Michael Rutz | University of Wisconsin Oshkosh (original) (raw)

Papers by Michael Rutz

Anglican and Episcopal History, Sep 1, 2014

Anglican and Episcopal History, Mar 1, 2006

Christian attitudes to marriage. From ancient times to the third millennium.

Parliamentary History, Mar 17, 2008

The evangelical revival of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries iransformed the fac... more The evangelical revival of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries iransformed the face of English religion and society. Between the 1770s and 1851 the population of England and Wales increased by 155 percent, from seven million to 17.9 million. During that same period the number of nonconformist congregations increased by 975 percent, and in 185 1 nonconformist chapels outnumbered anglican churches by 5420.' More than half of all nonconformist chapels were methodist, a denomination which did not even exist before the revival. The responsibility for this staggering expansion was largely attributable to the evangelizing activity of dedicated ministers and lay preachers, many of whom were itinerant. One of the most striking characteristics of evangelicalisni was its activism, and emphasis upon putting the gospel into practice. In George Eliot's Adam Bede, the methodist preacher Dinah Morris tells her would-be suitor, 'My life is too short, and God's work is too great for me to think of making a home for myself in this world',' and likewise the Wesleyan connexional leader Adam Clarke gave up taking coffee and tea to allow more time for the fulfillment of his Christian duty. The Anglican evangelical Hannah More neatly summarized evangelical views of religious duty when she wrote, 'Action is the life of Virtue, and the world is the theatre of action'.3 In contrast to this intense activism in the causes of evangelization and charity, historians have often emphasized the political quietism and conservatism of evangelicals. Elie HalPvy's fanious thesis suggested that 'England was spared the revolution toward which the contradictions in her polity and economy might otherwise have lead her, through the stabilizing influence of evangelical religion, particularly Eric Hobsbawm identified methodisni as an 'anti-radical' force in popular politics, although not large enough to have prevented revolution on its own, and E. P. Thompson emphasized the role of methodist conservatisni in impeding the revolutionary development of the English working class.5 ' Michael K. Watts, 7 k e Dissrrifcrs (2 vols, Oxford, 1978-05). 11. 24. 'George Eliot, Adam Bcde (New York, 1980). p. 79. David Bebbington, Evarigclicalistn iri Modem Britain (1989), pp. 1 1-12 Elie HalCvy. Tlie Birth of Methodism. ed. Bernard Senimel (Chicago, 1971), p. 1. For HalPvy. 'methodism' meant evangelical dissent in general, not only the Wesleyan methodists. HalCvy's terminology has been a point of some confusion for niany historians, including E. P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm, who focused their attention primarily upon the Weslyan methodists to the exclusion of other evangelical nonconformists.

Journal of Church and State, Mar 1, 2006

Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj&amp... more Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj<</Length 1>>stream endstream endobj 19 0 obj<< /XObject 5 0 R /Font << /F9 6 0 R /F8 7 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F5 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F2 13 0 R /F1 14 0 R /F12 15 0 ...

Parliamentary History, Feb 6, 2008

The proper character of the relationship between missionaries and politics shaped one of the most... more The proper character of the relationship between missionaries and politics shaped one of the most contentious debates within the first century of the modern missionary movement. While the leadership of the missionary societies repeatedly insisted upon the separation between the work of the gospel and politics, missionaries in the field frequently found it difficult to remove themselves from political controversies. John Philip and James Read served with the London Missionary Society in the Cape Colony for most of the first half of the 19th century.Their persistent defence of the interests of the colonial Khoi made them controversial figures in the debates over the social, political and economic structures of the Cape Colony. Missionaries like Read and Philip, rarely described their activities as 'political', and certainly did not conceive of their work as in any way related to the patronage-ridden political system of the early 19th century. Nonetheless, in their promotion of the ideas of religious and civil equality, and in their effective use of public opinion to shape government and public perception of colonial policy, their actions reflected many of the important changes taking place in contemporary British politics. Dissenting political activity focused on the issues of the defence of religious liberty, the struggle to secure their own civil equality, and the debate over the proper relationship between church and state. These issues also played a crucial role in colonial politics throughout the period. This essay will illustrate the important role of the foreign missionary movement in this process. Examining the work of Philip and Read enables us to identify the ways that issues of domestic politics helped to shape the political debates emerging in Britain's expanding empire.

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

Anglican and Episcopal History, 2006

Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, 2011

Journal of Church and State, Mar 22, 2006

Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj&amp... more Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj<</Length 1>>stream endstream endobj 19 0 obj<< /XObject 5 0 R /Font << /F9 6 0 R /F8 7 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F5 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F2 13 0 R /F1 14 0 R /F12 15 0 ...

Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, Jan 1, 2011

In his 1936 book, Victorian England: Portrait of an Age, G.M. Young observed that in the mid-nine... more In his 1936 book, Victorian England: Portrait of an Age, G.M. Young observed that in the mid-nineteenth century "Evangelicalism had imposed on society, … its code of Sabbath observance, responsibility, and philanthropy; of discipline in the home, of regularity of affairs; it had created a most effective technique of agitation, of personal persuasion and social persecution." 1 During the first half of the century evangelicals had accomplished this predominance of their attitudes through numerous campaigns focused on the advancement of social, political, and moral reform at home and throughout the wider world. These activities included the temperance and Sabbatarian movements, home and foreign missions, and anti-slavery campaigns. This activism had also coincided with the greater involvement, of evangelical Dissenters in particular, in the political life of the nation. The increasingly important organizations associated with this activism: missionary and temperance societies, political organizations, and the like, were mostly based or centered in London. Nevertheless, they relied upon the financial and organizational support of ministers and laypersons throughout the country. This essay will examine certain aspects of the relationship between these organizations, their London based leadership, and their supporters throughout the country. Focusing on the issues of anti-slavery and disestablishment, I will argue that the political opinions of ministers and lay organizations throughout the country were crucial in shaping the 1 G.M. Young, Victorian England: Portrait

Parliamentary History, Jan 1, 2008

Parliamentary History, Jan 1, 2001

J. Church & St., Jan 1, 2006

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Anglican and Episcopal History, Sep 1, 2014

Anglican and Episcopal History, Mar 1, 2006

Christian attitudes to marriage. From ancient times to the third millennium.

Parliamentary History, Mar 17, 2008

The evangelical revival of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries iransformed the fac... more The evangelical revival of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries iransformed the face of English religion and society. Between the 1770s and 1851 the population of England and Wales increased by 155 percent, from seven million to 17.9 million. During that same period the number of nonconformist congregations increased by 975 percent, and in 185 1 nonconformist chapels outnumbered anglican churches by 5420.' More than half of all nonconformist chapels were methodist, a denomination which did not even exist before the revival. The responsibility for this staggering expansion was largely attributable to the evangelizing activity of dedicated ministers and lay preachers, many of whom were itinerant. One of the most striking characteristics of evangelicalisni was its activism, and emphasis upon putting the gospel into practice. In George Eliot's Adam Bede, the methodist preacher Dinah Morris tells her would-be suitor, 'My life is too short, and God's work is too great for me to think of making a home for myself in this world',' and likewise the Wesleyan connexional leader Adam Clarke gave up taking coffee and tea to allow more time for the fulfillment of his Christian duty. The Anglican evangelical Hannah More neatly summarized evangelical views of religious duty when she wrote, 'Action is the life of Virtue, and the world is the theatre of action'.3 In contrast to this intense activism in the causes of evangelization and charity, historians have often emphasized the political quietism and conservatism of evangelicals. Elie HalPvy's fanious thesis suggested that 'England was spared the revolution toward which the contradictions in her polity and economy might otherwise have lead her, through the stabilizing influence of evangelical religion, particularly Eric Hobsbawm identified methodisni as an 'anti-radical' force in popular politics, although not large enough to have prevented revolution on its own, and E. P. Thompson emphasized the role of methodist conservatisni in impeding the revolutionary development of the English working class.5 ' Michael K. Watts, 7 k e Dissrrifcrs (2 vols, Oxford, 1978-05). 11. 24. 'George Eliot, Adam Bcde (New York, 1980). p. 79. David Bebbington, Evarigclicalistn iri Modem Britain (1989), pp. 1 1-12 Elie HalCvy. Tlie Birth of Methodism. ed. Bernard Senimel (Chicago, 1971), p. 1. For HalPvy. 'methodism' meant evangelical dissent in general, not only the Wesleyan methodists. HalCvy's terminology has been a point of some confusion for niany historians, including E. P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm, who focused their attention primarily upon the Weslyan methodists to the exclusion of other evangelical nonconformists.

Journal of Church and State, Mar 1, 2006

Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj&amp... more Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj<</Length 1>>stream endstream endobj 19 0 obj<< /XObject 5 0 R /Font << /F9 6 0 R /F8 7 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F5 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F2 13 0 R /F1 14 0 R /F12 15 0 ...

Parliamentary History, Feb 6, 2008

The proper character of the relationship between missionaries and politics shaped one of the most... more The proper character of the relationship between missionaries and politics shaped one of the most contentious debates within the first century of the modern missionary movement. While the leadership of the missionary societies repeatedly insisted upon the separation between the work of the gospel and politics, missionaries in the field frequently found it difficult to remove themselves from political controversies. John Philip and James Read served with the London Missionary Society in the Cape Colony for most of the first half of the 19th century.Their persistent defence of the interests of the colonial Khoi made them controversial figures in the debates over the social, political and economic structures of the Cape Colony. Missionaries like Read and Philip, rarely described their activities as 'political', and certainly did not conceive of their work as in any way related to the patronage-ridden political system of the early 19th century. Nonetheless, in their promotion of the ideas of religious and civil equality, and in their effective use of public opinion to shape government and public perception of colonial policy, their actions reflected many of the important changes taking place in contemporary British politics. Dissenting political activity focused on the issues of the defence of religious liberty, the struggle to secure their own civil equality, and the debate over the proper relationship between church and state. These issues also played a crucial role in colonial politics throughout the period. This essay will illustrate the important role of the foreign missionary movement in this process. Examining the work of Philip and Read enables us to identify the ways that issues of domestic politics helped to shape the political debates emerging in Britain's expanding empire.

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

Anglican and Episcopal History, 2006

Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, 2011

Journal of Church and State, Mar 22, 2006

Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj&amp... more Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj<</Length 1>>stream endstream endobj 19 0 obj<< /XObject 5 0 R /Font << /F9 6 0 R /F8 7 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F5 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F2 13 0 R /F1 14 0 R /F12 15 0 ...

Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society, Jan 1, 2011

In his 1936 book, Victorian England: Portrait of an Age, G.M. Young observed that in the mid-nine... more In his 1936 book, Victorian England: Portrait of an Age, G.M. Young observed that in the mid-nineteenth century "Evangelicalism had imposed on society, … its code of Sabbath observance, responsibility, and philanthropy; of discipline in the home, of regularity of affairs; it had created a most effective technique of agitation, of personal persuasion and social persecution." 1 During the first half of the century evangelicals had accomplished this predominance of their attitudes through numerous campaigns focused on the advancement of social, political, and moral reform at home and throughout the wider world. These activities included the temperance and Sabbatarian movements, home and foreign missions, and anti-slavery campaigns. This activism had also coincided with the greater involvement, of evangelical Dissenters in particular, in the political life of the nation. The increasingly important organizations associated with this activism: missionary and temperance societies, political organizations, and the like, were mostly based or centered in London. Nevertheless, they relied upon the financial and organizational support of ministers and laypersons throughout the country. This essay will examine certain aspects of the relationship between these organizations, their London based leadership, and their supporters throughout the country. Focusing on the issues of anti-slavery and disestablishment, I will argue that the political opinions of ministers and lay organizations throughout the country were crucial in shaping the 1 G.M. Young, Victorian England: Portrait

Parliamentary History, Jan 1, 2008

Parliamentary History, Jan 1, 2001

J. Church & St., Jan 1, 2006

Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj&amp... more Content-Length: 1301328 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=.pdf %PDF-1.4 %‚„œ” 4 0 obj<</Length 1>>stream endstream endobj 19 0 obj<< /XObject 5 0 R /Font << /F9 6 0 R /F8 7 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F6 9 0 R /F5 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F2 13 0 R /F1 14 0 R /F12 15 0 ...