Natalia Krolikowska | University of Warsaw (original) (raw)

Books by Natalia Krolikowska

The Crimean Khanate was often treated as a semi-nomadic, watered-down version of the Golden Horde... more The Crimean Khanate was often treated as a semi-nomadic, watered-down
version of the Golden Horde, or yet another vassal state of the Ottoman
Empire. This book revises these views by exploring the Khanate’s political
and legal systems, which combined well organized and well developed
institutions, which were rooted in different traditions (Golden Horde, Islamic
and Ottoman). Drawing on a wide range of sources, including the Crimean
court registers from the reign of Murad Giray (1678-1683), the book examines
the role of the khan, members of his council and other officials in the
Crimean political and judicial systems as well as the practice of the Crimean
sharia court during the reign of Murad Giray.

Papers by Natalia Krolikowska

Królikowska-Jedlińska, N. (2023). The Polish Rulers and the Catholic Missionaries from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Black Sea Region (1625–1721). Mission Studies, 40(3), 327-347., 2023

The paper examines the key elements characterizing the Polish rulers’ policy towards the Polish-L... more The paper examines the key elements characterizing the Polish rulers’ policy towards the Polish-Lithuanian Catholic missionaries in the Orient through three vital events of its history: the establishment and development of the Dominican mission in the Crimea (1625–1659), the plans of John II Casimir Vasa and Louise Marie Gonzaga to found the network of Jesuit stations in three Oriental capitals in the 1650s, and the invigoration of the Polish Jesuits’ activity in Persia connected with John III Sobieski’s attempts to win the support of the Safavids for an anti-Ottoman alliance in the last quarter of the 17th century. These episodes show that the Polish-Lithuanian missionaries from the Dominican order in the Crimea received limited diplomatic and financial assistance from Poland-Lithuania. The two remaining reveal how Polish rulers were able to support the missionaries, who alongside their missionary work were supposed to perform some diplomatic tasks. Between 1653 and 1654, the royal couple invested considerable funds to send particular members of the Societatis Iesu to the Oriental capitals. The following few years proved, however, that Poland-Lithuania could not provide sufficient diplomatic support to ensure the longevity of this project, especially after the outbreak of the mid-seventeenth-century wars on its territory. The increased activity of the Polish Jesuits in Persia was also observed during the war of the Holy League with the Ottoman empire, strictly connected with John III Sobieski’s hopes to win the shah for the anti-Ottoman coalition. The death of the royal patron, followed by the outbreak of the Great Northern War, combined with hostility from the Gregorian Armenians and the increasingly influential Shiʾi clergy, proved to have tragic consequences for the Polish Jesuits’ missionary project in Persia.

Rocznik Filozoficzny Ignatianum The Ignatianum Philosophical Yearbook Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022), 119–140, 2022

W jaki sposób można było zostać misjonarzem w Oriencie? Litterae indipetae i inne strategie jezui... more W jaki sposób można było zostać misjonarzem w Oriencie? Litterae indipetae i inne strategie jezuitów z Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów (1612-1721

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, 2018

The purpose of this paper is to outline the legal practice in the Crimean Khanate in the 17th cen... more The purpose of this paper is to outline the legal practice in the Crimean Khanate in the 17th century. This longest surviving Eastern European post-Genghis state is a very interesting case for any student of the history of political systems and law. This is because its law and state institutions were based on both Mongolian and Islamic-Ottoman models, producing a highly original system. The study is based on rich data surviving in Crimean court registers from the reign of Khan Murad Giray (1678-1683). Treating them as ancillary sources, it makes use of selected entries in other surviving Crimean court registers from 1608-1783 supplemented by information taken from other sources: Tatar, Ottoman and European. The study attempts to fi nd answers to the following questions: who, against whom and in what types of cases, appeared in a given type of court in the Khanate. Answering these questions reveals not only what everyday life of the Khan’s subjects, coming from various social groups,...

Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900, ed. Felicia Roşu, Brill:Leiden-Boston, 2022

In the early modern period, the Crimean khans claimed sovereignty over the Circassians who inhabi... more In the early modern period, the Crimean khans claimed sovereignty over the Circassians who inhabited the north-western Caucasus and a part of the eastern Black Sea coast. As a result, the Circassians were obliged to pay taxes in the form of Circassian slaves, who were in great demand on the slave markets in the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. During the same period, the Circassian beys were valued as warriors in the Ottoman wars against Safavid Persia and were tutors of the Crimean Tatar princes. Since the Circassians left no written sources dating back to the early modern period, research on their history is based on Ottoman, Crimean Tatar, Persian, Russian, and Western European sources, among others. Not surprisingly, these sources offer ambiguous information on such important issues as: (1) Circassian faith and religiosity; (2) the status of Circassian beys vis-à-vis the Crimean khan and the Ottoman sultan; (3) the social structure of the Circassian chieftainships; and (4) the relationships between these chieftainships. By carefully examining data extracted from a variety of sources (Crimean Tatar, Ottoman, and European narrative sources; missionary correspondence and reports; the orders of the Ottoman sultans; and Crimean court registers), the aim of this chapter is to understand what made it possible for some Circassians to be made into Crimean – Tatar and Ottoman domestic slaves, while others enjoyed the privileged status of being the khan’s vassals and were showered with gifts by the Ottoman sultan, who was grateful for their military assistance against the Safavids. In particular, the study will focus on the connection between the Islamization of the Circassians and their status change within the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.

The conference was an accompanying event to the exhibition "Ottomania. The Ottoman Orient in Rena... more The conference was an accompanying event to the exhibition "Ottomania. The Ottoman Orient in Renaissance Art"
at the National Museum in Krakow. The book presents 11 papers of specialists from a broad range of historical disciplines, dedicated to the Ottoman-European relations during the Renaissance period, with special focus on Central-Eastern Europe.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

[

There were in the territories of the Crimean Khanate and the Caffa province extremely important c... more There were in the territories of the Crimean Khanate and the Caffa province extremely important centres of trading in slaves originating mainly for the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Caucasus. Many of those taken captive and sold slaves were quickly leaving the Crimea. They were bought mainly by merchants from different regions of the Near East. Some of slaves, however, stayed in the Crimea and played an important role in the economy of the peninsula. The purpose of this article is to present their everyday life in the light of Christian and Muslim narrative sources, Crimean court registers, and also of correspondence and reports of Catholic missionaries preserved in the Archives of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.
Firstly, it is worthy of notice that in the khanate, like in the Ottoman Empire, slaves could act on their own behalf and defend their intrests in the khanate courts at least in matters concerning their manumission. The preserved sources reveal that mant slaves were able to regain the status of freemen after fulfilling certain conditions of their contract with their owner. Thus, slavery was regarded by both parties as a temporary status. Unfortunately, information about the everyday living conditions of slaves is sparse. In her article the author tries to present at least some examples illustrating the fact that slaves were living a modest life but similar to the life of ordinary Tatar inhabitants of the Crimean peninsula. We have no data about the living standards of slaves in grand estates or in the galleys. It is possible that further research, for example into the Crimean court records will make it possible to fill in this gap. Another problem addressed in the article is the question of freedom of movement and freedom of religion. Some examples have been found showing that although the place of stay of slaves was not strictly controlled by their owners, there were special state procedures in case of their escape to capture them and maintain their status of slaves. In relation to their freedom of religion, the sources reveal that slaves, captives and manumissioned slaves could contact Catholic priests if the latter were allowed to conduct their ministry in the khanate and in the Caffa province of the Ottoman Empire. The same sources testify, however, that a large number of slaves decided to convert to Islam.

Law and Empire. Ideas, Practices, Actors, ed. Jeroen Duindam, Jill Harries, Caroline Humfress, Nimrod Hurvitz, 2013

The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, edited by G. Kármán, L. Kunčević, 2013

The Crimean Khanate between East and West (15th-18th Century), 2012

LAW-ABIDING AS A TATAR? LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE CRIMEAN KHANATE AS SEEN IN 17TH-CENTURY COURT REGI... more LAW-ABIDING AS A TATAR? LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE CRIMEAN KHANATE AS SEEN IN 17TH-CENTURY COURT REGISTERS

The purpose of this paper is to outline the legal practice in the Crimean Khanate in the 17th century. This longest surviving Eastern European post-Genghis state is a very interesting case for any student of the history of political systems and law. This is because its law and state institutions were based on both Mongolian and Is- lamic-Ottoman models, producing a highly original system. The study is based on rich data surviving in Crimean court registers from the reign of Khan Murad Giray (1678-1683). Treating them as ancillary sources, it makes use of selected entries in other surviving Crimean court registers from 1608-1783 supplemented by informa- tion taken from other sources: Tatar, Ottoman and European. The study attempts to fi nd answers to the following questions: who, against whom and in what types of cases, appeared in a given type of court in the Khanate. Answering these questions reveals not only what everyday life of the Khan’s sub- jects, coming from various social groups, looked like, but also what principles were followed by the Khanate’s legal system and administration. The collected data shows that the Khan fulfi lled the basic duty of any Muslim ruler and gave his subjects ac- cess to courts and ensured that law was obeyed. The Khanate was divided into judi- cial circuits (kazas) in which the highest-ranking offi cial was a judge (kadi). Sub- jects could also approach the highest judge (cadiasker) about a matter that concerned them. However, there are reasons to believe that his judicial authority was restricted with respect to estates (beyliks) belonging to grand families (karachis) and when it came to this social group itself. The sources also indicate that the Khan’s judicial authority was restricted in lands supervised by a kalga – the fi rst deputy of the Khan chosen from among the mem- bers of the ruling dynasty. The study of the cases entered in the registers of a ca- diasker court and the registers of a provincial court in Kara Su during the reign of Murad Giray, shows that the clients of the Khan’s justice were members of all social groups, men and women, Muslims and non-Muslims. The frequency in which people appeared in court and the types of cases they litigated, differed slightly depending on their social background, sex and religion. The paper attempts to explain these dif- ferences by carefully analysing the social background of parties, their place of resi- dence, sex, types of cases and litigation strategies.

Studia z dziejów i kultury ludów tureckich, red. merytoryczny Tadeusz Majda, red. prowadzący Dariusz Cichocki, 2013

Autonomia jednostki w Europe i i w Polsce od XVIII do XX wieku, ed. Włodzimierz Mędrzecki, 2011

The Crimean Khanate was often treated as a semi-nomadic, watered-down version of the Golden Horde... more The Crimean Khanate was often treated as a semi-nomadic, watered-down
version of the Golden Horde, or yet another vassal state of the Ottoman
Empire. This book revises these views by exploring the Khanate’s political
and legal systems, which combined well organized and well developed
institutions, which were rooted in different traditions (Golden Horde, Islamic
and Ottoman). Drawing on a wide range of sources, including the Crimean
court registers from the reign of Murad Giray (1678-1683), the book examines
the role of the khan, members of his council and other officials in the
Crimean political and judicial systems as well as the practice of the Crimean
sharia court during the reign of Murad Giray.

Królikowska-Jedlińska, N. (2023). The Polish Rulers and the Catholic Missionaries from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Black Sea Region (1625–1721). Mission Studies, 40(3), 327-347., 2023

The paper examines the key elements characterizing the Polish rulers’ policy towards the Polish-L... more The paper examines the key elements characterizing the Polish rulers’ policy towards the Polish-Lithuanian Catholic missionaries in the Orient through three vital events of its history: the establishment and development of the Dominican mission in the Crimea (1625–1659), the plans of John II Casimir Vasa and Louise Marie Gonzaga to found the network of Jesuit stations in three Oriental capitals in the 1650s, and the invigoration of the Polish Jesuits’ activity in Persia connected with John III Sobieski’s attempts to win the support of the Safavids for an anti-Ottoman alliance in the last quarter of the 17th century. These episodes show that the Polish-Lithuanian missionaries from the Dominican order in the Crimea received limited diplomatic and financial assistance from Poland-Lithuania. The two remaining reveal how Polish rulers were able to support the missionaries, who alongside their missionary work were supposed to perform some diplomatic tasks. Between 1653 and 1654, the royal couple invested considerable funds to send particular members of the Societatis Iesu to the Oriental capitals. The following few years proved, however, that Poland-Lithuania could not provide sufficient diplomatic support to ensure the longevity of this project, especially after the outbreak of the mid-seventeenth-century wars on its territory. The increased activity of the Polish Jesuits in Persia was also observed during the war of the Holy League with the Ottoman empire, strictly connected with John III Sobieski’s hopes to win the shah for the anti-Ottoman coalition. The death of the royal patron, followed by the outbreak of the Great Northern War, combined with hostility from the Gregorian Armenians and the increasingly influential Shiʾi clergy, proved to have tragic consequences for the Polish Jesuits’ missionary project in Persia.

Rocznik Filozoficzny Ignatianum The Ignatianum Philosophical Yearbook Vol. 28, No. 1 (2022), 119–140, 2022

W jaki sposób można było zostać misjonarzem w Oriencie? Litterae indipetae i inne strategie jezui... more W jaki sposób można było zostać misjonarzem w Oriencie? Litterae indipetae i inne strategie jezuitów z Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów (1612-1721

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, 2018

The purpose of this paper is to outline the legal practice in the Crimean Khanate in the 17th cen... more The purpose of this paper is to outline the legal practice in the Crimean Khanate in the 17th century. This longest surviving Eastern European post-Genghis state is a very interesting case for any student of the history of political systems and law. This is because its law and state institutions were based on both Mongolian and Islamic-Ottoman models, producing a highly original system. The study is based on rich data surviving in Crimean court registers from the reign of Khan Murad Giray (1678-1683). Treating them as ancillary sources, it makes use of selected entries in other surviving Crimean court registers from 1608-1783 supplemented by information taken from other sources: Tatar, Ottoman and European. The study attempts to fi nd answers to the following questions: who, against whom and in what types of cases, appeared in a given type of court in the Khanate. Answering these questions reveals not only what everyday life of the Khan’s subjects, coming from various social groups,...

Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900, ed. Felicia Roşu, Brill:Leiden-Boston, 2022

In the early modern period, the Crimean khans claimed sovereignty over the Circassians who inhabi... more In the early modern period, the Crimean khans claimed sovereignty over the Circassians who inhabited the north-western Caucasus and a part of the eastern Black Sea coast. As a result, the Circassians were obliged to pay taxes in the form of Circassian slaves, who were in great demand on the slave markets in the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. During the same period, the Circassian beys were valued as warriors in the Ottoman wars against Safavid Persia and were tutors of the Crimean Tatar princes. Since the Circassians left no written sources dating back to the early modern period, research on their history is based on Ottoman, Crimean Tatar, Persian, Russian, and Western European sources, among others. Not surprisingly, these sources offer ambiguous information on such important issues as: (1) Circassian faith and religiosity; (2) the status of Circassian beys vis-à-vis the Crimean khan and the Ottoman sultan; (3) the social structure of the Circassian chieftainships; and (4) the relationships between these chieftainships. By carefully examining data extracted from a variety of sources (Crimean Tatar, Ottoman, and European narrative sources; missionary correspondence and reports; the orders of the Ottoman sultans; and Crimean court registers), the aim of this chapter is to understand what made it possible for some Circassians to be made into Crimean – Tatar and Ottoman domestic slaves, while others enjoyed the privileged status of being the khan’s vassals and were showered with gifts by the Ottoman sultan, who was grateful for their military assistance against the Safavids. In particular, the study will focus on the connection between the Islamization of the Circassians and their status change within the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.

The conference was an accompanying event to the exhibition "Ottomania. The Ottoman Orient in Rena... more The conference was an accompanying event to the exhibition "Ottomania. The Ottoman Orient in Renaissance Art"
at the National Museum in Krakow. The book presents 11 papers of specialists from a broad range of historical disciplines, dedicated to the Ottoman-European relations during the Renaissance period, with special focus on Central-Eastern Europe.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

[

There were in the territories of the Crimean Khanate and the Caffa province extremely important c... more There were in the territories of the Crimean Khanate and the Caffa province extremely important centres of trading in slaves originating mainly for the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Caucasus. Many of those taken captive and sold slaves were quickly leaving the Crimea. They were bought mainly by merchants from different regions of the Near East. Some of slaves, however, stayed in the Crimea and played an important role in the economy of the peninsula. The purpose of this article is to present their everyday life in the light of Christian and Muslim narrative sources, Crimean court registers, and also of correspondence and reports of Catholic missionaries preserved in the Archives of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.
Firstly, it is worthy of notice that in the khanate, like in the Ottoman Empire, slaves could act on their own behalf and defend their intrests in the khanate courts at least in matters concerning their manumission. The preserved sources reveal that mant slaves were able to regain the status of freemen after fulfilling certain conditions of their contract with their owner. Thus, slavery was regarded by both parties as a temporary status. Unfortunately, information about the everyday living conditions of slaves is sparse. In her article the author tries to present at least some examples illustrating the fact that slaves were living a modest life but similar to the life of ordinary Tatar inhabitants of the Crimean peninsula. We have no data about the living standards of slaves in grand estates or in the galleys. It is possible that further research, for example into the Crimean court records will make it possible to fill in this gap. Another problem addressed in the article is the question of freedom of movement and freedom of religion. Some examples have been found showing that although the place of stay of slaves was not strictly controlled by their owners, there were special state procedures in case of their escape to capture them and maintain their status of slaves. In relation to their freedom of religion, the sources reveal that slaves, captives and manumissioned slaves could contact Catholic priests if the latter were allowed to conduct their ministry in the khanate and in the Caffa province of the Ottoman Empire. The same sources testify, however, that a large number of slaves decided to convert to Islam.

Law and Empire. Ideas, Practices, Actors, ed. Jeroen Duindam, Jill Harries, Caroline Humfress, Nimrod Hurvitz, 2013

The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, edited by G. Kármán, L. Kunčević, 2013

The Crimean Khanate between East and West (15th-18th Century), 2012

LAW-ABIDING AS A TATAR? LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE CRIMEAN KHANATE AS SEEN IN 17TH-CENTURY COURT REGI... more LAW-ABIDING AS A TATAR? LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE CRIMEAN KHANATE AS SEEN IN 17TH-CENTURY COURT REGISTERS

The purpose of this paper is to outline the legal practice in the Crimean Khanate in the 17th century. This longest surviving Eastern European post-Genghis state is a very interesting case for any student of the history of political systems and law. This is because its law and state institutions were based on both Mongolian and Is- lamic-Ottoman models, producing a highly original system. The study is based on rich data surviving in Crimean court registers from the reign of Khan Murad Giray (1678-1683). Treating them as ancillary sources, it makes use of selected entries in other surviving Crimean court registers from 1608-1783 supplemented by informa- tion taken from other sources: Tatar, Ottoman and European. The study attempts to fi nd answers to the following questions: who, against whom and in what types of cases, appeared in a given type of court in the Khanate. Answering these questions reveals not only what everyday life of the Khan’s sub- jects, coming from various social groups, looked like, but also what principles were followed by the Khanate’s legal system and administration. The collected data shows that the Khan fulfi lled the basic duty of any Muslim ruler and gave his subjects ac- cess to courts and ensured that law was obeyed. The Khanate was divided into judi- cial circuits (kazas) in which the highest-ranking offi cial was a judge (kadi). Sub- jects could also approach the highest judge (cadiasker) about a matter that concerned them. However, there are reasons to believe that his judicial authority was restricted with respect to estates (beyliks) belonging to grand families (karachis) and when it came to this social group itself. The sources also indicate that the Khan’s judicial authority was restricted in lands supervised by a kalga – the fi rst deputy of the Khan chosen from among the mem- bers of the ruling dynasty. The study of the cases entered in the registers of a ca- diasker court and the registers of a provincial court in Kara Su during the reign of Murad Giray, shows that the clients of the Khan’s justice were members of all social groups, men and women, Muslims and non-Muslims. The frequency in which people appeared in court and the types of cases they litigated, differed slightly depending on their social background, sex and religion. The paper attempts to explain these dif- ferences by carefully analysing the social background of parties, their place of resi- dence, sex, types of cases and litigation strategies.

Studia z dziejów i kultury ludów tureckich, red. merytoryczny Tadeusz Majda, red. prowadzący Dariusz Cichocki, 2013

Autonomia jednostki w Europe i i w Polsce od XVIII do XX wieku, ed. Włodzimierz Mędrzecki, 2011