Sebastian Przybyszewski | University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (original) (raw)

Papers by Sebastian Przybyszewski

Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya

In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and pre... more In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy (All didn’t add suger to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".

The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of v... more The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of verbal multi-word units. Moreover, a concept of a digital inflectional dictionary of paradigms of Polish multi-word units is presented. From the functional perspective, the verbal phraseological units fulfill the role of a verb in a sentence. They are also inflected as standard verbs. Sometimes they inherit the paradigm of a funding verb yet sometimes they have some additional constraints of grammatical, semantic or pragmatic nature. Thus, the paradigm of a verb and the paradigm of a verbal multi-word unit based on this verb may differ significantly.

LingVaria, 2021

Aesthetic Acts of Speech as a Subject of Pragmalinguistics: Status, Functions, Forms. Part 1 In t... more Aesthetic Acts of Speech as a Subject of Pragmalinguistics: Status, Functions, Forms. Part 1 In the paper, the status and features of aesthetic speech acts are discussed. They are a research phenomenon at the junction of two disciplines: pragmatics and stylistics. The authors treat aesthetic speech acts as these kinds of speech acts that are produced by the sender with an intention to make the receiver have an aesthetic experience, however, they are not limited solely to the field of literature. No performative verbs can be ascribed to them, therefore they may be categorized as indirect stimulating acts. Moreover, the aesthetic function performed by such speech acts is frequently accompanied by other linguistic functions.

VERBEL, czyli s\u0142ownik paradygmat\xf3w polskich frazeologizm\xf3w czasownikowych, zosta\u0142... more VERBEL, czyli s\u0142ownik paradygmat\xf3w polskich frazeologizm\xf3w czasownikowych, zosta\u0142 stworzony przez troje j\u0119zykoznawc\xf3w z Instytutu Polonistyki i Logopedii Uniwersytetu Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie (Iwon\u0119 Kosek, Monik\u0119 Czerepowick\u0105 i Sebastiana Przybyszewskiego), przy wsp\xf3\u0142udziale dwu innych os\xf3b: Katarzyny Witkowskiej, doktorantki IPiL, oraz Piotra Sikory, tw\xf3rcy programu Werbos\u0142aw, w kt\xf3rym s\u0142ownik jest zapisany. W ramach przyj\u0119tych za\u0142o\u017ce\u0144 metodologicznych VERBEL podaje zas\xf3b form fleksyjnych ponad pi\u0119ciotysi\u0119cznej grupy czasownikowych zwi\u0105zk\xf3w frazeologicznych, uwzgl\u0119dniaj\u0105c te\u017c inne cechy, zw\u0142aszcza aspekt, znaczenie i ograniczenia w u\u017cyciu form. Dost\u0119pny jest w postaci pliku obs\u0142ugiwanego przez aplikacj\u0119 Werbos\u0142aw.

The article is devoted to a general presentation of interferences beetwen context and different k... more The article is devoted to a general presentation of interferences beetwen context and different kinds of ambiguity and indirectness in communication. O. Komunikacja międzyludzka jest procesem ogromnie skomplikowanym, który domaga się od interlokutorów nieustannego stawiania hipotez, co do tego, ile wie rozmówca, a potem weryfikowania ich w miarę postępowania dyskursu (Blakemore 1992, 19 n.). Założenia co do intencji i wiedzy nadawcy czy odbiorcy raz okazują się prawdziwe, a innym razem każą szukać innej interpretacji językowego zachowania partnera rozmowy. Na dobrą sprawę nigdy nie mamy absolutnej pewności, że zostaniemy prawidłowo zrozumiani. W procesach percepcji komunikatów, przetwarzania informacji, inferencji, poszukiwania wspólnej płaszczyzny z rozmówcą niezwykle istotną rolę pełni kontekst rozumiany zarówno jako bezpośrednie otoczenie językowe, jak i konsytuacja. Jednocześnie za truizm może uchodzić stwierdzenie, że znaczenie danej wypowiedzi ulega zmianie na skutek zmiany kontekstu, w jakim zostanie ona użyta 2. Wszak, by zrozumieć wypowiedź, nie wystarcza samo przypisanie słowom sensów, trzeba jeszcze przypisać im odpowiednią referencję, a więc określić kontekst, do którego się one odnoszą 3. Językoznawcy często nie uwzględniają kontekstu przy badaniach wypowiedzi, by zachować czystość metody. Warto jednak zauważyć za Oswaldem Ducrotem 4 , że samo stwierdzenie, iż sytuacja nie interesuje lingwisty, nawet jeśli bada on wypowiedzi w ogólności, a nie poszczególne akty wypowiedzi, stawia go w trudnym położeniu. W jaki bowiem sposób ma opisać wypowiedź bez wyjaśnienia, jakie cechy przyjmuje ona w różnych okolicznościach? Słyszy się niekiedy zarzut, że jakieś zdanie zostało wyrwane z kontekstu albo że nie można czegoś oceniać poza kontekstem, w którym to miało miejsce. Mówiąc o zdaniu wyjętym z kontekstu, mamy oczywiście na myśli pewną całość, informację, która zmienia swoje znaczenie, jeżeli jest wyrwana z okoliczności, w jakich została powołana do istnienia. Są jednak niekiedy i takie sytuacje,

LingVaria

On liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to count every penny’ in the context of limiting lexical units Th... more On liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to count every penny’ in the context of limiting lexical units The article discusses the status of the string liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to spend money carefully, to count every penny’, lit. ‘to reckon with every penny’. The authors quote numerous instances from the Polish corpus, and claim that the formal and functional features of this expression indicate that its status is different from what can be gathered from dictionaries of Polish where it is treated as a variant of the multiword expression liczyć się z groszem. Opposing this claim, we indicate another meaning of the linguistic unit liczyć się z czymś, one not noted in dictionaries: ‘to dispose of something carefully’; accordingly, the strings liczyć się z groszem and liczyć się z każdym groszem are treated as instantiations of this unit.

Język Polski, 2020

On the use of general quantification operators in negative sentences In the article, the issue o... more On the use of general quantification operators in negative sentences

In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. "Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy" (All didn’t add sugar to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".

Prace Filologiczne, 2017

The authors discuss negation in Polish verbal multi-word units seen from a grammatical and lexico... more The authors discuss negation in Polish verbal multi-word units seen from a grammatical and lexicographic perspective. The analyzed units are taken from contemporary dictionaries of Polish (especially Inny słownik języka polskiego and Wielki słownik języka polskiego) as well as from the National Corpus of Polish. It is indicated that negation may appear in sentences containing verbal multiword units in three different
ways: either formally, where the particle nie (‘not’) stands directly in front of a verbal component, or next to a verbal component higher in a sentence structure, or pragmatically (not expressed explicitly by any negating word but assumed from context). Moreover, the authors refer to the theory of polarity discussing the possibility of treating
the analyzed verbal multiword units as examples of Negative Polarity Items.

The author of the article outlines the issues of communicating with a foreign student during a le... more The author of the article outlines the issues of communicating with a foreign student during a lesson of Polish as a foreign language. He begins with giving the reasons why using a target language in communication with students is of a crucial importance even in the very first lessons in Polish. Then he presents different types of lexis, the phenomenon of interference and he classifies the means of verbal and non-verbal communication that may be used by a teacher during a lesson of Polish as a second language to explain new vocabulary or to clarify grammatical problems. The possible structures of a teacher’s message as well as the means of communication are analysed and the choice of appropriate or not accurate means of communication in certain situations are discussed. The communication between the teacher and the student is presented in accordance with inferential models of communication (P.H. Grice, neo-gricean models, relevance theory), i.e. such communication which is a process of transmitting and reading the speaker’s intention and so called mind-reading. The theoretical discussion is accompanied by numerous instances illustrating the techniques which may be used to explain new language units.

The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of v... more The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of verbal multi-word units. Moreover, a concept of a digital inflectional dictionary of paradigms of Polish multi-word units is presented. From the functional perspective, the verbal phraseological units fulfill the role of a verb in a sentence. They are also inflected as standard verbs. Sometimes they inherit the paradigm of a funding verb yet sometimes they have some additional constraints of grammatical, semantic or pragmatic nature. Thus, the paradigm of a verb and the paradigm of a verbal multi-word unit based on this verb may differ significantly.

Oblicza prawdy w filozofii, kulturze, języku, pod red. A. Kiklewicza i E. Starzyńskiej-Kościuszko, Olsztyn 2014, s. 177-185.

The current article concerns so-called loose talk or loose use of language. The term is defined a... more The current article concerns so-called loose talk or loose use of language. The term is defined and presented in various pragmatic theories. The author is dealing with the truth value of loose statements showing how context influences the way of interpretation of such utterances. Moreover, some paradoxical properties of loose talk are discussed.

The problem of silence in communication is discussed. Different types of being silent are taken i... more The problem of silence in communication is discussed. Different types of being silent are taken into consideration. It is pointed out that silence treated as a way of communication is a complex issue and many linguists trying to determine the nature of silence and its role in communication tend to describe the phenomenon in very vague, general statements, sometimes even limiting themselves to nothing but comments on sayings or famous quotations. The author tries to indicate which of those remarks are justified from a linguistic point of view. Moreover, the semantic and pragmatic features of the Polish lexemes MILCZENIE (silence), MILCZEĆ (to be silent) and some other notions, that are relatively frequently coupled and sometimes actually confused with the mentioned lexemes, are examined.

Dealing with various manifestations of parole, the linguist is frequently put in a situation when... more Dealing with various manifestations of parole, the linguist is frequently put in a situation when he endeavours to indicate functions of a certain utterance. In the literature of the subject one comes across many opinions where linguistic functions are implicitly or explicitly identified with the notion of intention or illocutionary force. In the present article the issue of the relation between above mentioned terms is analysed. It is claimed that the notion 'intention' may not be fully replaced by linguistic function. It is also argued that one can look at linguistic functions from two perspectives: as the speaker and as the audience.

The article aims at presenting the relation between the implicit content of the utterance and the... more The article aims at presenting the relation between the implicit content of the utterance and the communicative context. The author puts forward a hypothesis that the more rich is the context acknowledged by interlocutors, the more implicit can be the uttered message. Such a claim seems to be intuitively acceptable. However, when one examines both terms (i.e. implicitness and context) separately, paying attention to the real utterances, it proves that the hypothesis should be limited by some premises. The author details categories of utterances which always must be interpreted considering context. Furthermore, the notion of implicitness is examined from both Gricean theory of implicatures and Ducrot’s theory of présupposées and sous-entendu point of view. The types of implicit utterances are described. Finally, the ambiguity of the notion 'context' is presented and, following Recanati, two kinds of context of utterance are distinguished.

PRACE JEZYKOZNAWCZE XI, Jan 1, 2009

Prace Językoznawcze XII, Jan 1, 2010

Two perspectives of conceiving context are described. The first is represented by objective state... more Two perspectives of conceiving context are described. The first is represented by objective state of affairs and the second by mental states in the mind of interlocutors. The notion of 'common ground' is discussed with focus on its subjective character. On the base of that term a model of context is constructed. According to observations made in the article, the common ground as it is widely perceived in the literature of subject is purely theoretical notion, which corresponds to neither speaker’s nor audience’s point of view. Moreover, the author is arguing that both objectively and subjectively understood contexts are indispensable and both should be taken into consideration in the analysis of speech acts.

Prace Językoznawcze X

In the paper, some types of advice run in institutional press from the beginning of the XIX centu... more In the paper, some types of advice run in institutional press from the beginning of the XIX century are analyzed, i.e. medical, veterinary and agricultural. The article aims to present how the context influenced the register of the texts.

Aspekty komunikacji w kształceniu polonistycznym, pod red. J. Krawczyka i R. Makarewicz, Olsztyn 2010, s. 231-243.

Le Polonais, une langue imprononçable?... Uwagi o konwencjach transkrypcyjnych stosowanych w rozm... more Le Polonais, une langue imprononçable?... Uwagi o konwencjach transkrypcyjnych stosowanych w rozmówkach polskich dla cudzoziemców Czy język polski jest dla obcokrajowców rzeczywiście nie do wymówienia? Francuską część tytułu niniejszego tekstu zaczerpnąłem ze wstępu do rozmówek Assimila dla Francuzów (Le Polonais 2004: 1) 1 . Choć ma on postać pytania, odzwierciedla powszechną opinię na temat naszego języka. Chciałbym, przez pryzmat bardzo specyficznego wydawnictwa, którym są rozmówki, przedstawić stosowane w nich sposoby notacji polskiej wymowy z odniesieniem do pewnych trudności, jakie mają cudzoziemcy z artykulacją dźwięków języka polskiego. Rozmówki są skierowane do konkretnego odbiorcy znajdującego się w sprecyzowanej sytuacji komunikacyjnej -korzysta się z nich po to, aby w potrzebie (np. na lotnisku, w hotelu, w restauracji) wypowiedzieć prosty komunikat, który pomoże rozwiązać doraźny problem. Stąd też nie są one pisane jako systematyczny podręcznik języka obcego. Powinny zawierać niezbędne informacje i być na tyle przejrzyste, aby po krótkim czasie potrzebnym do zapoznania się z przyjętą w nich konwencją, można było z nich w miarę sprawnie korzystać. Jako że systemy fonetyczne poszczególnych języków nie są tożsame, potrzebny jest jakiś sposób podania wymowy. Na początku rozmówek są więc objaśnienia co do przyjętej konwencji zapisu wymowy i fonetycznych ekwiwalentów liter używanych w danym języku. Budowa rozmówek jest standardowa -pogrupowane sytuacyjnie przykłady najpotrzebniejszych pytań i odpowiedzi jak również słownictwo ułożone tematycznie oraz najczęściej dodatkowy słowniczek na końcu książki. Czasem umieszcza się także jako appendix krótki komentarz gramatyczny, podający podstawowe informacje o systemie gramatycznym danego języka obcego.

Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya

In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and pre... more In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy (All didn’t add suger to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".

The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of v... more The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of verbal multi-word units. Moreover, a concept of a digital inflectional dictionary of paradigms of Polish multi-word units is presented. From the functional perspective, the verbal phraseological units fulfill the role of a verb in a sentence. They are also inflected as standard verbs. Sometimes they inherit the paradigm of a funding verb yet sometimes they have some additional constraints of grammatical, semantic or pragmatic nature. Thus, the paradigm of a verb and the paradigm of a verbal multi-word unit based on this verb may differ significantly.

LingVaria, 2021

Aesthetic Acts of Speech as a Subject of Pragmalinguistics: Status, Functions, Forms. Part 1 In t... more Aesthetic Acts of Speech as a Subject of Pragmalinguistics: Status, Functions, Forms. Part 1 In the paper, the status and features of aesthetic speech acts are discussed. They are a research phenomenon at the junction of two disciplines: pragmatics and stylistics. The authors treat aesthetic speech acts as these kinds of speech acts that are produced by the sender with an intention to make the receiver have an aesthetic experience, however, they are not limited solely to the field of literature. No performative verbs can be ascribed to them, therefore they may be categorized as indirect stimulating acts. Moreover, the aesthetic function performed by such speech acts is frequently accompanied by other linguistic functions.

VERBEL, czyli s\u0142ownik paradygmat\xf3w polskich frazeologizm\xf3w czasownikowych, zosta\u0142... more VERBEL, czyli s\u0142ownik paradygmat\xf3w polskich frazeologizm\xf3w czasownikowych, zosta\u0142 stworzony przez troje j\u0119zykoznawc\xf3w z Instytutu Polonistyki i Logopedii Uniwersytetu Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie (Iwon\u0119 Kosek, Monik\u0119 Czerepowick\u0105 i Sebastiana Przybyszewskiego), przy wsp\xf3\u0142udziale dwu innych os\xf3b: Katarzyny Witkowskiej, doktorantki IPiL, oraz Piotra Sikory, tw\xf3rcy programu Werbos\u0142aw, w kt\xf3rym s\u0142ownik jest zapisany. W ramach przyj\u0119tych za\u0142o\u017ce\u0144 metodologicznych VERBEL podaje zas\xf3b form fleksyjnych ponad pi\u0119ciotysi\u0119cznej grupy czasownikowych zwi\u0105zk\xf3w frazeologicznych, uwzgl\u0119dniaj\u0105c te\u017c inne cechy, zw\u0142aszcza aspekt, znaczenie i ograniczenia w u\u017cyciu form. Dost\u0119pny jest w postaci pliku obs\u0142ugiwanego przez aplikacj\u0119 Werbos\u0142aw.

The article is devoted to a general presentation of interferences beetwen context and different k... more The article is devoted to a general presentation of interferences beetwen context and different kinds of ambiguity and indirectness in communication. O. Komunikacja międzyludzka jest procesem ogromnie skomplikowanym, który domaga się od interlokutorów nieustannego stawiania hipotez, co do tego, ile wie rozmówca, a potem weryfikowania ich w miarę postępowania dyskursu (Blakemore 1992, 19 n.). Założenia co do intencji i wiedzy nadawcy czy odbiorcy raz okazują się prawdziwe, a innym razem każą szukać innej interpretacji językowego zachowania partnera rozmowy. Na dobrą sprawę nigdy nie mamy absolutnej pewności, że zostaniemy prawidłowo zrozumiani. W procesach percepcji komunikatów, przetwarzania informacji, inferencji, poszukiwania wspólnej płaszczyzny z rozmówcą niezwykle istotną rolę pełni kontekst rozumiany zarówno jako bezpośrednie otoczenie językowe, jak i konsytuacja. Jednocześnie za truizm może uchodzić stwierdzenie, że znaczenie danej wypowiedzi ulega zmianie na skutek zmiany kontekstu, w jakim zostanie ona użyta 2. Wszak, by zrozumieć wypowiedź, nie wystarcza samo przypisanie słowom sensów, trzeba jeszcze przypisać im odpowiednią referencję, a więc określić kontekst, do którego się one odnoszą 3. Językoznawcy często nie uwzględniają kontekstu przy badaniach wypowiedzi, by zachować czystość metody. Warto jednak zauważyć za Oswaldem Ducrotem 4 , że samo stwierdzenie, iż sytuacja nie interesuje lingwisty, nawet jeśli bada on wypowiedzi w ogólności, a nie poszczególne akty wypowiedzi, stawia go w trudnym położeniu. W jaki bowiem sposób ma opisać wypowiedź bez wyjaśnienia, jakie cechy przyjmuje ona w różnych okolicznościach? Słyszy się niekiedy zarzut, że jakieś zdanie zostało wyrwane z kontekstu albo że nie można czegoś oceniać poza kontekstem, w którym to miało miejsce. Mówiąc o zdaniu wyjętym z kontekstu, mamy oczywiście na myśli pewną całość, informację, która zmienia swoje znaczenie, jeżeli jest wyrwana z okoliczności, w jakich została powołana do istnienia. Są jednak niekiedy i takie sytuacje,

LingVaria

On liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to count every penny’ in the context of limiting lexical units Th... more On liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to count every penny’ in the context of limiting lexical units The article discusses the status of the string liczyć się z każdym groszem ‘to spend money carefully, to count every penny’, lit. ‘to reckon with every penny’. The authors quote numerous instances from the Polish corpus, and claim that the formal and functional features of this expression indicate that its status is different from what can be gathered from dictionaries of Polish where it is treated as a variant of the multiword expression liczyć się z groszem. Opposing this claim, we indicate another meaning of the linguistic unit liczyć się z czymś, one not noted in dictionaries: ‘to dispose of something carefully’; accordingly, the strings liczyć się z groszem and liczyć się z każdym groszem are treated as instantiations of this unit.

Język Polski, 2020

On the use of general quantification operators in negative sentences In the article, the issue o... more On the use of general quantification operators in negative sentences

In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. "Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy" (All didn’t add sugar to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".

Prace Filologiczne, 2017

The authors discuss negation in Polish verbal multi-word units seen from a grammatical and lexico... more The authors discuss negation in Polish verbal multi-word units seen from a grammatical and lexicographic perspective. The analyzed units are taken from contemporary dictionaries of Polish (especially Inny słownik języka polskiego and Wielki słownik języka polskiego) as well as from the National Corpus of Polish. It is indicated that negation may appear in sentences containing verbal multiword units in three different
ways: either formally, where the particle nie (‘not’) stands directly in front of a verbal component, or next to a verbal component higher in a sentence structure, or pragmatically (not expressed explicitly by any negating word but assumed from context). Moreover, the authors refer to the theory of polarity discussing the possibility of treating
the analyzed verbal multiword units as examples of Negative Polarity Items.

The author of the article outlines the issues of communicating with a foreign student during a le... more The author of the article outlines the issues of communicating with a foreign student during a lesson of Polish as a foreign language. He begins with giving the reasons why using a target language in communication with students is of a crucial importance even in the very first lessons in Polish. Then he presents different types of lexis, the phenomenon of interference and he classifies the means of verbal and non-verbal communication that may be used by a teacher during a lesson of Polish as a second language to explain new vocabulary or to clarify grammatical problems. The possible structures of a teacher’s message as well as the means of communication are analysed and the choice of appropriate or not accurate means of communication in certain situations are discussed. The communication between the teacher and the student is presented in accordance with inferential models of communication (P.H. Grice, neo-gricean models, relevance theory), i.e. such communication which is a process of transmitting and reading the speaker’s intention and so called mind-reading. The theoretical discussion is accompanied by numerous instances illustrating the techniques which may be used to explain new language units.

The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of v... more The paper aims at indicating some basic problems connected with the description of paradigms of verbal multi-word units. Moreover, a concept of a digital inflectional dictionary of paradigms of Polish multi-word units is presented. From the functional perspective, the verbal phraseological units fulfill the role of a verb in a sentence. They are also inflected as standard verbs. Sometimes they inherit the paradigm of a funding verb yet sometimes they have some additional constraints of grammatical, semantic or pragmatic nature. Thus, the paradigm of a verb and the paradigm of a verbal multi-word unit based on this verb may differ significantly.

Oblicza prawdy w filozofii, kulturze, języku, pod red. A. Kiklewicza i E. Starzyńskiej-Kościuszko, Olsztyn 2014, s. 177-185.

The current article concerns so-called loose talk or loose use of language. The term is defined a... more The current article concerns so-called loose talk or loose use of language. The term is defined and presented in various pragmatic theories. The author is dealing with the truth value of loose statements showing how context influences the way of interpretation of such utterances. Moreover, some paradoxical properties of loose talk are discussed.

The problem of silence in communication is discussed. Different types of being silent are taken i... more The problem of silence in communication is discussed. Different types of being silent are taken into consideration. It is pointed out that silence treated as a way of communication is a complex issue and many linguists trying to determine the nature of silence and its role in communication tend to describe the phenomenon in very vague, general statements, sometimes even limiting themselves to nothing but comments on sayings or famous quotations. The author tries to indicate which of those remarks are justified from a linguistic point of view. Moreover, the semantic and pragmatic features of the Polish lexemes MILCZENIE (silence), MILCZEĆ (to be silent) and some other notions, that are relatively frequently coupled and sometimes actually confused with the mentioned lexemes, are examined.

Dealing with various manifestations of parole, the linguist is frequently put in a situation when... more Dealing with various manifestations of parole, the linguist is frequently put in a situation when he endeavours to indicate functions of a certain utterance. In the literature of the subject one comes across many opinions where linguistic functions are implicitly or explicitly identified with the notion of intention or illocutionary force. In the present article the issue of the relation between above mentioned terms is analysed. It is claimed that the notion 'intention' may not be fully replaced by linguistic function. It is also argued that one can look at linguistic functions from two perspectives: as the speaker and as the audience.

The article aims at presenting the relation between the implicit content of the utterance and the... more The article aims at presenting the relation between the implicit content of the utterance and the communicative context. The author puts forward a hypothesis that the more rich is the context acknowledged by interlocutors, the more implicit can be the uttered message. Such a claim seems to be intuitively acceptable. However, when one examines both terms (i.e. implicitness and context) separately, paying attention to the real utterances, it proves that the hypothesis should be limited by some premises. The author details categories of utterances which always must be interpreted considering context. Furthermore, the notion of implicitness is examined from both Gricean theory of implicatures and Ducrot’s theory of présupposées and sous-entendu point of view. The types of implicit utterances are described. Finally, the ambiguity of the notion 'context' is presented and, following Recanati, two kinds of context of utterance are distinguished.

PRACE JEZYKOZNAWCZE XI, Jan 1, 2009

Prace Językoznawcze XII, Jan 1, 2010

Two perspectives of conceiving context are described. The first is represented by objective state... more Two perspectives of conceiving context are described. The first is represented by objective state of affairs and the second by mental states in the mind of interlocutors. The notion of 'common ground' is discussed with focus on its subjective character. On the base of that term a model of context is constructed. According to observations made in the article, the common ground as it is widely perceived in the literature of subject is purely theoretical notion, which corresponds to neither speaker’s nor audience’s point of view. Moreover, the author is arguing that both objectively and subjectively understood contexts are indispensable and both should be taken into consideration in the analysis of speech acts.

Prace Językoznawcze X

In the paper, some types of advice run in institutional press from the beginning of the XIX centu... more In the paper, some types of advice run in institutional press from the beginning of the XIX century are analyzed, i.e. medical, veterinary and agricultural. The article aims to present how the context influenced the register of the texts.

Aspekty komunikacji w kształceniu polonistycznym, pod red. J. Krawczyka i R. Makarewicz, Olsztyn 2010, s. 231-243.

Le Polonais, une langue imprononçable?... Uwagi o konwencjach transkrypcyjnych stosowanych w rozm... more Le Polonais, une langue imprononçable?... Uwagi o konwencjach transkrypcyjnych stosowanych w rozmówkach polskich dla cudzoziemców Czy język polski jest dla obcokrajowców rzeczywiście nie do wymówienia? Francuską część tytułu niniejszego tekstu zaczerpnąłem ze wstępu do rozmówek Assimila dla Francuzów (Le Polonais 2004: 1) 1 . Choć ma on postać pytania, odzwierciedla powszechną opinię na temat naszego języka. Chciałbym, przez pryzmat bardzo specyficznego wydawnictwa, którym są rozmówki, przedstawić stosowane w nich sposoby notacji polskiej wymowy z odniesieniem do pewnych trudności, jakie mają cudzoziemcy z artykulacją dźwięków języka polskiego. Rozmówki są skierowane do konkretnego odbiorcy znajdującego się w sprecyzowanej sytuacji komunikacyjnej -korzysta się z nich po to, aby w potrzebie (np. na lotnisku, w hotelu, w restauracji) wypowiedzieć prosty komunikat, który pomoże rozwiązać doraźny problem. Stąd też nie są one pisane jako systematyczny podręcznik języka obcego. Powinny zawierać niezbędne informacje i być na tyle przejrzyste, aby po krótkim czasie potrzebnym do zapoznania się z przyjętą w nich konwencją, można było z nich w miarę sprawnie korzystać. Jako że systemy fonetyczne poszczególnych języków nie są tożsame, potrzebny jest jakiś sposób podania wymowy. Na początku rozmówek są więc objaśnienia co do przyjętej konwencji zapisu wymowy i fonetycznych ekwiwalentów liter używanych w danym języku. Budowa rozmówek jest standardowa -pogrupowane sytuacyjnie przykłady najpotrzebniejszych pytań i odpowiedzi jak również słownictwo ułożone tematycznie oraz najczęściej dodatkowy słowniczek na końcu książki. Czasem umieszcza się także jako appendix krótki komentarz gramatyczny, podający podstawowe informacje o systemie gramatycznym danego języka obcego.

Polonica, 2014

In the paper authors present a research project defined as an inflection description of Polish ve... more In the paper authors present a research project defined as an inflection description of Polish verbal phraseological units and its implementation. In the first three points the main aims and methodological
assumptions are discussed. The latest point applies to computer applications needed to the formal description of Polish verbal phraseology. Analysis of the verbal Polish multi-word units as well as a dictionary comprising 5000 analised units are the main aim of the project. The fundamental problem in the linguistic description is an
answer to questions: How regular is a paradigm of verbal multi-word unit? How does it depend on the main segment of the unit? How is it determined in semantical and syntactical way? The project also
assumes a development of available application, Toposław, used to formal description of Polish.

Język Polski, 2018

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the string kole in contemporary Polish. Among other occur... more The paper is devoted to the analysis of the string kole in contemporary Polish. Among other occurrences, the word is an element of the following phrases: {coś} kłuje/kole kogoś w zęby (‘sth is not to sb’s taste’, lit. sth stings sb’s teeth), {coś} kłuje/kole kogoś w oczy (‘sth irritates sb’, lit. sth stings sb’s eyes). In the Grammatical Dictionary
of Polish Language (sgjp.pl), kole is treated as non-inflected, isolated form that appears solely in the proverbial phrase "prawda w oczy kole" (‘the truth hurts’, lit. the truth stings eyes). Verification of this claim is the
aim of the paper. In the first part of the article, historical outline of the analysed item is presented and in the second part, contemporary usages found in corpora and dictionaries are scrutinized. The analysis proves
that there are more verbal forms based on the same stem as "kole" in contemporary Polish, in both phraseological and non-phraseological contexts. Thus, it should not be treated as an isolated item. The authors suggest that forms of the type kole/kol should be treated as variants of the type "kłuje"/"kłuj". Neither in the system of language, nor in the language usage, one can find sufficient evidence for a full paradigm alternative to contemporary prevailing type "kłuje"/"kłuj", therefore one cannot assume existence of a distinct verbal lexeme.