Krzysztof Spalik | University of Warsaw (original) (raw)
Biogeography by Krzysztof Spalik
Journal of Biogeography, 2013
ABSTRACT Aim: To analyse spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal events in the euapioids (Apia... more ABSTRACT Aim: To analyse spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal events in the euapioids (Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae). Location: Worldwide, with an emphasis on the Northern Hemisphere. Methods: A phylogeny of euapioids was inferred from 1194 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequences using Bayesian methods. The reconstruction of ancestral areas was performed simultaneously with phylogenetic inference using a Markov discrete phylogeographical model with Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS). Routes with significant non-zero migration rates were identified using Bayes factors. For each significant track and each tree, the distribution of dispersals in time was scored and the asymmetry of dispersals was evaluated. Results: The root of the euapioid umbellifers was reconstructed at c. 44.51 Ma (95% highest posterior density interval: 39.11—51.55 Ma). The Eastern Asiatic Region was reconstructed as the most probable ancestral area for the root of the tree. Seventeen migration routes have significant non-zero migration rates. Five of these tracks represent long-distance transoceanic routes: (1) western Eurasia—North America, (2) Eastern Asiatic Region—North America, (3) Australia—Neotropical Kingdom, (4) Australia—Neantarctic, and (5) Neotropical Kingdom—sub-Saharan Africa. Most dispersal events occurred among the areas that comprise the major diversification centres of apioid umbellifers: western Eurasia and the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Eastern Asiatic regions. The floristic exchange among these regions was more or less symmetrical in all directions and continuous in time. The exchange between North America and the Eastern Asiatic Region was asymmetrical; the asymmetry of dispersals between western Eurasia and North America was less pronounced and not statistically significant. Floristic exchange was significantly asymmetrical for the Nearctic—Neotropical Kingdom, Nearctic—Neantarctic, western Eurasia—sub-Saharan Africa, and western Eurasia—Siberia migration tracks. Main conclusions: The observed dispersal pattern — intense and symmetrical within the same climatic zone versus scarce and often unidirectional between climatic zones or along long-distance transoceanic tracks — suggests that both the availability of suitable habitats and geographical barriers have played crucial roles in determining the present distribution of euapioid umbellifers.
Journal of Biogeography, 2014
ABSTRACT AimLong-distance dispersal (LDD) by migratory birds is often invoked to explain the broa... more ABSTRACT AimLong-distance dispersal (LDD) by migratory birds is often invoked to explain the broad and disjunct distributions of many aquatic plants. Such distributions may also be achieved by recurrent short-distance dispersal (SDD) to adjacent areas and extinctions in connecting areas. To test the relative importance of LDD and SDD in shaping the distributions of hydrophytes, we examined different dispersal models for a clade of hydrophytic umbellifers (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae).LocationWorldwide, with emphasis on Eurasian–North American disjunctions.MethodsA dated phylogeny of the group was obtained with Bayesian methods using nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA rps16–trnK sequences from 100 species and infraspecific taxa of Oenantheae and two outgroup species. Ancestral habits were inferred using maximum likelihood (R package ape). Six connectivity models were compared using a maximum-likelihood-based method (Lagrange), four with symmetrical dispersal rate matrices and two assuming asymmetrical exchanges between Eurasia and North America, with or without spatial and temporal constraints on LDD.ResultsThe age of the crown node of Oenantheae was estimated at 26.3 Ma, and western Europe was reconstructed as its most likely ancestral area. The divergence between Peucedanum sandwicense, an endemic of Hawaii, and its sister Oenanthe occurred 17.2 Ma, pre-dating the emergence of the Hawaiian Islands. Throughout the phylogeny, the hydrophytic habit (including helophytes and amphiphytes) dominated. Of the six connectivity models considered, the model restricting all intracontinental and transoceanic LDDs and assuming an almost unidirectional dispersal from Eurasia to North America received the highest likelihood score. This model was also characterized by the highest dispersal rate. A stratified model assuming a higher probability for dispersals between Eurasia and North America when these continents were connected with land bridges received a lower likelihood score.Main conclusionsThe results suggest that the broad and often disjunct distribution of Oenantheae hydrophytes is mostly achieved through an increased dispersal rate and recurrent SDD rather than frequent LDD. Our data confirm the asymmetry of the floristic exchange between Eurasia and North America and do not support the increase of this exchange when the continents were connected with land bridges.
Journal of Biogeography, 2010
Aim Four genera of the plant family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae -Apium, Chaerophyllum, Daucus an... more Aim Four genera of the plant family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae -Apium, Chaerophyllum, Daucus and Lilaeopsis -are characterized by amphitropic and amphiantarctic distribution patterns, and in Australasia the subfamily is also represented by the tribe Aciphylleae. We infer the molecular ages of achieving amphitropic distribution for these lineages, reconstruct the biogeographical histories of Apium, Chaerophyllum, Daucus and Lilaeopsis, and identify the sister group of Aciphylleae.
Journal of Biogeography, 2007
Aim The angiosperm genus Cryptotaenia (family Apiaceae, tribe Oenantheae) exhibits an anomalous d... more Aim The angiosperm genus Cryptotaenia (family Apiaceae, tribe Oenantheae) exhibits an anomalous distribution pattern, with five of its eight species being narrow endemics geographically isolated from their presumed relatives. We examined the monophyly of the genus and ascertained the phylogenetic placements of its constituent members in order to explain their distribution patterns.
American Journal of Botany, 2006
The biogeographic history of Sium sensu lato (s.l.) (including Sium sensu stricto [s.s.], Afrocar... more The biogeographic history of Sium sensu lato (s.l.) (including Sium sensu stricto [s.s.], Afrocarum, and Berula) was inferred using a nuclear rDNA ITS sequence phylogeny and dispersal-vicariance analysis. One hundred accessions were analyzed, including 86 specimens of Sium s.l., representing all taxa throughout their geographical range. The phylogenetic analyses showed that Afrocarum and the African and St. Helena species of Sium were nested within Berula forming the Berula s.l. clade. The remaining species of Sium constituted a weakly supported Sium s.s. clade. The cultivated S. sisarum is closely related to the western Asian S. sisaroideum. The divergence of Sium s.s. from Berula s.l., estimated under the assumption of a molecular clock and using a substitution rate of 0.61% per million years, took place around 10.4 million years ago. Dispersal-vicariance analysis suggested that the biogeographic pattern of this group resulted from simple vicariance and eventual migration to adjacent areas rather than from long-distance dispersal. The ancestral area of Sium s.l. was probably western Palearctic. The dispersal of Berula to North America occurred ca. 3 million years ago, possibly by island hopping. The migration of S. suave to North America took place ca 0.6 million years ago through Beringia.
Phylogeny and Systematics by Krzysztof Spalik
Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae encompasses umbellifers that have fruits with prominent secondary ri... more Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae encompasses umbellifers that have fruits with prominent secondary ridges projecting into wings (former tribe Laserpitieae) or spines (former tribe Caucalideae pro parte). It comprises several economically or medicinally important genera including Cuminum, Daucus, Laser, Laserpitium and Thapsia among others. Recent molecular studies, based mostly on nrDNA ITS sequences, revealed that neither Daucus nor Laserpitium are monophyletic. To address issues of relationships and apply respective nomenclatural changes, we obtained additional ITS sequences as well as inde- pendent data from three plastid markers—rps16 intron, rpoC1 intron and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer—for a comprehensive sample of the subtribe. We examined data for 260 accessions representing all genera of Daucinae and 81 of its ca. 93 species. Phylogenetic trees were estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results indicate that former Laserpitieae constitute a paraphyletic grade at the base of the spiny-fruited members of Daucinae while traditionally delimited Daucus and Laserpitium are polyphyletic. To maintain a monophyletic Daucus, we suggest including the following genera and species into its synonymy: Agrocharis, Melanoselinum, Monizia, Pachyctenium, Pseudorlaya, Rouya, Tornabenea, Athamanta dellacellae and Cryptotaenia elegans. The species of Laserpitium occur in seven clades and only six species of the Laserpitium s.str. clade retain the generic name. Several species are transferred to Ekimia, Laser and Thapsia; additionally, a monospecific genus Siler is restored and a new genus, Silphiodaucus, is established. The inclusion of Ammodaucus into Thapsia suggested in an earlier study is not supported. The position of Laserpitium pseudomeum requires further study.
American Journal of Botany, 2000
The evolutionary relationships among members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) tribe Scandiceae and repr... more The evolutionary relationships among members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) tribe Scandiceae and representatives of all major lineages of Apioideae (including putatively allied Caucalideae) identified in earlier molecular studies were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In all, 134 accessions representing 18 genera commonly treated in Scandiceae were analyzed. Phylogenies estimated using maximum parsimony and distance methods were generally similar and suggest that: (1) Scandiceae form a well-supported clade, consisting of the genera Anthriscus, Athamanta (in part), Balansaea, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Geocaryum, Kozlovia, Krasnovia, Myrrhis, Myrrhoides, Neoconopodium, Osmorhiza, Scandix, Sphallerocarpus, and Tinguarra; (2) Athamanta is polyphyletic, with A. della-cellae allied with Daucus and A. macedonica placed close to Pimpinella; and (3) Rhabdosciadium and Grammosciadium find affinity with the Aegopodium group of umbellifers, whereas the placement of the monotypic Molopospermum cannot be inferred because of its high sequence divergence. The genus Bubon has been restored with two new combinations, B. macedonicum subsp. albanicum and B. macedonicum subsp. arachnoideum. Scandiceae arise within paraphyletic Caucalideae, the latter comprising two major lineages whose relationships to Scandiceae are not clear. Therefore, a broad treatment of Scandiceae is proposed, with subtribes Scandicinae, Daucinae, and Torilidinae (the latter two representing the Daucus and Torilis subgroups, respectively, of recent molecular systematic investigations).
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015
ABSTRACT Evolutionary relationships among 65 Chaerophyllum spp. were inferred from nuclear riboso... more ABSTRACT Evolutionary relationships among 65 Chaerophyllum spp. were inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence variation. Thirty-one species, represented by 158 mericarp samples, were analysed for fruit anatomical character variation, employing phylogenetic and phenetic methods to explore their congruence with infrageneric divisions based on molecular data. Phylogenetic trees inferred from molecular data using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods corroborated the division of the genus into four sections: Chaerophyllum, Dasypetalon, Physocaulis and Chrysocarpum. From among the newly sequenced species, the Greek endemic C. heldreichii was grouped with section Chaerophyllum, whereas the highly variable Asian C. reflexum–C. villosum complex formed an early-branching paraphyletic assemblage in section Chrysocarpum. The recently described C. karsianum has an identical ITS sequence to C. bulbosum, whereas C. aksekiense was clearly separated from the morphologically similar C. macrospermum. Our study confirmed the postulated synonymy of several species on the basis of morphology, but also demonstrated distant relationships between some morphologically similar species. With the exception of the monotypic section Physocaulis, we were unable to find carpological traits matching sectional divisions. We hypothesize that fruit characters evolved rapidly as a result of diversification of members of the genus in different habitats.
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2004
ITS sequences of members of Peucedanum and its segregates (Cervaria, Holandrea, Imperatoria, Oreo... more ITS sequences of members of Peucedanum and its segregates (Cervaria, Holandrea, Imperatoria, Oreoselinum, Pteroselinum, Thysselinum, Tommasinia, and Xanthoselinum), as well as representatives of other members of the previously identified 'Angelica' and 'Arracacia' clades, were analysed using distance, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony methods in order to establish their phylogenetic relationships. The 'Angelica' and 'Arracacia' clades comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group that is formally recognised as tribe Selineae. The genus Holandrea, expanded to include Cervaria caucasica and Peucedanum achaicum, is distantly related to the other peucedanoid genera. The remaining segregates are closely related to one another and to Peucedanum sensu stricto. The genera Seseli and Selinum are polyphyletic. Members of the genus Angelica form a single clade that also includes representatives of Selinum and Sphenosciadium. New combinations in Holandrea (H. caucasica, H. achaica) and Angelica (A. capitellata) are proposed, and Selinum pyrenaeum is recognised in Angelica (A. pyrenaea).
Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2001
Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast gene (rbcL, matK ), intron (rpl16, rps16, rpoC1) and nuclear... more Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast gene (rbcL, matK ), intron (rpl16, rps16, rpoC1) and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chloroplast DNA restriction sites, with supplementary data from variation in size of the chloroplast genome inverted repeat, have been used to elucidate major clades within Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae Drude. This paper summarizes the results of previously published molecular cladistic analyses and presents a provisional classification of the subfamily based on taxonomic congruence among the data sets.
Plant Diversity and Evolution, 2010
Downie, S.R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Reduron, J.-P.: Major clades within Apiaceae subfam... more Downie, S.R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Reduron, J.-P.: Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. -Plant Div. Evol. 128: 111-136. 2010. -ISSN 1869-6155.
Canadian Journal of Botany, 2000
Comparative sequencing of the two internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA wa... more Comparative sequencing of the two internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA was car- ried out to examine evolutionary relationships among representatives of Old World Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae. Emphasis was placed on delimiting groups within the previously designated apioid superclade and clarifying relationships within and among the peucedanoid genera Angelica, Ferula, Heracleum, and Peucedanum. These spacer data, and
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2008
Recent molecular systematic investigations suggested that Ferula, an umbellifer genus of about 17... more Recent molecular systematic investigations suggested that Ferula, an umbellifer genus of about 170 species, is polyphyletic, with its members placed in the apioid superclade and within tribe Scandiceae. We analyzed ITS sequence variation from 134 accessions of Apiaceae, including 83 accessions (74 species) of Ferula to ascertain the phylogenetic position of the genus within the family. Phylogenetic analyses of these data using maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and neighbor-joining methods support the monophyly of Ferula upon the addition of Dorema and Leutea (as Ferula sensu lato) and its placement in tribe Scandiceae. Ferula sensu is closely allied with other major lineages of Scandiceae, corresponding to subtribes Scandicinae, Daucinae, and Torilidinae. Therefore, we recognize the Ferula clade as subtribe Ferulinae. Another addition to tribe Scandiceae is a clade composed of genera Glaucosciadium and Mozaffariania. The three accessions of Ferula misplaced in the apioid superclade represent a species of Silaum.
American Journal of Botany, 2005
The alpine ecosystem is the only terrestrial biogeographic unit that is distributed globally. Stu... more The alpine ecosystem is the only terrestrial biogeographic unit that is distributed globally. Studying phylogenetics of the plant species in this widespread ecosystem can provide insights into the historical biogeographic processes that have shaped the global biodiversity. The trans-Pacific disjunct alpine genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae) was investigated using nrDNA ITS sequences to test the taxonomic and biogeographic hypotheses. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference revealed that species of Oreomyrrhis form a weakly supported monophyletic clade that is nested within Chaerophyllum sect. Chaerophyllum (subtribe Scandicinae, tribe Scandiceae). The optimal solutions of dispersal-vicariance analysis indicate that the ancestor of Chaerophyllum sect. Chaerophyllum (including Oreomyrrhis) was distributed in Eurasia and subsequently dispersed to North America and southern Pacific Rim. Based on dating using ITS sequence variation, these dispersal events were most likely recent, probably during late Tertiary to Quaternary. The structure of the ITS haplotype network suggests that a rapid range expansion via long-distance dispersal had been crucial in generating the trans-Pacific disjunction of Oreomyrrhis. Furthermore, evolution toward smaller mericarp size and a transition from outcrossing to selfing during Oreomyrrhis's evolution might have increased the chances for long-distance dispersal, facilitating its range expansion and occupation on alpine environments.
South African Journal of Botany, 2004
Previous molecular systematic investigations into the higher-level relationships of Apiaceae subf... more Previous molecular systematic investigations into the higher-level relationships of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae have revealed a strongly supported clade recognised as tribe Oenantheae Dumort. These plants may have clusters of fibrous or tuberous-thickened roots, corky-thickened fruits, and other adaptations for existence in wet or aquatic habitats. In some species, the leaves may be finely dissected or linear-septate and much reduced. We have initiated collaborative studies to produce a comprehensive estimate of phylogeny of the tribe, but such investigations are thwarted because information on the composition of the tribe is lacking. Herein, tribe Oenantheae is circumscribed to include the following genera: Afrocarum,
Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2001
Journal of Biogeography, 2013
ABSTRACT Aim: To analyse spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal events in the euapioids (Apia... more ABSTRACT Aim: To analyse spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal events in the euapioids (Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae). Location: Worldwide, with an emphasis on the Northern Hemisphere. Methods: A phylogeny of euapioids was inferred from 1194 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequences using Bayesian methods. The reconstruction of ancestral areas was performed simultaneously with phylogenetic inference using a Markov discrete phylogeographical model with Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS). Routes with significant non-zero migration rates were identified using Bayes factors. For each significant track and each tree, the distribution of dispersals in time was scored and the asymmetry of dispersals was evaluated. Results: The root of the euapioid umbellifers was reconstructed at c. 44.51 Ma (95% highest posterior density interval: 39.11—51.55 Ma). The Eastern Asiatic Region was reconstructed as the most probable ancestral area for the root of the tree. Seventeen migration routes have significant non-zero migration rates. Five of these tracks represent long-distance transoceanic routes: (1) western Eurasia—North America, (2) Eastern Asiatic Region—North America, (3) Australia—Neotropical Kingdom, (4) Australia—Neantarctic, and (5) Neotropical Kingdom—sub-Saharan Africa. Most dispersal events occurred among the areas that comprise the major diversification centres of apioid umbellifers: western Eurasia and the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Eastern Asiatic regions. The floristic exchange among these regions was more or less symmetrical in all directions and continuous in time. The exchange between North America and the Eastern Asiatic Region was asymmetrical; the asymmetry of dispersals between western Eurasia and North America was less pronounced and not statistically significant. Floristic exchange was significantly asymmetrical for the Nearctic—Neotropical Kingdom, Nearctic—Neantarctic, western Eurasia—sub-Saharan Africa, and western Eurasia—Siberia migration tracks. Main conclusions: The observed dispersal pattern — intense and symmetrical within the same climatic zone versus scarce and often unidirectional between climatic zones or along long-distance transoceanic tracks — suggests that both the availability of suitable habitats and geographical barriers have played crucial roles in determining the present distribution of euapioid umbellifers.
Journal of Biogeography, 2014
ABSTRACT AimLong-distance dispersal (LDD) by migratory birds is often invoked to explain the broa... more ABSTRACT AimLong-distance dispersal (LDD) by migratory birds is often invoked to explain the broad and disjunct distributions of many aquatic plants. Such distributions may also be achieved by recurrent short-distance dispersal (SDD) to adjacent areas and extinctions in connecting areas. To test the relative importance of LDD and SDD in shaping the distributions of hydrophytes, we examined different dispersal models for a clade of hydrophytic umbellifers (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae).LocationWorldwide, with emphasis on Eurasian–North American disjunctions.MethodsA dated phylogeny of the group was obtained with Bayesian methods using nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA rps16–trnK sequences from 100 species and infraspecific taxa of Oenantheae and two outgroup species. Ancestral habits were inferred using maximum likelihood (R package ape). Six connectivity models were compared using a maximum-likelihood-based method (Lagrange), four with symmetrical dispersal rate matrices and two assuming asymmetrical exchanges between Eurasia and North America, with or without spatial and temporal constraints on LDD.ResultsThe age of the crown node of Oenantheae was estimated at 26.3 Ma, and western Europe was reconstructed as its most likely ancestral area. The divergence between Peucedanum sandwicense, an endemic of Hawaii, and its sister Oenanthe occurred 17.2 Ma, pre-dating the emergence of the Hawaiian Islands. Throughout the phylogeny, the hydrophytic habit (including helophytes and amphiphytes) dominated. Of the six connectivity models considered, the model restricting all intracontinental and transoceanic LDDs and assuming an almost unidirectional dispersal from Eurasia to North America received the highest likelihood score. This model was also characterized by the highest dispersal rate. A stratified model assuming a higher probability for dispersals between Eurasia and North America when these continents were connected with land bridges received a lower likelihood score.Main conclusionsThe results suggest that the broad and often disjunct distribution of Oenantheae hydrophytes is mostly achieved through an increased dispersal rate and recurrent SDD rather than frequent LDD. Our data confirm the asymmetry of the floristic exchange between Eurasia and North America and do not support the increase of this exchange when the continents were connected with land bridges.
Journal of Biogeography, 2010
Aim Four genera of the plant family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae -Apium, Chaerophyllum, Daucus an... more Aim Four genera of the plant family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae -Apium, Chaerophyllum, Daucus and Lilaeopsis -are characterized by amphitropic and amphiantarctic distribution patterns, and in Australasia the subfamily is also represented by the tribe Aciphylleae. We infer the molecular ages of achieving amphitropic distribution for these lineages, reconstruct the biogeographical histories of Apium, Chaerophyllum, Daucus and Lilaeopsis, and identify the sister group of Aciphylleae.
Journal of Biogeography, 2007
Aim The angiosperm genus Cryptotaenia (family Apiaceae, tribe Oenantheae) exhibits an anomalous d... more Aim The angiosperm genus Cryptotaenia (family Apiaceae, tribe Oenantheae) exhibits an anomalous distribution pattern, with five of its eight species being narrow endemics geographically isolated from their presumed relatives. We examined the monophyly of the genus and ascertained the phylogenetic placements of its constituent members in order to explain their distribution patterns.
American Journal of Botany, 2006
The biogeographic history of Sium sensu lato (s.l.) (including Sium sensu stricto [s.s.], Afrocar... more The biogeographic history of Sium sensu lato (s.l.) (including Sium sensu stricto [s.s.], Afrocarum, and Berula) was inferred using a nuclear rDNA ITS sequence phylogeny and dispersal-vicariance analysis. One hundred accessions were analyzed, including 86 specimens of Sium s.l., representing all taxa throughout their geographical range. The phylogenetic analyses showed that Afrocarum and the African and St. Helena species of Sium were nested within Berula forming the Berula s.l. clade. The remaining species of Sium constituted a weakly supported Sium s.s. clade. The cultivated S. sisarum is closely related to the western Asian S. sisaroideum. The divergence of Sium s.s. from Berula s.l., estimated under the assumption of a molecular clock and using a substitution rate of 0.61% per million years, took place around 10.4 million years ago. Dispersal-vicariance analysis suggested that the biogeographic pattern of this group resulted from simple vicariance and eventual migration to adjacent areas rather than from long-distance dispersal. The ancestral area of Sium s.l. was probably western Palearctic. The dispersal of Berula to North America occurred ca. 3 million years ago, possibly by island hopping. The migration of S. suave to North America took place ca 0.6 million years ago through Beringia.
Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae encompasses umbellifers that have fruits with prominent secondary ri... more Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae encompasses umbellifers that have fruits with prominent secondary ridges projecting into wings (former tribe Laserpitieae) or spines (former tribe Caucalideae pro parte). It comprises several economically or medicinally important genera including Cuminum, Daucus, Laser, Laserpitium and Thapsia among others. Recent molecular studies, based mostly on nrDNA ITS sequences, revealed that neither Daucus nor Laserpitium are monophyletic. To address issues of relationships and apply respective nomenclatural changes, we obtained additional ITS sequences as well as inde- pendent data from three plastid markers—rps16 intron, rpoC1 intron and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer—for a comprehensive sample of the subtribe. We examined data for 260 accessions representing all genera of Daucinae and 81 of its ca. 93 species. Phylogenetic trees were estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results indicate that former Laserpitieae constitute a paraphyletic grade at the base of the spiny-fruited members of Daucinae while traditionally delimited Daucus and Laserpitium are polyphyletic. To maintain a monophyletic Daucus, we suggest including the following genera and species into its synonymy: Agrocharis, Melanoselinum, Monizia, Pachyctenium, Pseudorlaya, Rouya, Tornabenea, Athamanta dellacellae and Cryptotaenia elegans. The species of Laserpitium occur in seven clades and only six species of the Laserpitium s.str. clade retain the generic name. Several species are transferred to Ekimia, Laser and Thapsia; additionally, a monospecific genus Siler is restored and a new genus, Silphiodaucus, is established. The inclusion of Ammodaucus into Thapsia suggested in an earlier study is not supported. The position of Laserpitium pseudomeum requires further study.
American Journal of Botany, 2000
The evolutionary relationships among members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) tribe Scandiceae and repr... more The evolutionary relationships among members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) tribe Scandiceae and representatives of all major lineages of Apioideae (including putatively allied Caucalideae) identified in earlier molecular studies were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In all, 134 accessions representing 18 genera commonly treated in Scandiceae were analyzed. Phylogenies estimated using maximum parsimony and distance methods were generally similar and suggest that: (1) Scandiceae form a well-supported clade, consisting of the genera Anthriscus, Athamanta (in part), Balansaea, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Geocaryum, Kozlovia, Krasnovia, Myrrhis, Myrrhoides, Neoconopodium, Osmorhiza, Scandix, Sphallerocarpus, and Tinguarra; (2) Athamanta is polyphyletic, with A. della-cellae allied with Daucus and A. macedonica placed close to Pimpinella; and (3) Rhabdosciadium and Grammosciadium find affinity with the Aegopodium group of umbellifers, whereas the placement of the monotypic Molopospermum cannot be inferred because of its high sequence divergence. The genus Bubon has been restored with two new combinations, B. macedonicum subsp. albanicum and B. macedonicum subsp. arachnoideum. Scandiceae arise within paraphyletic Caucalideae, the latter comprising two major lineages whose relationships to Scandiceae are not clear. Therefore, a broad treatment of Scandiceae is proposed, with subtribes Scandicinae, Daucinae, and Torilidinae (the latter two representing the Daucus and Torilis subgroups, respectively, of recent molecular systematic investigations).
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015
ABSTRACT Evolutionary relationships among 65 Chaerophyllum spp. were inferred from nuclear riboso... more ABSTRACT Evolutionary relationships among 65 Chaerophyllum spp. were inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence variation. Thirty-one species, represented by 158 mericarp samples, were analysed for fruit anatomical character variation, employing phylogenetic and phenetic methods to explore their congruence with infrageneric divisions based on molecular data. Phylogenetic trees inferred from molecular data using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods corroborated the division of the genus into four sections: Chaerophyllum, Dasypetalon, Physocaulis and Chrysocarpum. From among the newly sequenced species, the Greek endemic C. heldreichii was grouped with section Chaerophyllum, whereas the highly variable Asian C. reflexum–C. villosum complex formed an early-branching paraphyletic assemblage in section Chrysocarpum. The recently described C. karsianum has an identical ITS sequence to C. bulbosum, whereas C. aksekiense was clearly separated from the morphologically similar C. macrospermum. Our study confirmed the postulated synonymy of several species on the basis of morphology, but also demonstrated distant relationships between some morphologically similar species. With the exception of the monotypic section Physocaulis, we were unable to find carpological traits matching sectional divisions. We hypothesize that fruit characters evolved rapidly as a result of diversification of members of the genus in different habitats.
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2004
ITS sequences of members of Peucedanum and its segregates (Cervaria, Holandrea, Imperatoria, Oreo... more ITS sequences of members of Peucedanum and its segregates (Cervaria, Holandrea, Imperatoria, Oreoselinum, Pteroselinum, Thysselinum, Tommasinia, and Xanthoselinum), as well as representatives of other members of the previously identified 'Angelica' and 'Arracacia' clades, were analysed using distance, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony methods in order to establish their phylogenetic relationships. The 'Angelica' and 'Arracacia' clades comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group that is formally recognised as tribe Selineae. The genus Holandrea, expanded to include Cervaria caucasica and Peucedanum achaicum, is distantly related to the other peucedanoid genera. The remaining segregates are closely related to one another and to Peucedanum sensu stricto. The genera Seseli and Selinum are polyphyletic. Members of the genus Angelica form a single clade that also includes representatives of Selinum and Sphenosciadium. New combinations in Holandrea (H. caucasica, H. achaica) and Angelica (A. capitellata) are proposed, and Selinum pyrenaeum is recognised in Angelica (A. pyrenaea).
Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2001
Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast gene (rbcL, matK ), intron (rpl16, rps16, rpoC1) and nuclear... more Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast gene (rbcL, matK ), intron (rpl16, rps16, rpoC1) and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chloroplast DNA restriction sites, with supplementary data from variation in size of the chloroplast genome inverted repeat, have been used to elucidate major clades within Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae Drude. This paper summarizes the results of previously published molecular cladistic analyses and presents a provisional classification of the subfamily based on taxonomic congruence among the data sets.
Plant Diversity and Evolution, 2010
Downie, S.R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Reduron, J.-P.: Major clades within Apiaceae subfam... more Downie, S.R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Reduron, J.-P.: Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. -Plant Div. Evol. 128: 111-136. 2010. -ISSN 1869-6155.
Canadian Journal of Botany, 2000
Comparative sequencing of the two internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA wa... more Comparative sequencing of the two internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA was car- ried out to examine evolutionary relationships among representatives of Old World Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae. Emphasis was placed on delimiting groups within the previously designated apioid superclade and clarifying relationships within and among the peucedanoid genera Angelica, Ferula, Heracleum, and Peucedanum. These spacer data, and
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2008
Recent molecular systematic investigations suggested that Ferula, an umbellifer genus of about 17... more Recent molecular systematic investigations suggested that Ferula, an umbellifer genus of about 170 species, is polyphyletic, with its members placed in the apioid superclade and within tribe Scandiceae. We analyzed ITS sequence variation from 134 accessions of Apiaceae, including 83 accessions (74 species) of Ferula to ascertain the phylogenetic position of the genus within the family. Phylogenetic analyses of these data using maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and neighbor-joining methods support the monophyly of Ferula upon the addition of Dorema and Leutea (as Ferula sensu lato) and its placement in tribe Scandiceae. Ferula sensu is closely allied with other major lineages of Scandiceae, corresponding to subtribes Scandicinae, Daucinae, and Torilidinae. Therefore, we recognize the Ferula clade as subtribe Ferulinae. Another addition to tribe Scandiceae is a clade composed of genera Glaucosciadium and Mozaffariania. The three accessions of Ferula misplaced in the apioid superclade represent a species of Silaum.
American Journal of Botany, 2005
The alpine ecosystem is the only terrestrial biogeographic unit that is distributed globally. Stu... more The alpine ecosystem is the only terrestrial biogeographic unit that is distributed globally. Studying phylogenetics of the plant species in this widespread ecosystem can provide insights into the historical biogeographic processes that have shaped the global biodiversity. The trans-Pacific disjunct alpine genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae) was investigated using nrDNA ITS sequences to test the taxonomic and biogeographic hypotheses. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference revealed that species of Oreomyrrhis form a weakly supported monophyletic clade that is nested within Chaerophyllum sect. Chaerophyllum (subtribe Scandicinae, tribe Scandiceae). The optimal solutions of dispersal-vicariance analysis indicate that the ancestor of Chaerophyllum sect. Chaerophyllum (including Oreomyrrhis) was distributed in Eurasia and subsequently dispersed to North America and southern Pacific Rim. Based on dating using ITS sequence variation, these dispersal events were most likely recent, probably during late Tertiary to Quaternary. The structure of the ITS haplotype network suggests that a rapid range expansion via long-distance dispersal had been crucial in generating the trans-Pacific disjunction of Oreomyrrhis. Furthermore, evolution toward smaller mericarp size and a transition from outcrossing to selfing during Oreomyrrhis's evolution might have increased the chances for long-distance dispersal, facilitating its range expansion and occupation on alpine environments.
South African Journal of Botany, 2004
Previous molecular systematic investigations into the higher-level relationships of Apiaceae subf... more Previous molecular systematic investigations into the higher-level relationships of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae have revealed a strongly supported clade recognised as tribe Oenantheae Dumort. These plants may have clusters of fibrous or tuberous-thickened roots, corky-thickened fruits, and other adaptations for existence in wet or aquatic habitats. In some species, the leaves may be finely dissected or linear-septate and much reduced. We have initiated collaborative studies to produce a comprehensive estimate of phylogeny of the tribe, but such investigations are thwarted because information on the composition of the tribe is lacking. Herein, tribe Oenantheae is circumscribed to include the following genera: Afrocarum,
Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2001
Taxon, 1989
Rowley, GD 1980. Name that succulent. Stanley Thores (Publishers) Ltd., Cheltenham, Glouces-tersh... more Rowley, GD 1980. Name that succulent. Stanley Thores (Publishers) Ltd., Cheltenham, Glouces-tershire, England. Schumann, KM 1897-1899. Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen, 1st ed. Verlag von J. Neumann, Neudamm. Spegazzini, C. 1923. Breves notas cactol6gicas. ...
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 1995
... Eloy 1609, In Syria. Another specimen from the same gathering is kept at P. The misprint in t... more ... Eloy 1609, In Syria. Another specimen from the same gathering is kept at P. The misprint in the number of gathering was later corrected in the Flora orientalis account (Boissier, 1872). The G-BOISS sheet comprises three stems with cauline leaves. The stems bear flowers and ...
Acta Botanica Gallica, 1995
Journal of Phycology, 2001
The phylogenetic position of Koliella , a chlorophyte characterized by Klebsormidium type cell di... more The phylogenetic position of Koliella , a chlorophyte characterized by Klebsormidium type cell division, was inferred from analyses of partial 18S rDNA and partial 16S rDNA. Parsimony and distance analyses of separate and combined data sets indicated that the members of Koliella belonged to Trebouxiophyceae, and high decay indices and bootstrap values supported this affinity. However, the genus appeared to be polyphyletic. Koliella spiculiformis , the nomenclatural type of the genus, was allied with Nannochloris eucaryota and the "true" chlorellas ( Chlorella vulgaris , C. lobophora , C. sorokiniana , and C. kessleri ). The close relatives of Koliella longiseta ( ϵ Raphidonema longiseta ) and Koliella sempervirens appeared to be Stichococcus bacillaris and some species traditionally classified in Chlorella that were characterized by the production of secondary carotenoids under nitrogendeficient conditions. This clade was also supported by the presence of a relatively phylogenetically stable group I intron (1506) in the 18S rRNA gene. Because of the presence of Klebsormidium type cell division, some authors regarded the members of Koliella as closely related to charophytes. Molecular analyses, however, did not confirm this affinity and suggested that a Klebsormidium type cell division is homoplastic in green plants.
The genus Anthriscus Pers. (Apiaceae: Apioideae, Scandiceae) ranges from Europe to the montane re... more The genus Anthriscus Pers. (Apiaceae: Apioideae, Scandiceae) ranges from Europe to the montane regions of East Africa and east to Japan and Kamtchatka, and from sea level to about 4100 meters altitude. Approximately 80 specific names have been described in Anthriscus, although no more than 14 species are generally recognized; in the present work, only nine are retained. The centre of diversity is in South Europe and East Mediterranean, where all species and most infraspecifictaxa occur.The genus is divided into three presumably monophyletic sections, Anthriscus, Caroides Boiss, and Cacosciadium (Rhb.) Neilr., which differ in habit and ecology. Sect. Anthriscus includes three annuals, A. caucalis M.-Bieb., A. tenerrima Boiss. & Spruner, and A. cerefolium (L.) Hoffm, which occur in seasonally dry situations, including ruderal habitats, at lower altitudes. Two species from sect. Caroides, A.kotschyi Boiss. & Balansa and A.ruprechtii Boiss., occur in open montane habitats. The members o...
Canadian Journal of Botany, 2001
Evolutionary relationships among 66 representatives of the family Apiaceae, including 37 species ... more Evolutionary relationships among 66 representatives of the family Apiaceae, including 37 species of tribe Scandiceae subtribe Scandicinae, were inferred from separate and combined analyses of fruit morphology and anatomy and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Phylogenetic trees inferred from analysis of 35 fruit characters were not congruent to those derived from molecular data and, overall, had much lower bootstrap support values than the latter. Contrary to molecular data, fruit characters did not support the monophyly of subtribe Scandicinae. Fruit data do, however, corroborate the monophyly of nearly every genus within Scandicinae, the affinity of members of the "crown" clade-Anthriscus, Kozlovia (including Krasnovia and Neoconopodium), Geocaryum, Myrrhis, and Osmorhiza-that had been identified in previous molecular analyses, and the sister group relationship between the "crown" clade and the genus Scandix. Phylogenies derived from the analysis of combined ITS and fruit characters were congruent to those inferred from molecular data alone. Reconstructions of ancestral character states using the results of the combined analysis suggest that among extant Scandicinae, the fruits of Athamanta have retained the most plesiomorphic characters. Evolutionary tendencies that have occurred in the fruits of Scandicinae include the broadening of the vascular bundles and vittae, the thickening of the cuticle and epidermal cell wall, the origin of bristles from hairs, the appearance of a pedicel-like appendage, the development of a long beak, and lateral wings. These changes are interpreted as adaptations to fruit dispersal and seed defense.
International Journal of Plant Sciences, 1994
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2001
... ГО ОЧ ro Cl) CO CO NO m г-I-- I-- |~- П l'- I-- ю |~- 1^ г-I-- Г-I-- l'- Tf Tf l&#x... more ... ГО ОЧ ro Cl) CO CO NO m г-I-- I-- |~- П l'- I-- ю |~- 1^ г-I-- Г-I-- l'- Tf Tf l'- I-- r-I-- лч с-1 г> о Г5 о ГЛ en о о о <~> г> о Г) о en ГО m en o <-> o 1^- СО Uh Uh Uh Uh I-- Uh Uh го Uh Uh Uh UhUh Uh Uh 1^ i^- Uh Uh Uh Uh Р Р <| < <| р <; < р < «Í <1 <; <; < P P <; < <; l CO O ...
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1996
Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships of 17 taxa ofAnthriscus (Apiaceae), with specia... more Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships of 17 taxa ofAnthriscus (Apiaceae), with special emphasis on the critical sect.Cacosciadium, were explored using morphological data with principal component analysis, phenetics, and phylogenetics. The analyses did not provide satisfactory resolution of taxa from sect.Cacosciadium and only four species were retained. The total number of species was reduced to nine. Sect.Cacosciadium is distinguished by only
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1991
Celem tej książki jest zaprezentowanie zadań zamkniętych, które mogą być wykorzystywane na lekcji... more Celem tej książki jest zaprezentowanie zadań zamkniętych, które mogą być wykorzystywane na lekcji – w celu szybkiej, nieformalnej diagnozy wiedzy uczniów, jako wprowadzenie nowego tematu albo jako ćwiczenie służące rozwijaniu umiejętności złożonych w nauczaniu przedmiotów przyrodniczych na III etapie edukacyjnym. Przedstawione zadania zostały opracowane przez różnych autorów w ramach warsztatów organizowanych przez Pracownię Przedmiotów Przyrodniczych, poddane recenzji na kolejnych etapach opracowywania oraz przebadane pod kątem wartości pomiarowej.
Błędne przekonania w nauczaniu przedmiotów przyrodniczych | Anna Markowska, Maciej Lechowicz i in... more Błędne przekonania w nauczaniu przedmiotów przyrodniczych | Anna Markowska, Maciej Lechowicz i inni | EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA 4/2014 56 SZKOŁA NAUKA KRÓTKO EDUKACJA BIOLOGICZNA I ŚRODOWISKOWA | ebis.ibe.edu.pl | ebis@ibe.edu.pl |
Publikacja opracowana w ramach projektu systemowego: Badanie jakości i efektywności edukacji oraz... more Publikacja opracowana w ramach projektu systemowego: Badanie jakości i efektywności edukacji oraz instytucjonalizacja zaplecza badawczego, współfinansowanego przez Unię Europejską ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego, realizowanego przez Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych.
Praca nad książką była pracą zespołową. Szczególne podziękowania należą się Centralnej Komisji Eg... more Praca nad książką była pracą zespołową. Szczególne podziękowania należą się Centralnej Komisji Egzaminacyjnej, która sfi nansowała projekt badawczy "Polska PISA -Spójność społeczna, przeciwdziałanie wykluczeniu i szanse rozwojowe: oddziaływanie pomiaru edukacyjnego na system edukacji. Opracowanie formuły oceniania, która sprzyja rozwojowi złożonych umiejętności", fi nansowany przez Europejski Fundusz Społeczny. Dziękujemy serdecznie: Teresie Chrostowskiej i Tadeuszowi Mośkowi za krytyczne i życzliwe uwagi do maszynopisu, Grażynie Drążyk za nieocenioną pomoc w trakcie realizacji projektu, Michałowi Federowiczowi, Krzysztofowi Konarzewskiemu, Grażynie Skirmuntt, Romanowi Dolacie, Markowi Smulczykowi, Justynie Jędruś, Andrzejowi Melsonowi, Małgorzacie Samsowskiej-Kreczmer, Arturowi Pokropkowi i Janinie Waliszewskiej za długie dyskusje nad pomiarem umiejętności złożonych. Dziękujemy także uczestnikom warsztatów i autorom zadań za wspólną, owocną pracę oraz inspiracje.
Kosmos Seria a Biologia Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodnikow Im Kopernika, 2009
Polar Biology, 2002
Comparison of partial mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA sequences from non-Antarctic notothenioid fi... more Comparison of partial mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA sequences from non-Antarctic notothenioid fishes - an icefish Champsocephalus esox and two members of the genus Patagonotothen - and their sister species from the Southern Ocean suggests that their divergence took place 1.7 and 6.6-7 million years ago, respectively, i.e. much later than the formation of the Antarctic Polar Front (20-25 million
JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY C/C OF VOPROSY IKHTIOLOGII, 2005
Partial sequences of nuclear 18S and mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA genes from 21 species were an... more Partial sequences of nuclear 18S and mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA genes from 21 species were analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference in order to establish the phylogenetic position of notothenioids, a major group of Antarctic fishes. The outgroup included members of the orders Perciformes and Scorpaeniformes, which are both placed in the superorder Percomorpha. In all analyzes, the notothenioids containing Pseudaphritidae, Eleginopidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, ...
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 2014
Wild Crop Relatives: …, 2011
... as revealed by investi-gations employing isozyme markers (St. Pierre et al. 1990) and DNA pol... more ... as revealed by investi-gations employing isozyme markers (St. Pierre et al. 1990) and DNA polymorphisms (Nakajima et al. 1998; Bradeen et al. 2002). Wild and cultivated car-rots intercross freely, which has significant implica-tions both for the historical development of the ...
Plant Ecology, 1997
Anna Justyna Kwiatkowska1, Krzysztof Spalik1, El_zbieta Michalak2, Anna Palinska1 & Dorota Panufn... more Anna Justyna Kwiatkowska1, Krzysztof Spalik1, El_zbieta Michalak2, Anna Palinska1 & Dorota Panufnik1 1Institute of Botany, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00478 Warsaw, Poland; present address: 2Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, Krakowskie ...