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Papers by Luiza Kostecka-Tomaszewska
Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa, Dec 31, 2022
Energies
The energy crisis in Europe in 2022 and its consequences have brought changes to approaches towar... more The energy crisis in Europe in 2022 and its consequences have brought changes to approaches towards the issue of energy security, energy policy, and the ability to react to crisis phenomena in the energy market in a short period of time. European countries that are dependent on Russian fossil fuels have faced numerous dilemmas and challenges in 2022. This paper aims to analyse the instruments and energy policies introduced as the reactions of European countries, specifically with the examples of Poland and Germany, to the ongoing fossil fuel crisis in the context of a short period. Due to the specificity of the energy market, the countries’ energy policies mainly concern long- and medium-term goals. In 2022, there was an unprecedented situation in which many European countries had to make significant changes to their fossil fuel imports quickly. We analyse and evaluate how two European countries that are heavily reliant on imported energy resources responded in a short time to the n...
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2019
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2021
Optimum. Economic Studies, 2018
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2020
European Research Studies Journal, 2021
Purpose: The research aims to examine China's economic activities around the world from the broad... more Purpose: The research aims to examine China's economic activities around the world from the broad perspective of the country's economic security. The authors begin with explaining the concept of economic statecraft and then deal with the analysis of the Chinese overseas economic expansion. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main tools used to achieve the objectives mentioned above include a literature analysis, logical reasoning and statistical research. Findings: The last decades have revealed a new pattern in global economic cooperation. The Belt and Road Initiative turned out to be a successful instrument supporting China's economic growth and deepening international economic cooperation and interdependence. The BRI project allows China not only to secure access to supplies and markets but also strengthen its soft power and gives the possibility to build a powerful network of interconnected countries, independent from the Western powers, willingly cooperating with China in every field. Practical Implications: The research results are helpful to realise the extend and importance of the Belt and Road Initiative in China's economic statecraft and indicate potential fields for future international cooperation under the BRI. As close economic cooperation under the BRI can have significant consequences for China and all countries covered by this project, all partners have to be aware of the complexity of their involvement in this initiative and the pros and cons of such interdependence. Originality/Value: The Belt and Road Initiative is a novel form of broad international cooperation. Thus it deserves special attention and research. The research concerns an economic dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative and provides a comprehensive analysis of China's worldwide economic expansion.
Optimum. Economic Studies, 2018
Goal-The aims of the research are to identify the most significant internal and external factors ... more Goal-The aims of the research are to identify the most significant internal and external factors affecting the economic security of China and assess the importance of the Belt and Road Initiative for China's future development. Research methodology-In order to organize internal and external determinants of economic security of China, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was applied. Moreover, an important element of the research process was an attempt to verify hypothesis that the Belt and Road Initiative is a key instrument of China's economic security strategy. Score-China has transformed from a poor rural country into one of the main economic powers as a result of the economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s. However, we can observe that the economy of China is slowing down. In order to ensure economic security and maintain a stable economic growth as well as avoid the middle income trap China has introduced the Belt and Road Initiative. Since its announcement, the concept has been gradually gaining in importance and has finally become the key instrument of the Chinese foreign policy and a major element of economic development strategy. The main motive behind this project is to develop transport and energy infrastructure which will allow China to gain access to natural resources and new markets. An efficient transport network will facilitate trade, while energy infrastructure will prevent problems with energy and resource supply, which the Chinese economy needs. The Belt and Road Initiative is a way of boosting economic development of China through improving infrastructure from Asia to Africa and Europe and the establishment of trade links among all partner countries. The New Silk Road concept aims to use the advantages of the Chinese economy and the states participating in the initiative to stimulate its economic growth. Therefore, it is a strategy of providing long-term economic security. Originality/value-The paper raises the issue of the Chinese economic security understood as a long-term ability of the economy to achieve a relatively fast and sustainable economic growth. In this paper, the author defines the concept of economic security and with the help of SWOT analysis presents the strengths and weaknesses of China's economy as well as opportunities and possible threats to its stability. Moreover, the paper includes comprehensive analysis of China's motives behind the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of economic security of China.
European Research Studies Journal, 2019
Purpose: The research aims to analyse mutual relations between Poland and China in the context of... more Purpose: The research aims to analyse mutual relations between Poland and China in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess Poland's involvement in this China-led project and identify the most significant factors affecting the cooperation between both countries. The multidimensional analysis is based on a set of criteria, which are in line with the BRI's focus areas. The article discusses the achievements so far, current challenges and prospects for further Polish-Chinese cooperation in the institutional, logistics and infrastructural, trade, investment and financial dimensions, and people-to-people contacts as well. Design/Methodology/Approach: Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to achieve the above-mentioned objectives. Findings: The authors identify and assess the main areas of Poland's activity in the BRI. They also point out potential solutions to the main problems related to Poland benefiting by this project. Practical Implications: Solutions falling within the scope of logistics and infrastructure can be quickly implemented and in a short time give an answer to the bottleneck problem within the BRI. Originality/Value: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Poland-China relations in the context of the BRI and Poland's engagement in the BRI. In this paper, the authors describe institutional, logistics and infrastructural, trade, investment, financial and people-to-people relations between China and Poland.
European Research Studies Journal, 2020
Purpose: The research aims to examine the scope, nature and strength of the EU's relations with C... more Purpose: The research aims to examine the scope, nature and strength of the EU's relations with China and the United States, under new circumstances created by the development of the Belt and Road Initiative. Design/Methodology/Approach: In pursuance of the goals, three main research fields were identified. The first part of the research covers the EU-China relationship with special regard to the Belt and Road Initiative development. The second part concentrates on the transatlantic relationship under the specific terms of Sino-American competition. The third section is devoted to measuring the strength of economic ties between the EU with China and the U.S. The multidimensional analysis of the EU-China and the EU-U.S. bilateral cooperation is conducted within the framework of the geoeconomic theory. The main tool used in the first and second part of the research is a literature analysis whereas to reflect the strength of geoeconomic relations between the countries geoeconomic vulnerability indicators were employed. Findings: The BRI is an instrument promoting China's model for international economic cooperation, giving an advantage to the Chinese state and commercial enterprises at the expense of the U.S. and other partners of the EU. Although China has an advantage in terms of trade, its FDI is yet to catch up with those from the U.S. However, as China consistently increases trade and investments in the EU countries, its geoeconomic and geopolitical influence in the region may definitely increase. Practical Implications: The proposed set of indicators can be used to assess and monitor the strength and nature of bilateral relations between countries from a geoeconomic perspective. Originality/Value: The article provides a comprehensive and multidimensional analysis of the current EU-China-U.S. relations in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. In this paper, the authors examine relations between the above mentioned countries by means of a geoeconomic approach.
Books by Luiza Kostecka-Tomaszewska
The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Geoeconomic Expansion Instrument, 2018
This monograph aims to advance the understanding of how China is building its new image – that of... more This monograph aims to advance the understanding of how China is
building its new image – that of a global power – via a broad and challenging scheme of international cooperation.
The first chapter gives an overview of the Belt & Road Initiative. It begins
by defining the scope of the BRI in its two dimensions: the overland Silk Road Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century. Next, the reasons why China decided to give up its traditional policy of non-engagement and turn to extensive multifaceted cooperation are identified. The chapter then moves to consider the wide spectrum of instruments and mechanisms employed in order to target China’s strategic interests, ending with an indication of the first implications of the Belt & Road challenge.
Chapter 2 explores the motives behind the Belt & Road Initiative from the initiator’s perspective. Special attention is given to the engagement of Chinese provinces in the Belt & Road Initiative, and the economic consequences of this. The chapter ends with a concise review of the main achievements in the area of Chinese OFDI flows in the last five years.
Chapters 3, 4 and 5 discuss specific examples of Belt & Road initiatives broken down by continent. In Chapter 3, Chinese engagement in Central
and South Asia is surveyed. Firstly a contemporary political and economic image of post-Soviet Central Asia is drawn, focusing on the roles of historical legacy and natural resources, and how they shape international perception of and activities aimed at the region. Next the role of Central Asia in Beijing’s foreign policy is studied, with special focus given to the economic, social and political determinants of Chinese strategic choices. The chapter then outlines the importance of access to energy resources as the key determinant of the Belt & Road concept. The last two subsections deal with the role of China’s strategic regional partners – Russia, India and Pakistan – in Beijing’s foreign policy, with special attention paid to the rivalry in the regional China-India-Pakistan triangle.
Chapter 4 surveys the new strategic partnership between China and European countries. The chapter begins with the presentation of the institutional framework for Sino-European political and economic cooperation, including the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), the EU-China Summits and the China-Central Eastern Europe Summit (16+1 Summit). The chapter analyses relations between China and Eastern as well as Western European countries, and outlines the main trends in economic cooperation since the beginning of the Belt & Road Initiative. Polish participation in the venture is merely augmented, as it lies beyond the scope of this monograph and deserves further study.
Chapter 5 starts by examining the background of relations between China and African and Middle Eastern countries and concludes with the results achieved by the Belt & Road Initiative in the Sub-Saharan region, the Middle East and North Africa. Both aspects of bilateral cooperation are assessed: China’s outbound direct investment flow, and also construction contracts signed and fulfilled by Chinese companies.
The authors based their analysis on available literature from Polish and
foreign sources. Chinese primary sources, known for their propagandist
overtone, were used in order to provide a reliable basis of analysis.
Results of the analysis are presented in descriptive, tabular and graphic form.
Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa, Dec 31, 2022
Energies
The energy crisis in Europe in 2022 and its consequences have brought changes to approaches towar... more The energy crisis in Europe in 2022 and its consequences have brought changes to approaches towards the issue of energy security, energy policy, and the ability to react to crisis phenomena in the energy market in a short period of time. European countries that are dependent on Russian fossil fuels have faced numerous dilemmas and challenges in 2022. This paper aims to analyse the instruments and energy policies introduced as the reactions of European countries, specifically with the examples of Poland and Germany, to the ongoing fossil fuel crisis in the context of a short period. Due to the specificity of the energy market, the countries’ energy policies mainly concern long- and medium-term goals. In 2022, there was an unprecedented situation in which many European countries had to make significant changes to their fossil fuel imports quickly. We analyse and evaluate how two European countries that are heavily reliant on imported energy resources responded in a short time to the n...
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2019
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2021
Optimum. Economic Studies, 2018
EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL, 2020
European Research Studies Journal, 2021
Purpose: The research aims to examine China's economic activities around the world from the broad... more Purpose: The research aims to examine China's economic activities around the world from the broad perspective of the country's economic security. The authors begin with explaining the concept of economic statecraft and then deal with the analysis of the Chinese overseas economic expansion. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main tools used to achieve the objectives mentioned above include a literature analysis, logical reasoning and statistical research. Findings: The last decades have revealed a new pattern in global economic cooperation. The Belt and Road Initiative turned out to be a successful instrument supporting China's economic growth and deepening international economic cooperation and interdependence. The BRI project allows China not only to secure access to supplies and markets but also strengthen its soft power and gives the possibility to build a powerful network of interconnected countries, independent from the Western powers, willingly cooperating with China in every field. Practical Implications: The research results are helpful to realise the extend and importance of the Belt and Road Initiative in China's economic statecraft and indicate potential fields for future international cooperation under the BRI. As close economic cooperation under the BRI can have significant consequences for China and all countries covered by this project, all partners have to be aware of the complexity of their involvement in this initiative and the pros and cons of such interdependence. Originality/Value: The Belt and Road Initiative is a novel form of broad international cooperation. Thus it deserves special attention and research. The research concerns an economic dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative and provides a comprehensive analysis of China's worldwide economic expansion.
Optimum. Economic Studies, 2018
Goal-The aims of the research are to identify the most significant internal and external factors ... more Goal-The aims of the research are to identify the most significant internal and external factors affecting the economic security of China and assess the importance of the Belt and Road Initiative for China's future development. Research methodology-In order to organize internal and external determinants of economic security of China, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was applied. Moreover, an important element of the research process was an attempt to verify hypothesis that the Belt and Road Initiative is a key instrument of China's economic security strategy. Score-China has transformed from a poor rural country into one of the main economic powers as a result of the economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s. However, we can observe that the economy of China is slowing down. In order to ensure economic security and maintain a stable economic growth as well as avoid the middle income trap China has introduced the Belt and Road Initiative. Since its announcement, the concept has been gradually gaining in importance and has finally become the key instrument of the Chinese foreign policy and a major element of economic development strategy. The main motive behind this project is to develop transport and energy infrastructure which will allow China to gain access to natural resources and new markets. An efficient transport network will facilitate trade, while energy infrastructure will prevent problems with energy and resource supply, which the Chinese economy needs. The Belt and Road Initiative is a way of boosting economic development of China through improving infrastructure from Asia to Africa and Europe and the establishment of trade links among all partner countries. The New Silk Road concept aims to use the advantages of the Chinese economy and the states participating in the initiative to stimulate its economic growth. Therefore, it is a strategy of providing long-term economic security. Originality/value-The paper raises the issue of the Chinese economic security understood as a long-term ability of the economy to achieve a relatively fast and sustainable economic growth. In this paper, the author defines the concept of economic security and with the help of SWOT analysis presents the strengths and weaknesses of China's economy as well as opportunities and possible threats to its stability. Moreover, the paper includes comprehensive analysis of China's motives behind the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of economic security of China.
European Research Studies Journal, 2019
Purpose: The research aims to analyse mutual relations between Poland and China in the context of... more Purpose: The research aims to analyse mutual relations between Poland and China in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess Poland's involvement in this China-led project and identify the most significant factors affecting the cooperation between both countries. The multidimensional analysis is based on a set of criteria, which are in line with the BRI's focus areas. The article discusses the achievements so far, current challenges and prospects for further Polish-Chinese cooperation in the institutional, logistics and infrastructural, trade, investment and financial dimensions, and people-to-people contacts as well. Design/Methodology/Approach: Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to achieve the above-mentioned objectives. Findings: The authors identify and assess the main areas of Poland's activity in the BRI. They also point out potential solutions to the main problems related to Poland benefiting by this project. Practical Implications: Solutions falling within the scope of logistics and infrastructure can be quickly implemented and in a short time give an answer to the bottleneck problem within the BRI. Originality/Value: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Poland-China relations in the context of the BRI and Poland's engagement in the BRI. In this paper, the authors describe institutional, logistics and infrastructural, trade, investment, financial and people-to-people relations between China and Poland.
European Research Studies Journal, 2020
Purpose: The research aims to examine the scope, nature and strength of the EU's relations with C... more Purpose: The research aims to examine the scope, nature and strength of the EU's relations with China and the United States, under new circumstances created by the development of the Belt and Road Initiative. Design/Methodology/Approach: In pursuance of the goals, three main research fields were identified. The first part of the research covers the EU-China relationship with special regard to the Belt and Road Initiative development. The second part concentrates on the transatlantic relationship under the specific terms of Sino-American competition. The third section is devoted to measuring the strength of economic ties between the EU with China and the U.S. The multidimensional analysis of the EU-China and the EU-U.S. bilateral cooperation is conducted within the framework of the geoeconomic theory. The main tool used in the first and second part of the research is a literature analysis whereas to reflect the strength of geoeconomic relations between the countries geoeconomic vulnerability indicators were employed. Findings: The BRI is an instrument promoting China's model for international economic cooperation, giving an advantage to the Chinese state and commercial enterprises at the expense of the U.S. and other partners of the EU. Although China has an advantage in terms of trade, its FDI is yet to catch up with those from the U.S. However, as China consistently increases trade and investments in the EU countries, its geoeconomic and geopolitical influence in the region may definitely increase. Practical Implications: The proposed set of indicators can be used to assess and monitor the strength and nature of bilateral relations between countries from a geoeconomic perspective. Originality/Value: The article provides a comprehensive and multidimensional analysis of the current EU-China-U.S. relations in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. In this paper, the authors examine relations between the above mentioned countries by means of a geoeconomic approach.
The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Geoeconomic Expansion Instrument, 2018
This monograph aims to advance the understanding of how China is building its new image – that of... more This monograph aims to advance the understanding of how China is
building its new image – that of a global power – via a broad and challenging scheme of international cooperation.
The first chapter gives an overview of the Belt & Road Initiative. It begins
by defining the scope of the BRI in its two dimensions: the overland Silk Road Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century. Next, the reasons why China decided to give up its traditional policy of non-engagement and turn to extensive multifaceted cooperation are identified. The chapter then moves to consider the wide spectrum of instruments and mechanisms employed in order to target China’s strategic interests, ending with an indication of the first implications of the Belt & Road challenge.
Chapter 2 explores the motives behind the Belt & Road Initiative from the initiator’s perspective. Special attention is given to the engagement of Chinese provinces in the Belt & Road Initiative, and the economic consequences of this. The chapter ends with a concise review of the main achievements in the area of Chinese OFDI flows in the last five years.
Chapters 3, 4 and 5 discuss specific examples of Belt & Road initiatives broken down by continent. In Chapter 3, Chinese engagement in Central
and South Asia is surveyed. Firstly a contemporary political and economic image of post-Soviet Central Asia is drawn, focusing on the roles of historical legacy and natural resources, and how they shape international perception of and activities aimed at the region. Next the role of Central Asia in Beijing’s foreign policy is studied, with special focus given to the economic, social and political determinants of Chinese strategic choices. The chapter then outlines the importance of access to energy resources as the key determinant of the Belt & Road concept. The last two subsections deal with the role of China’s strategic regional partners – Russia, India and Pakistan – in Beijing’s foreign policy, with special attention paid to the rivalry in the regional China-India-Pakistan triangle.
Chapter 4 surveys the new strategic partnership between China and European countries. The chapter begins with the presentation of the institutional framework for Sino-European political and economic cooperation, including the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), the EU-China Summits and the China-Central Eastern Europe Summit (16+1 Summit). The chapter analyses relations between China and Eastern as well as Western European countries, and outlines the main trends in economic cooperation since the beginning of the Belt & Road Initiative. Polish participation in the venture is merely augmented, as it lies beyond the scope of this monograph and deserves further study.
Chapter 5 starts by examining the background of relations between China and African and Middle Eastern countries and concludes with the results achieved by the Belt & Road Initiative in the Sub-Saharan region, the Middle East and North Africa. Both aspects of bilateral cooperation are assessed: China’s outbound direct investment flow, and also construction contracts signed and fulfilled by Chinese companies.
The authors based their analysis on available literature from Polish and
foreign sources. Chinese primary sources, known for their propagandist
overtone, were used in order to provide a reliable basis of analysis.
Results of the analysis are presented in descriptive, tabular and graphic form.