsive groups reported higher initial levels of substance use, sexual risk behaviors, permissive sexual attitudes, parent–adolescent conflict, and lower parent–adolescent satisfaction, as well as greater increases in sexual risk behavior over time. Compared with adolescents in the impulsive group, those in the dark impulsive group showed the highest levels of risk behaviors. Hence, dark personality traits coupled with impulsivity may be indicative of an earlier and more severe trajectory of problem behaviors that may differ from the trajectory of youth who are only impulsive.

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Research paper thumbnail of Goodness of fit in the Chinese context of socialization in the first three years

Developmental Psychology, Oct 1, 2022

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Research paper thumbnail of Puberty, popularity, and intimate relationships among early adolescents: Longitudinal findings in the Netherlands

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Research paper thumbnail of Committed Compliance and Maternal Parenting Behaviors Predict Internalization of Rules and Externalizing Behaviors in Chinese Preschool Children

Early Education and Development, Feb 22, 2021

This study investigated how parenting behaviors and child committed compliance predicted internal... more This study investigated how parenting behaviors and child committed compliance predicted internalization of rules and externalizing behaviors throughout early childhood. Participants were 95 Chines...

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Research paper thumbnail of Antisocial Behavior Task

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Research paper thumbnail of Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale Across Age Groups, Gender, and Informants

Child Indicators Research, Apr 13, 2023

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Research paper thumbnail of Do Adolescents Engage in Delinquency to Cope with Depressive Symptoms? Revisiting the Longitudinal Link Between Delinquency and Depressive Symptoms While Considering Moderation by Ethnicity, Adolescent Phase, and Gender

Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology

The co-occurrence between delinquency and depression in adolescence is well-documented. However, ... more The co-occurrence between delinquency and depression in adolescence is well-documented. However, Psychology (Failure model and Acting out Model) and Criminology (Strain Theory) theories are divided on the potential longitudinal link between these two behaviors and empirical studies show mixed findings. The present 3-wave longitudinal study tested these opposing theories, using cross-lagged panel modeling on an ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample (T1: N=602; Mage= 13.50 (SD = 1.23); 46.4% female). Furthermore, we investigated whether moderation by ethnicity (non-Western ethnic minority versus Western ethnic majority [i.e., ethnically Dutch]) or adolescent phase by gender (early adolescent girls versus mid-late adolescent girls versus early adolescent boys versus mid-late adolescent boys) were present. For the total sample, results showed that higher levels of delinquency predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms, consistent with Strain theory that suggests that adole...

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Research paper thumbnail of A cross‐national study on adolescent substance use: Intentions, peer substance use, and parent‐adolescent communication

Journal of Research on Adolescence

This longitudinal two‐wave cross‐national study investigated whether intentions, friends' sub... more This longitudinal two‐wave cross‐national study investigated whether intentions, friends' substance use, and parent‐adolescent substance‐use specific communication predict adolescent alcohol and cannabis use 1 year later, while estimating reversed links. The temporal order between these two substances was also examined. We used multi‐group cross‐lagged panel modeling on data from 2 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse samples: Sint Maarten (N = 350; Mage = 14.19) and the Netherlands (N = 602; Mage = 13.50). Results showed that in the Netherlands, cannabis use predicts more subsequent problems (alcohol use, intention to use cannabis, and affiliation with cannabis‐using friends). But for Sint Maarten, alcohol use predicts more subsequent problems (cannabis use, intention to use alcohol, and affiliation with alcohol‐using friends). These opposing results demonstrate that caution is warranted when generalizing results across countries.

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Research paper thumbnail of Chinese version of comprehensive early childhood parenting questionnaire (CECPAQ-CV): Factor structure, reliability, and validity

Current Psychology

Although the research interest in parenting behaviors of Chinese parents has increased during the... more Although the research interest in parenting behaviors of Chinese parents has increased during the past two decades, there remains a lack of an adequate and comprehensive Chinese assessment tool for these parenting behaviors in early childhood. Drawn from two samples of Chinese mothers with young children (i.e., 1- to 4-year-olds), this research addressed this gap by examining the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a Chinese version of the Comprehensive Early Childhood Parenting Questionnaire (CECPAQ-CV). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a 5-factor model, consisting of 13 micro-dimensions of parenting behaviors, best fitted the data for Sample 1 (N1 = 2179) compared with 1-factor, 2-factor, and 4-factor models. This 5-factor model was further validated with the data for Sample 2 (N2 = 160). Reliability was good. The criterion validity of the CECPAQ-CV was supported by expected relations with maternal parenting stress and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The convergent and discriminant validity of the CECPAQ-CV was established with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. The results indicate that the CECPAC-CV holds promise as a reliable and valid tool to measure important dimensions of early parenting in China.

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Research paper thumbnail of To excel and to be happy: Parenting behaviors, parenting stress, and sociocultural contexts in Dutch and urban Chinese families

Early Childhood Research Quarterly

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Research paper thumbnail of A three‐wave study on the development of prosocial behaviours across toddlerhood: The role of socialization

Infant and Child Development

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Research paper thumbnail of Revisiting goodness of fit in the cultural context: Moving forward from post hoc explanations

Child Development Perspectives, 2022

The goodness‐of‐fit model, which proposes that developmental outcomes result from combinations of... more The goodness‐of‐fit model, which proposes that developmental outcomes result from combinations of environmental and children’s factors, has contributed substantially to the recognition of person × environment processes. However, which pattern of person × environment interactions characterizes this model remains unclear, making it difficult to test or compare with other models (e.g., the differential‐susceptibility model). In this article, we offer solutions for these issues. We propose that a contrastive effect pattern best summarizes both goodness of fit and poorness of fit. We outline methodological considerations that help determine whether a person × environment interaction supports the goodness‐of‐fit model. We then discuss how person × environment interactions can be culturally specific, an issue aligned with the goodness‐of‐fit model but not other models. We illustrate cultural specificities in socialization‐by‐temperament interactions with evidence from different sociocultur...

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Research paper thumbnail of Cool and hot effortful control moderate how parenting predicts child internalization in Chinese families

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2021

Internalization of external rules is a behavioral manifestation of moral development during child... more Internalization of external rules is a behavioral manifestation of moral development during childhood, and its development has come to be understood from the view of a complex parenting-by-temperament process. To examine this developmental process, the current research investigated how maternal parenting behaviors and child effortful control foretell internalization throughout early to middle childhood with two longitudinal samples of Chinese mother-child dyads. In Study 1 (N = 226), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 15 months of age were observed. At 25 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like categorization task and an externally imposed delay task. At 37 months, observed internalization of maternal rules was assessed. Results showed that for toddlers with high levels of cool effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy positively predicted later internalization. In Study 2 (N = 88), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 38 months of age were coded. At 60 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like inhibition task and a delay-of-gratification task. Observed internalization of maternal and experimenter rules and mother-reported internalization in everyday life were assessed at 60 and 84 months. Results showed that for children low on either cool or hot effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy negatively predicted later internalization during childhood. Together, the current findings support an age-relevant goodness-of-fit model for internalization development in Chinese children throughout the first 7 years of life.

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Research paper thumbnail of Prosocial Behavior in Young Preschoolers: A Cross-Cultural Study across The Netherlands, India, and China

The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2021

Abstract This cross-cultural study compared the prosocial behaviors of 101 Dutch, 37 urban Indian... more Abstract This cross-cultural study compared the prosocial behaviors of 101 Dutch, 37 urban Indian and 91 urban Chinese preschoolers, investigated (potential) cultural differences on their mothers’ values and goals, and examined how mothers’ values and goals relate to preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors. Preschoolers’ prosocial behaviors were observed in three standardized, behavioral assessments. Mothers reported on their own values and socialization goals for their children. Results showed no cultural difference in prosocial behaviors. However, Indian and Chinese mothers rated self-enhancement values as more important than Dutch mothers, and Indian mothers rated self-transcendence values and relational goals as more important than the Chinese and Dutch mothers. No difference was found on autonomous goals. These findings suggest that current cultural differences on parental socialization processes are beyond the individualistic-collectivistic dichotomy often used to classify cultures and are more reflective of the independence of these two dimensions. Mothers in urban Indian and urban Chinese societies can be categorized into an autonomous-relatedness cultural model. Additionally, there might be an ongoing shift toward an independence model in the urban, Chinese societies. Furthermore, culture moderated the association between autonomous goals and observed prosocial behaviors, with this association being significant within the Dutch sample only. No other associations between values or goals and children’s prosocial behavior were found. Overall, these findings support the ecocultural model of children’s prosocial development, and further suggest that young preschoolers from different cultures are more alike than different in prosocial behaviors.

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Research paper thumbnail of Gedeeld ouderschappelijke zorg: hetzelfde spel met verschillende regels?

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Opvoeding door ouders en grootouders vanuit een evolutionair perspectief

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Social and personality development: A transactional approach

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Linking emotional reactivity “for better and for worse” to differential susceptibility to parenting among kindergartners

Development and Psychopathology, 2018

This study used a combination of microlevel observation data and longitudinal questionnaire data ... more This study used a combination of microlevel observation data and longitudinal questionnaire data to study the relationship between differential reactivity and differential susceptibility, guided by three questions: (a) Does a subset of children exist that is both more likely to respond with increasingly negative emotions to increasingly negative emotions of mothers and with increasingly positive emotions to increasingly positive emotions of mothers (“emotional reactivity”)? (b) Is emotional reactivity associated with temperament markers and rearing environment? (c) Are children who show high emotional reactivity “for better and for worse” also more susceptible to parenting predicting child behavior across a year? A total of 144 Dutch children (45.3% girls) aged four to six participated. Latent profile analyses revealed a group of average reactive children (87%) and a group that was emotionally reactive “for better and for worse” (13%). Highly reactive children scored higher on surge...

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Research paper thumbnail of Heightened Adolescent Risk-Taking? Insights From Lab Studies on Age Differences in Decision-Making

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2019

Surveys concur that adolescents disproportionately engage in many real-world risk behaviors, comp... more Surveys concur that adolescents disproportionately engage in many real-world risk behaviors, compared with children and adults. Recently researchers have employed laboratory risky decision-making tasks to replicate this apparent heightened adolescent risk-taking. This review builds on the main findings of the first meta-analysis of such age differences in risky decision-making in the laboratory. Overall, although adolescents engage in more risky decision-making than adults, adolescents engage in risky decision-making equal to children. However, adolescents take fewer risks than children on tasks that allow the option of opting out of taking a risk. To reconcile findings on age differences in risk-taking in the real-world versus the laboratory, an integrative framework merges theories on neuropsychological development with ecological models that emphasize the importance of risk exposure in explaining age differences in risk-taking. Policy insights and recent developments are discussed.

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