George Philip | University of Wisconsin Oshkosh (original) (raw)
Papers by George Philip
Bulletin of Latin American Research, 1995
BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH became the universal owner of the uninhabited land, and/or la... more BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH became the universal owner of the uninhabited land, and/or land without property title. However, according to Wilkie, the land reforms did not take place until the presidency of Juarez. Juarez's reforms nationalised the land of the primary owner in the country by that time-the church. Indigenous people were also affected by these reforms because civilian organisations, as indigenous communities, were not allowed to own land, although Jukez attempted to protect them through offering them free land property titles. After Judrez died, Lerdo took power as president. His main land reform was to attract private enterprise to delimit the boundaries of lands without owners, and colonise isolated areas. During the period in which Diaz was in power (1877-1909) land legislation was reformulated to favour private business, and hacendados (ranch owners). According to Wilkie, it was in this time that most of the public land was transferred to private enterprise, leaving an important proportion of indigenous people landless. Both writers contribute to a better understanding of the birth of economic statistics in Mexico, stressing the importance of the relationship between data generation and the balance of power. The book succeeds in presenting the historical development of Mexican statistics in a pleasant manner. The reader wiIl not only find several valuable references in this field, but also he/she will enjoy the reading.
IGI Global eBooks, Jan 18, 2011
This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missin... more This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missing information represented by nulls. The paper shows that when the missing information is of the type "not applicable" or "does not exist," problems and confusion can arise in normalizing relations. Candidate keys with missing information commonly are found in relations that represent information on two entities with a one-to-one relationship between them. The current definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is ineffective in identifying poor designs in such relations that may have insertion/deletion anomalies. It is shown that the above problem can be corrected by incorporating the concept of entity integrity rule into the definition of BCNF. This paper also shows that incorporating the entity integrity rule into the definition of either a relation or a candidate key does not provide a satisfactory solution to the problem.
Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 2013
As collaboration among teams that are distributed in time and space is becoming increasingly impo... more As collaboration among teams that are distributed in time and space is becoming increasingly important, there is a need to understand the efficacy of tools available to support that collaboration. This study employs a combination of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) model to compare four different technologies used to support the task of collaboratively creating and editing a report. The characteristics of the four technologies operationalize different collaborative processes and quality of the editor enabling the examination of how well each addresses previously identified challenges to electronic collaboration. The study compared the use of MS Word combined with emailing the document among collaborators, Twiki, Google Docs, and Office Live by university students to collaboratively write a research paper. The study measured Task-Technology Fit, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Usefulness of the technologies. The findings suggest that certain technological factors associated with the collaborative tool can impact effective use of the tool. A powerful interface with which the user has some experience is necessary, and support for distributed collaboration can be the distinguishing factor in making a tool an effective collaborative writing and editing technology. Our study suggests that Word/email and Google Docs outperform Twiki and Office Live due to tool experience and superior Task-Technology Fit that may be due to the sophistication of the writing and editing tool, support for collaboration, and the clarity of the collaboration process. We speculate that the surprisingly poor showing for Office Live is due to mixing a familiar editing interface with a collaborative model that is different from students' mental model of collaboration, leading to a phenomenon similar to the 'Uncanny Valley,' which is the experience of many people when interacting with humanoid robots and animations that have very good, but not perfect, realism.
International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 2003
Problem formulation is an important organizational task because it facilitates effective problem ... more Problem formulation is an important organizational task because it facilitates effective problem solving. However, it is not well understood. Past studies have examined problem formulation by examining the behavior of individuals performing problem formulation tasks. This approach has proven difficult due to differences in individual knowledge of the task domain. This study examines problem formulation by focusing on the characteristics of the task rather than on an individual performing the task. A rational model of the task of problem formulation is developed and examined for its implications on individual problem formulation behavior. An empirical investigation of individual's performing problem formulation shows limited support for the proposed model.
This paper examines some of the unique characteristics of Web-based applications and presents sof... more This paper examines some of the unique characteristics of Web-based applications and presents software design guidelines for improving the maintainability and reusability of Web-based software. The guidelines are for developing cohesive pages and sharing data between pages and between procedures within a page.
Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, 2013
This paper examines the use of e-textbooks in a college level introductory information systems co... more This paper examines the use of e-textbooks in a college level introductory information systems course using an empirical study that gave students the option to buy electronic or print versions of the same textbook. The study measured and analyzed student expectations prior to purchase, perceived performance and satisfaction after use, intention to use e-textbooks in the future and the determinants of satisfaction using factor analysis and regression modeling, with a consumer behavior focus. Student reactions to e-textbook were mixed, indicating that students did not perceive the benefits to outweigh the drawbacks particularly due to lack of naturalness in e-textbooks. The study found that the level of satisfaction of e-textbook users is almost the same as that of print book users. On the average, the probability that e-textbook users will choose e-textbook over print book in the future is less than moderately high. Further, there is only a low probability that print book users will switch to the electronic version. There is, however, a slight improvement of student attitudes over past studies. Analysis of the determinants of satisfaction indicates that performance is the key determinant of satisfaction, and, unlike the results of certain consumer satisfaction studies, this study shows that expectation prior to using e-textbook has minimal impact on satisfaction. The study suggests that although e-textbooks have the potential to be an effective low-cost option, further improvement in cost as well as features that make them more natural, appealing and effective is necessary for wider acceptance by students.
Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 2007
This paper identifies several areas of database modeling and design that have been problematic fo... more This paper identifies several areas of database modeling and design that have been problematic for students and even are likely to confuse faculty. Major contributing factors are the lack of clarity and inaccuracies that persist in the presentation of some basic database concepts in textbooks. The paper analyzes the problems and discusses ways to minimize them. Specifically, the paper discusses the practical role of normalization in database design, addresses the confusion in representing attributes with repeating values, discusses how to remove inconsistencies in defining relations and first normal form, simplifies the process of identifying candidate keys to normalize relations, clarifies the conditions under which insertion and deletion anomalies may occur, and sheds light on the confusion in defining weak entities. Normalization plays a vital role in both the theory and the practice of database design. The topdown approach popularly used in relational database design creates a conceptual schema that is represented by entity-relationship (E-R) models, and then uses mapping rules to convert the conceptual schema to relation schemas. Because E-R modeling is an intuitive process, errors could occur in identifying entities and their relationships, resulting in un-normalized relations. Unnormalized relations also could result from converting files in legacy systems and spreadsheets to relational tables. Normalization plays a key role in verifying the goodness of design of such relations and in improving the design. The concept of repeating values in relations plays a major role in defining relations and first normal form. Yet, textbooks in general do not distinguish between multi-valued and single-valued attributes in a schema. This lack of clarity may result in conflicting interpretations of the schema. The paper presents a simple solution to the problem. The lack of clarity in defining the terms tables, relations, and first normal form (1NF) in textbooks is another potential source of confusion. Some books define relation as a table with no duplicate tuples, and only atomic values. These books then redundantly define 1NF as a relation with only atomic values. Others define a relation as a table with columns and rows, and state that a relation is in 1NF if each value is atomic. These definitions fail to specify an important requirement of 1NF that there are no duplicate tuples. A third definition of 1NF that fails to include this property is that a table is in first normal form if each value is atomic. A challenging task for many students during the normalization process is checking whether a determinant is a Material published as part of this publication, either on-line or in print, is copyrighted by the Informing Science Institute. Permission to make digital or paper copy of part or all of these works for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage AND that copies 1) bear this notice in full and 2) give the full citation on the first page. It is permissible to abstract these works so long as credit is given. To copy in all other cases or to republish or to post on a server or to redistribute to lists requires specific permission and payment of a fee. Contact Publisher@InformingScience.org to request redistribution permission. Teaching Database Modeling and Design 482 candidate key. The standard method is to check whether every attribute of the relation is functionally dependent on the determinant. The paper presents a method that involves only the determinants, and therefore makes it easier to identify candidate keys. The paper also provides an alternate definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), which is easier to apply. Discussions in textbooks and other literature on the topic of normalization often give students the impression that data redundancy in un-normalized relations leads to all three types of anomaliesinsertion, deletion, and update. The paper shows that though data redundancy generally results in insertion and deletion anomalies, that is not always the case. The conditions under which insertion/deletion anomalies don't occur are discussed. Guidelines for mapping conceptual schema to relational tables often use the terms strong entity and weak entity to provide separate mapping rules for each. It is shown that the definition of weak entity as presented in many textbooks, however, is inaccurate. These books define weak entity using logical dependence rather than identifier dependence of entities. The paper shows that several database design concepts and techniques commonly are presented inaccurately or ambiguously in textbooks and are problematic for students. However, as presented in the paper, simple solutions exist to minimize students' problems in these areas.
Cases on Information Technology and Organizational Politics & Culture
The Engineering Economist, 1979
Services Marketing Quarterly, 2011
E-tailing has changed the fundamental structure of marketing channels and consumer behavior. At t... more E-tailing has changed the fundamental structure of marketing channels and consumer behavior. At the same time, consumer satisfaction is becoming even more critical to the survival and growth of e-tailers as they face both traditional and nontraditional competition. The two main objectives of this study are to find: (a) whether the disconfirmation model or the perceived performance model is better
Quality Engineering, 1992
The variables control chart is an invaluable tool for improving industrial processes. It is well ... more The variables control chart is an invaluable tool for improving industrial processes. It is well known that the control chart acts as a repeated hypothesis test and that this series of hypothesis tests causes an increase in the real overall �isk of the ..
Quality Engineering, 1995
Control charts for variables data detect assignable causes of variation. The calculation of the c... more Control charts for variables data detect assignable causes of variation. The calculation of the control limits is based on the assumption that the data are collected so that the subgroups are homogeneous. Sometimes, however, the data are unknowingly col..
Journal of Systems and Software, 1998
Abstract This paper deals with software design principles and guidelines to improve the reusabili... more Abstract This paper deals with software design principles and guidelines to improve the reusability and maintainability of event-driven (E-D) programs. The paper examines how well the principles of structured software design from the procedural programming field can be applied to the event-driven environment. Taking into account the unique characteristics of event-driven programming (E-DP), additional guidelines that are specific to this field are proposed. The guidelines presented here deal with modularizing event procedures, graphical representation of E-D programs, sharing data between event/general procedures, using user-defined objects, and developing cohesive procedures and forms.
Journal of Education for Business, 1994
Abstract This research focuses on the current practices of operations research/management science... more Abstract This research focuses on the current practices of operations research/management science (OR/MS) techniques in medium-sized companies and identifies their impact on the education of OR/MS. Data were collected from 479 organizations on characteristics of the firms that use or do not use OR/MS, techniques used and where they are used, types of computer systems used, problems of implementation, and reasons for not using OR/MS. Our survey indicated that OR/MS courses should provide training in microcomputer-based OR/MS tools and in accessing databases on larger computers; familiarize students with embedding OR in other types of applications and interfacing with them; include real world projects or cases; place more emphasis on applications in the service sector; and provide students with a strong background in the application of statistics, project management, simulation, linear programming, and “quick and dirty” techniques.
Journal of Database Management, 2002
This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missin... more This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missing information represented by nulls. The paper shows that when the missing information is of the type “not applicable” or “does not exist,” problems and confusion can arise in normalizing relations. Candidate keys with missing information commonly are found in relations that represent information on two entities with a one-to-one relationship between them. The current definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is ineffective in identifying poor designs in such relations that may have insertion/deletion anomalies. It is shown that the above problem can be corrected by incorporating the concept of entity integrity rule into the definition of BCNF. This paper also shows that incorporating the entity integrity rule into the definition of either a relation or a candidate key does not provide a satisfactory solution to the problem.
Computers & Operations Research, 1998
MWAIS 2008 …, 2008
Many college courses involve group work where teams of students are asked to create a report as t... more Many college courses involve group work where teams of students are asked to create a report as the final result of a collaborative effort. The creation of such a shared document often causes students great trouble in coordinating the effort. In this paper we describe two approaches to supporting students in collaboratively creating and editing a report for an introductory course in information systems. One group of students used MS Word with Track Changes turned on combined with emailing the document between students. A second group was provided a Twiki site where they were able to create the report. Preliminary analysis shows that students found the Word and email combination more useful and easier to use than the wiki environment in completing the project.
A I I E Transactions, 1974
Abstract A generalized form of Covert and Philip's EOQ model with Weibull distribution d... more Abstract A generalized form of Covert and Philip's EOQ model with Weibull distribution deterioration is developed. Specifically, the 3-parameter Weibull distribution is used to represent the time to deterioration. It is shown that this model can be related to the ...
Bulletin of Latin American Research, 1995
BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH became the universal owner of the uninhabited land, and/or la... more BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH became the universal owner of the uninhabited land, and/or land without property title. However, according to Wilkie, the land reforms did not take place until the presidency of Juarez. Juarez's reforms nationalised the land of the primary owner in the country by that time-the church. Indigenous people were also affected by these reforms because civilian organisations, as indigenous communities, were not allowed to own land, although Jukez attempted to protect them through offering them free land property titles. After Judrez died, Lerdo took power as president. His main land reform was to attract private enterprise to delimit the boundaries of lands without owners, and colonise isolated areas. During the period in which Diaz was in power (1877-1909) land legislation was reformulated to favour private business, and hacendados (ranch owners). According to Wilkie, it was in this time that most of the public land was transferred to private enterprise, leaving an important proportion of indigenous people landless. Both writers contribute to a better understanding of the birth of economic statistics in Mexico, stressing the importance of the relationship between data generation and the balance of power. The book succeeds in presenting the historical development of Mexican statistics in a pleasant manner. The reader wiIl not only find several valuable references in this field, but also he/she will enjoy the reading.
IGI Global eBooks, Jan 18, 2011
This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missin... more This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missing information represented by nulls. The paper shows that when the missing information is of the type "not applicable" or "does not exist," problems and confusion can arise in normalizing relations. Candidate keys with missing information commonly are found in relations that represent information on two entities with a one-to-one relationship between them. The current definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is ineffective in identifying poor designs in such relations that may have insertion/deletion anomalies. It is shown that the above problem can be corrected by incorporating the concept of entity integrity rule into the definition of BCNF. This paper also shows that incorporating the entity integrity rule into the definition of either a relation or a candidate key does not provide a satisfactory solution to the problem.
Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 2013
As collaboration among teams that are distributed in time and space is becoming increasingly impo... more As collaboration among teams that are distributed in time and space is becoming increasingly important, there is a need to understand the efficacy of tools available to support that collaboration. This study employs a combination of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) model to compare four different technologies used to support the task of collaboratively creating and editing a report. The characteristics of the four technologies operationalize different collaborative processes and quality of the editor enabling the examination of how well each addresses previously identified challenges to electronic collaboration. The study compared the use of MS Word combined with emailing the document among collaborators, Twiki, Google Docs, and Office Live by university students to collaboratively write a research paper. The study measured Task-Technology Fit, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Usefulness of the technologies. The findings suggest that certain technological factors associated with the collaborative tool can impact effective use of the tool. A powerful interface with which the user has some experience is necessary, and support for distributed collaboration can be the distinguishing factor in making a tool an effective collaborative writing and editing technology. Our study suggests that Word/email and Google Docs outperform Twiki and Office Live due to tool experience and superior Task-Technology Fit that may be due to the sophistication of the writing and editing tool, support for collaboration, and the clarity of the collaboration process. We speculate that the surprisingly poor showing for Office Live is due to mixing a familiar editing interface with a collaborative model that is different from students' mental model of collaboration, leading to a phenomenon similar to the 'Uncanny Valley,' which is the experience of many people when interacting with humanoid robots and animations that have very good, but not perfect, realism.
International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 2003
Problem formulation is an important organizational task because it facilitates effective problem ... more Problem formulation is an important organizational task because it facilitates effective problem solving. However, it is not well understood. Past studies have examined problem formulation by examining the behavior of individuals performing problem formulation tasks. This approach has proven difficult due to differences in individual knowledge of the task domain. This study examines problem formulation by focusing on the characteristics of the task rather than on an individual performing the task. A rational model of the task of problem formulation is developed and examined for its implications on individual problem formulation behavior. An empirical investigation of individual's performing problem formulation shows limited support for the proposed model.
This paper examines some of the unique characteristics of Web-based applications and presents sof... more This paper examines some of the unique characteristics of Web-based applications and presents software design guidelines for improving the maintainability and reusability of Web-based software. The guidelines are for developing cohesive pages and sharing data between pages and between procedures within a page.
Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, 2013
This paper examines the use of e-textbooks in a college level introductory information systems co... more This paper examines the use of e-textbooks in a college level introductory information systems course using an empirical study that gave students the option to buy electronic or print versions of the same textbook. The study measured and analyzed student expectations prior to purchase, perceived performance and satisfaction after use, intention to use e-textbooks in the future and the determinants of satisfaction using factor analysis and regression modeling, with a consumer behavior focus. Student reactions to e-textbook were mixed, indicating that students did not perceive the benefits to outweigh the drawbacks particularly due to lack of naturalness in e-textbooks. The study found that the level of satisfaction of e-textbook users is almost the same as that of print book users. On the average, the probability that e-textbook users will choose e-textbook over print book in the future is less than moderately high. Further, there is only a low probability that print book users will switch to the electronic version. There is, however, a slight improvement of student attitudes over past studies. Analysis of the determinants of satisfaction indicates that performance is the key determinant of satisfaction, and, unlike the results of certain consumer satisfaction studies, this study shows that expectation prior to using e-textbook has minimal impact on satisfaction. The study suggests that although e-textbooks have the potential to be an effective low-cost option, further improvement in cost as well as features that make them more natural, appealing and effective is necessary for wider acceptance by students.
Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 2007
This paper identifies several areas of database modeling and design that have been problematic fo... more This paper identifies several areas of database modeling and design that have been problematic for students and even are likely to confuse faculty. Major contributing factors are the lack of clarity and inaccuracies that persist in the presentation of some basic database concepts in textbooks. The paper analyzes the problems and discusses ways to minimize them. Specifically, the paper discusses the practical role of normalization in database design, addresses the confusion in representing attributes with repeating values, discusses how to remove inconsistencies in defining relations and first normal form, simplifies the process of identifying candidate keys to normalize relations, clarifies the conditions under which insertion and deletion anomalies may occur, and sheds light on the confusion in defining weak entities. Normalization plays a vital role in both the theory and the practice of database design. The topdown approach popularly used in relational database design creates a conceptual schema that is represented by entity-relationship (E-R) models, and then uses mapping rules to convert the conceptual schema to relation schemas. Because E-R modeling is an intuitive process, errors could occur in identifying entities and their relationships, resulting in un-normalized relations. Unnormalized relations also could result from converting files in legacy systems and spreadsheets to relational tables. Normalization plays a key role in verifying the goodness of design of such relations and in improving the design. The concept of repeating values in relations plays a major role in defining relations and first normal form. Yet, textbooks in general do not distinguish between multi-valued and single-valued attributes in a schema. This lack of clarity may result in conflicting interpretations of the schema. The paper presents a simple solution to the problem. The lack of clarity in defining the terms tables, relations, and first normal form (1NF) in textbooks is another potential source of confusion. Some books define relation as a table with no duplicate tuples, and only atomic values. These books then redundantly define 1NF as a relation with only atomic values. Others define a relation as a table with columns and rows, and state that a relation is in 1NF if each value is atomic. These definitions fail to specify an important requirement of 1NF that there are no duplicate tuples. A third definition of 1NF that fails to include this property is that a table is in first normal form if each value is atomic. A challenging task for many students during the normalization process is checking whether a determinant is a Material published as part of this publication, either on-line or in print, is copyrighted by the Informing Science Institute. Permission to make digital or paper copy of part or all of these works for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage AND that copies 1) bear this notice in full and 2) give the full citation on the first page. It is permissible to abstract these works so long as credit is given. To copy in all other cases or to republish or to post on a server or to redistribute to lists requires specific permission and payment of a fee. Contact Publisher@InformingScience.org to request redistribution permission. Teaching Database Modeling and Design 482 candidate key. The standard method is to check whether every attribute of the relation is functionally dependent on the determinant. The paper presents a method that involves only the determinants, and therefore makes it easier to identify candidate keys. The paper also provides an alternate definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), which is easier to apply. Discussions in textbooks and other literature on the topic of normalization often give students the impression that data redundancy in un-normalized relations leads to all three types of anomaliesinsertion, deletion, and update. The paper shows that though data redundancy generally results in insertion and deletion anomalies, that is not always the case. The conditions under which insertion/deletion anomalies don't occur are discussed. Guidelines for mapping conceptual schema to relational tables often use the terms strong entity and weak entity to provide separate mapping rules for each. It is shown that the definition of weak entity as presented in many textbooks, however, is inaccurate. These books define weak entity using logical dependence rather than identifier dependence of entities. The paper shows that several database design concepts and techniques commonly are presented inaccurately or ambiguously in textbooks and are problematic for students. However, as presented in the paper, simple solutions exist to minimize students' problems in these areas.
Cases on Information Technology and Organizational Politics & Culture
The Engineering Economist, 1979
Services Marketing Quarterly, 2011
E-tailing has changed the fundamental structure of marketing channels and consumer behavior. At t... more E-tailing has changed the fundamental structure of marketing channels and consumer behavior. At the same time, consumer satisfaction is becoming even more critical to the survival and growth of e-tailers as they face both traditional and nontraditional competition. The two main objectives of this study are to find: (a) whether the disconfirmation model or the perceived performance model is better
Quality Engineering, 1992
The variables control chart is an invaluable tool for improving industrial processes. It is well ... more The variables control chart is an invaluable tool for improving industrial processes. It is well known that the control chart acts as a repeated hypothesis test and that this series of hypothesis tests causes an increase in the real overall �isk of the ..
Quality Engineering, 1995
Control charts for variables data detect assignable causes of variation. The calculation of the c... more Control charts for variables data detect assignable causes of variation. The calculation of the control limits is based on the assumption that the data are collected so that the subgroups are homogeneous. Sometimes, however, the data are unknowingly col..
Journal of Systems and Software, 1998
Abstract This paper deals with software design principles and guidelines to improve the reusabili... more Abstract This paper deals with software design principles and guidelines to improve the reusability and maintainability of event-driven (E-D) programs. The paper examines how well the principles of structured software design from the procedural programming field can be applied to the event-driven environment. Taking into account the unique characteristics of event-driven programming (E-DP), additional guidelines that are specific to this field are proposed. The guidelines presented here deal with modularizing event procedures, graphical representation of E-D programs, sharing data between event/general procedures, using user-defined objects, and developing cohesive procedures and forms.
Journal of Education for Business, 1994
Abstract This research focuses on the current practices of operations research/management science... more Abstract This research focuses on the current practices of operations research/management science (OR/MS) techniques in medium-sized companies and identifies their impact on the education of OR/MS. Data were collected from 479 organizations on characteristics of the firms that use or do not use OR/MS, techniques used and where they are used, types of computer systems used, problems of implementation, and reasons for not using OR/MS. Our survey indicated that OR/MS courses should provide training in microcomputer-based OR/MS tools and in accessing databases on larger computers; familiarize students with embedding OR in other types of applications and interfacing with them; include real world projects or cases; place more emphasis on applications in the service sector; and provide students with a strong background in the application of statistics, project management, simulation, linear programming, and “quick and dirty” techniques.
Journal of Database Management, 2002
This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missin... more This paper discusses normalization of relations when the candidate keys of a relation have missing information represented by nulls. The paper shows that when the missing information is of the type “not applicable” or “does not exist,” problems and confusion can arise in normalizing relations. Candidate keys with missing information commonly are found in relations that represent information on two entities with a one-to-one relationship between them. The current definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is ineffective in identifying poor designs in such relations that may have insertion/deletion anomalies. It is shown that the above problem can be corrected by incorporating the concept of entity integrity rule into the definition of BCNF. This paper also shows that incorporating the entity integrity rule into the definition of either a relation or a candidate key does not provide a satisfactory solution to the problem.
Computers & Operations Research, 1998
MWAIS 2008 …, 2008
Many college courses involve group work where teams of students are asked to create a report as t... more Many college courses involve group work where teams of students are asked to create a report as the final result of a collaborative effort. The creation of such a shared document often causes students great trouble in coordinating the effort. In this paper we describe two approaches to supporting students in collaboratively creating and editing a report for an introductory course in information systems. One group of students used MS Word with Track Changes turned on combined with emailing the document between students. A second group was provided a Twiki site where they were able to create the report. Preliminary analysis shows that students found the Word and email combination more useful and easier to use than the wiki environment in completing the project.
A I I E Transactions, 1974
Abstract A generalized form of Covert and Philip's EOQ model with Weibull distribution d... more Abstract A generalized form of Covert and Philip's EOQ model with Weibull distribution deterioration is developed. Specifically, the 3-parameter Weibull distribution is used to represent the time to deterioration. It is shown that this model can be related to the ...