Gabrielle Hogan-Brun | Vytautas Magnus University (original) (raw)

Papers by Gabrielle Hogan-Brun

Terp taikomosios kalbotėros barų. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys prof. Meilutės Ramonienės 70 metų jubiliejui. , 2023

Complexity is an increasingly developing field which is making an impact across disciplines, from... more Complexity is an increasingly developing field which is making an impact across disciplines, from medicine to social sciences and language studies. Language policy and planning (LPP) too might benefit from using the complexity paradigm as a framework. But it is essential to tread carefully when adopting this mathematically based approach as the very nature of the popular term ‘complexity’ can easily be misunderstood when referring to its intended meaning in science.
This Issue highlights the difference between complexity as a possible theoretical framework for LPP and LPP as a complex (i.e. complicated) practice. The question we need to ask is not how complexity theory can be used in LPP research but whether it is desirable to use it and if so, what elements of complexity can be used. Indeed, we might ask whether or not complexity theory itself needs to be developed in order to deal with the challenges of LPP research. As suggested in this Issue’s concluding conversation on language and complexity, this needs to involve an increased exchange between complexity scholars and LPP researchers.

Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (2013), 3/4, 490-496.

Language planning and complexity is the subject of this volume's collection of papers. But is suc... more Language planning and complexity is the subject of this volume's collection of papers. But is such a linkage desirable or even possible? The Editor of this thematic issue recently held a conversation with the Director of the Bristol Centre for Complexity Sciences to discuss this and other questions. A record of their exchange is given below.

Nationalities Papers 41/2 , 2013, 240–258.

European Journal of Applied Linguistics (EuJAL) 1/1, 2013, 55 – 82.

We examine actions taken in the three Baltic states to (re-)establish their national languages in... more We examine actions taken in the three Baltic states to (re-)establish their national languages in de facto multilingual surroundings. The implementation processes and initial impact of language ideology and language regulation on the language practices and socio-political participation of Soviet-period immigrants and their descendants living in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are described. In presenting a comparative cross-Baltic overview of language practices we discuss the national differences in connection with citizenship and political participation, population distribution and labour market surroundings. Our empirical data are drawn from sociological surveys, population statistics and labour market segregation analyses. We focus on the interaction between regulations, language practices and social structural surroundings asking: How has the national language establishment shaped labour market practices, citizenship and education expectations? And vice versa: What could be the effect of the social surroundings on the formation of the language practices? We conclude that despite their different structural provisions, Estonia and Lithuania face somewhat similar future challenges in terms of creating a culturally more integrated education system.The minority agents when confronted with existing policy requirements have fewer possibilities to produce their own (alternative) solutions since ethnicity or language-driven social marginalization is perceived more as a problem here. In Latvia, the minority representatives seem to have sufficient resources in the private sphere to
slow down existing state level language requirements, which enables them to create suitable surroundings for the ongoing maintenance of the Latvian-Russian multilingual environment.

Soziolinguistica 27 (2013)

Die Mediennutzung in Estland hat sich als resistent erwiesen gegen die Etablierung des Estnischen... more Die Mediennutzung in Estland hat sich als resistent erwiesen gegen die Etablierung des
Estnischen als gemeinsamer Sprache im öffentlichen Raum. Bis zum heutigen Tag nutzt die russischsprachige Minderheit Estlands meist Medien in russischer Sprache. Die Sprachgrenze zeigt sich auch in den Praktiken der inhaltlichen Wahl gruppenspezifischer Medien sowie auf staatlicher Ebene (Republik Estland vs. Russische Föderation). Somit ist die Informationssphäre nicht nur in sprachlich, sondern auch inhaltlich in unterschiedliche Subsysteme aufgeteilt. Qualitative Studien zeigen, dass verschiedene Bottom-up- und Top-down- Mechanismen diese zweisprachige und ideologisch heterogene Informationssphäre stets
neu reproduzieren. Die sprachlich und politisch gespaltene öffentliche Informationssphäre sieht sich ständig dem Dilemma gegenüber, einerseits Zugang zu praktischen und ideologischen Informationen zu gewährleisten und andererseits die Nationalsprache zu etablieren. Die estnischen Machteliten versuchen beide, oft widersprüchlichen Ziele zu erreichen. Wir diskutieren diesbezügliche Strategien unter dem Gesichtspunkt sowohl sprachzentrierter Nationsbildung als auch der Vielfalt globalisierten Medienkonsums. -- L’édification de la nation et le libre marché des médias en Estonie: problèmes et
défis. En Estonie les consommateurs des média se sont avérés rétifs à l'établissement de l'estonien comme langue commune dans la sphère publique. À ce jour la minorité
estonienne qui parle le russe utilise principalement les média russes. La frontière
linguistique se reflète également dans le contenu des articles/émissions. Celle-ci apparaît autant au niveau de la minorité locale que dans les pratiques spécifiques de chaque État (République d'Estonie contre la Fédération de Russie). Donc l'espace de l'information est partagé non seulement entre les sous-espaces de langue estonienne et de langue russe, mais aussi entre les différentes infrastructures de création des contenus. Des études qualitatives montrent que les différents mécanismes partant du haut vers le bas et inversement aident à recréer l'espace d'information qui reste bilingue et idéologiquement hétérogène. L'espace public de l'information - divisé sur le plan linguistique et politique - se trouve constamment confronté aux dilemmes quant à la fourniture de l'accès aux informations (pratiques et idéologiques). Les élites estoniennes cherchent à faire des média un vecteur de diffusion de la langue nationale. Elles essaient d'atteindre ces deux objectifs : fournir des informations et répandre la langue nationale – mais ceux-ci sont souvent contradictoires. La discussion s’articule autour des stratégies employées dans l’optique de l’édification de la nation axée sur la diffusion de la langue, et la diversité de consommation de média dans la mondialisation.

Language Matters: Language Acquisition and Newcomer Integration http://slideplayer.fr/slide/482028/, 2009

Une question de langue : l’acquisition de la langue et l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants http://slideplayer.fr/slide/482028/

Le besoin de promouvoir l'intégration et l'inclusion sociale à un moment où l'immigration ne cess... more Le besoin de promouvoir l'intégration et l'inclusion sociale à un moment où l'immigration ne cesse d'augmenter constitue l'un des enjeux les plus pressants dans les sociétés européennes contemporaines. Les gouvernements nationaux doivent relever un défi particulier qui consiste à accueillir des personnes parlant un nombre de plus en plus important de langues différentes au sein de populations qui sont encore perçues, pour la plupart, comme des populations autochtones unilingues. Dans nombre de pays, cette situation a entraîné des débats publics portant sur des politiques controversées imposant des exigences en matière de compétence en une langue et une culture « nationales » particulières pour l'acquisition de la citoyenneté. Toutefois, ces débats sont fréquemment menés presque entièrement à l'échelle nationale dans chaque pays, sans vraiment tenir compte du contexte européen plus large. En même temps, alors que l'Union européenne continue de s'agrandir et que le taux de migration vers l'Europe, et à l'intérieur de celle-ci, ne cesse de grimper, ces questions prendront probablement de plus en plus d'importance. La présente étude propose une analyse critique des débats et des nouveaux discours sur l'intégration et remet en question les hypothèses qui sous-tendent les nouveaux « régimes de tests de langue ».

Current Issues in Language Planning 12/3 (2011), 325-329, 2011

The proliferation of media and their associated platforms is creating radical changes in the way ... more The proliferation of media and their associated platforms is creating radical changes in the way we interact with the world. Social media in particular have increased the manner of communication between people, with on-demand access to content any time, anywhere. With virtual communities being established online through a growing range of user-generated media, space is increasingly opening up for interaction in and through multiple languages. This collection looks into how traditional and social media are being harnessed to help shape language planning and use in minority language and plurilingual contexts.

Current Issues in Language Planning 13/3, Aug. 2012, 145 – 147.

Editorial. Current Issues in Language Planning Vol. 13, No. 3, August 2012, 145–147

Language and Education at the Margins of the European Union: Policies, Practices, Challenges. Special issue, G. Hogan-Brun guest-ed., Comparative Education 46/1, 3-12., 2010

This introductory paper emphasises the importance of sustained inter disciplinary engagement and ... more This introductory paper emphasises the importance of sustained inter disciplinary engagement and context sensitivity for a holistic approach to policy studies. It introduces a model on possible perspectives that can be adopted in researching (language education) policy actions in different contexts. It proposes that questions on the transferability of models need to focus on the specificity of sociocultural histories and practices that have been shaped by past hegemonies and are directly related to complex (and often not uncontested) processes of nation‐building and the politics of identity formation. These suggestions are put forward with a focus on language and education policy developments in selected settings of Central and Eastern Europe.

Journal of Multilingual And Multicultural Development 35/4 (2014)., 2014

Our paper discusses trends and challenges faced by Lithuanian Higher Education (HE) international... more Our paper discusses trends and challenges faced by Lithuanian Higher Education (HE) internationalisation policy processes in the context of European and global internationalisation tendencies. Using 2001–2011 EU mobility statistics and data from recent HE Lithuanian strategic programmes aimed at promoting the internationalisation of university education (for 2009–2010 and 2011–2012), we discuss implications of these developments for the country's language (education) policy and its practical implementation. The officially practiced policy approach that aims to strengthen the national language and culture (as is visible throughout the post-Soviet space) faces challenges with the development of societal multilingualism. This contrasts with Western policy practices, where common/mutual rationales and approaches seek to support multilingualism and multiculturalism. In the Baltic region, protectionist national political instruments have had to address dilemmas that have arisen in connection with Western-mediated HE internationalisation processes. This has led to the deployment of different internationalisation policy rationales that promote global and regional cooperation. New approaches focused on linking Baltic language studies centres with departments of Baltistics and Indo-European studies have worked to establish stronger bonds with structures at foreign universities. As a consequence common interests in the study, research, development and promotion of the languages in the Baltic are now more widely shared, both regionally and internationally.

Current Issues in Language Planning 3:1 (2002), 62-75. , 2002

This paper discusses the processes of language development, revitalisation and intellectualisatio... more This paper discusses the processes of language development, revitalisation and intellectualisation against the background of foreign rule and state (re-) formation. The imposition of superstate languages (Polish, German and Russian) had repeatedly led to the relegation of Lithuanian to semi-public and private settings. Whilst some areas of language use consequently became restricted, functionality was retained in education and in literature. Upon the restoration of independence in 1990, when Lithuanian regained its official status, it resumed its functionality in all domains. Since then, language planning has officially been put in place for its continued normalisation and intellectualisation in some academic disciplines. Whilst educational policies ensure the propagation of Lithuanian amongst the minority communities, elaboration programmes are needed to reinforce communicative ability, lexical differentiation, precise conceptualisation and active reflexion on language use amongst the overall population.

Language Policy 2, 27-45., 2003

Against a historical background, this paper explores language-related challenges that have arisen... more Against a historical background, this paper explores language-related challenges that have arisen in Lithuania since the cessation of Soviet hegemony. The reinstatement in 1990 of the official status of Lithuanian led to the gradual replacement of Russian in public life. Provisions were made for public-sector employees and other members from the ethnic communities to become proficient in the state language, and laws were introduced for the protection of minority languages and cultures. Lithuania's two major ethnic groups, the Russians and the Poles, have responded differently to integration, requiring different educational measures to support the diverse needs of a society in transition. In contrast to the other Baltic states, where the proportion of Russians and other non-indigenous minorities is greater, Lithuanian language and education policies have been successful in promoting social integration whilst at the same time safeguarding cultural and linguistic diversity.

Language Policy 5/3 (2006), 315-335.

Educational decisions in the Baltic countries are made within the context of a hybrid school popu... more Educational decisions in the Baltic countries are made within the context of a hybrid school population, for whom the State language is a compulsory subject. There are no strict regulations as to the amount of teaching to be carried out in the titular (or state) language in Lithuania's and Estonia's schools. In Latvia, an amended education law requesting a minimum of 60 percent of the teaching to be carried out in the state language was introduced for implementation at all public upper secondary schools as from September 2004. This reform has aroused discontent amongst its large Russophone population. Overall, attendance at (Russian) minority-medium language schools is much higher in Latvia compared to that in Lithuania or Estonia, where children from minority communities are increasingly opting for mainstream schooling. This points to perceived differences by parents in the value of the linguistic market for their offspring. This paper focuses on the interplay of forces in educational policy-making at the time surrounding the 2004 education reform in Latvia. We shall see how the process of the implementation of the reform was framed in different ways by the (Latvian and Russian) press at the macro level. A set of actors who were in control was firmly positioned in the foreground. The transmission of their values impacted on the polarised social groups (the Latvians and Russians), who were framed in the background. These groups, whose saliency increased with the clarity and frequency of group clues in the political discourse, were made chronically visible by the context. The picture that emerged highlighted the ongoing discrepancy in Latvia between language policy (as laid down by law) and actual beliefs, needs and practices.

Kalbotyra 56 (2006), 66-74.

The study of multilingualism is becoming ever more urgent as the ongoing rise inthe rate of migra... more The study of multilingualism is becoming ever more urgent as the ongoing rise inthe rate of migration into and across Europe increasingly adds to existing levelsof language diversity and contact in Europe. Critically examining the divergingsociolinguistic settings in Western and Central/Eastern Europe this paperdiscusses issues pertaining to the transferability of models of multilingualism. It argues that language management practices need to involve critical analyses of language in society that take into account the historic conditions of language ideological contexts.

In: Processes in the Baltic Republics Surrounding EU Accession, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26/5, 2005, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.), 425-441.

EU accession negotiations have impacted on and generated ongoing interest in Baltic language and ... more EU accession negotiations have impacted on and generated ongoing interest in Baltic language and citizenship legislation. There is however no detailed knowledge of prevailing language attitudes amongst mainstream and minority populations in Lithuania. This paper investigates attitudes to minority language use and to the (officially reinstated) state language, and considers aspects of linguistic identification in the historically densely multilingual and multiethnic areas of Eastern and South-Eastern Lithuania. Our findings, based on newly acquired data from a major survey, show that although language loyalties are complex, attitudes towards Lithuanian are overall positive. Moreover, the results also point to the potential development of relatively stable bilingualism (for Lithuanians and Russians) and trilingualism (for Poles) in this region.

in Language and Social In: Processes in the Baltic Republics Surrounding EU Accession, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26/5, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.), 367-377.

This paper describes the impact of European Union accession negotiations on language ideological ... more This paper describes the impact of European Union accession negotiations on language ideological debates regarding minority (language) and citizenship rights in the Baltic Republics. It explores issues pertaining to the transferability of standards developed for established democracies in the West to the situation of democratising countries in Central and Eastern Europe, where the demographic legacy of the Soviet past has left its imprint on the structure and outlook of society. Finally, it considers a range of factors which need to be taken into account in Western discourses on diversity and integration, or sameness and difference, when applied to post-communist or post-imperialist contexts.

Baltic Sociolinguistic Review, in: Journal of Baltic Studies XXXVl/3, 2005, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.).

Baltic Sociolinguistic Review, in: Journal of Baltic Studies XXXVl/3, 2005, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.), 345-370.

Terp taikomosios kalbotėros barų. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys prof. Meilutės Ramonienės 70 metų jubiliejui. , 2023

Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (2013), 3/4, 490-496.

Nationalities Papers 41/2 , 2013, 240–258.

European Journal of Applied Linguistics (EuJAL) 1/1, 2013, 55 – 82.

Soziolinguistica 27 (2013)

Language Matters: Language Acquisition and Newcomer Integration http://slideplayer.fr/slide/482028/, 2009

Une question de langue : l’acquisition de la langue et l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants http://slideplayer.fr/slide/482028/

Current Issues in Language Planning 12/3 (2011), 325-329, 2011

Current Issues in Language Planning 13/3, Aug. 2012, 145 – 147.

Editorial. Current Issues in Language Planning Vol. 13, No. 3, August 2012, 145–147

Language and Education at the Margins of the European Union: Policies, Practices, Challenges. Special issue, G. Hogan-Brun guest-ed., Comparative Education 46/1, 3-12., 2010

Journal of Multilingual And Multicultural Development 35/4 (2014)., 2014

Current Issues in Language Planning 3:1 (2002), 62-75. , 2002

Language Policy 2, 27-45., 2003

Language Policy 5/3 (2006), 315-335.

Kalbotyra 56 (2006), 66-74.

In: Processes in the Baltic Republics Surrounding EU Accession, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26/5, 2005, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.), 425-441.

in Language and Social In: Processes in the Baltic Republics Surrounding EU Accession, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26/5, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.), 367-377.

Baltic Sociolinguistic Review, in: Journal of Baltic Studies XXXVl/3, 2005, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.).

Baltic Sociolinguistic Review, in: Journal of Baltic Studies XXXVl/3, 2005, Special Issue (G. Hogan-Brun, guest ed.), 345-370.

The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World. 2023, Ball, M.J., Mesthrie, R. & Meluzzi, C., Eds. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge, 2023

This chapter gives an overview of the main directions of a contemporary Baltic scholarship on lan... more This chapter gives an overview of the main directions of a contemporary Baltic scholarship on languages in the region over the past decade, with emphasis on the most urgent topics. We highlight research on language policy and practices, on ideology perspectives, including minority issues, and on the status of the titular languages. We also introduce emerging topics, methodological and theoretical approaches taken in Baltic research on intergroup communication, questions of identity, language attitudes, first and second language acquisition, youth language and the role of English (and Russian).

Among the hottest theoretical topics discussed are: multilingualism, superdiversity (of languages), translanguaging, literacy of new speakers in various sociolinguistic domains, and language management theory with focus on various social actors' power, attitudes, and metalinguistic activities regarding "language problems". Other, more practical matters tackled include speakers' linguistic biographies, controversial issues of language use, non-professionals' views on languages and language-related topics, and multilingual and multimodal texts in cityscapes as authentic texts for educational purposes.

The previous edition of this Handbook contained an overview of Baltic sociolinguistics research up to around 2010. This contribution adds further details on research published before 2010 that compares the region’s language situation from different angles. There is also a brief discussion of cross-Baltic sociolinguistic networking that promoted the exchange of information on language policy and practice at the start of the millennium.

The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, 2018

This Introduction contains a critical survey of current research on minority languages and commun... more This Introduction contains a critical survey of current research on minority languages and communities. It outlines the key issues confronting speakers and policy makers in the face of migration and globalization. It also highlights the critically important role of the different historical treatments of multilingualism and minority language communities. Chapters are summarised concisely around the Handbook’s sub-headings ranging from the politics of recognition and autonomy to roles of economic and linguistic markets, from ecologies of language socialization and linguistic landscape to the potentials and limits of social media in language revitalization and shift. The introduction’s concluding section contains a clear statement that there needs to be a rethink of existing theoretical frameworks in order to better understand language maintenance and shift in today’s minority language communities around world.

Published in: Kelly, M. (Ed.) Languages after Brexit. How the UK Speaks to the World. London: Palgrave Macmillan, Nov 2017

Top US economist Larry Summers tweeted the following message regarding the commercial relationshi... more Top US economist Larry Summers tweeted the following message regarding the commercial relationship between the US and the UK following the election of President Trump: 'Britain is now a small economy. If Trump’s strategy is to make trade agreements w/ only people who speak English we will be lesser nation' (8 Jan 2017). This tweet suggests that trading in English only is not an effective economic strategy. In other words, the economic impact on the US of closing off its trade barriers with non-Anglophone countries would be enormous. Similarly, post-Brexit Britain will need a language strategy as it aims to connect with fresh markets overseas...

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, Ed. Carol A. Chapelle, 2013

A basic premise of modern linguistics is that all languages are functionally equal (Edwards, 1979... more A basic premise of modern linguistics is that all languages are functionally equal (Edwards, 1979, 1994). In the same way that anthropologists will not judge the relative worth of cultures, linguists believe that one language is as good and adequate as any other (Grillo, 1989, p. 173; Trudgill, 1983, p. 205). Despite this, languages are often evaluated and judgments are made about their worth as well as that of their speakers, leading to the national distribution and transnational hierarchies of languages that we know today. In applied linguistics such evaluations and judgments are frequently looked at under the generic heading of " language attitudes" [...]

The Encyclopaedia of Applied Linguistics, C. Chapelle (ed.), 2013

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the specialized... more The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the specialized agency of the UN system that carries the flag globally for the human and
intangible aspects of society and development. Founded in London in 1945 during the aftermath of World War II, its charter (UNESCO, 1945) emphasizes the importance of
knowledge, values, and attitudes in the conduct of human affairs. The opening words of the charter have an abiding relevance: “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defence of peace must be constructed.” The underlying concern for peace, respect, dignity, and diversity continues to inspire its global work and leadership role—a concern within which language occupies a critical place. UNESCO defines its role in part as a clearing-house and a laboratory of ideas, and it is
from these perspectives that the organization addresses questions of language. [...]

The Encyclopaedia of Applied Linguistics, C. Chapelle (ed.) , 2013

Acquisition Planning (AP) is concerned with the range of language users and the distribution of l... more Acquisition Planning (AP) is concerned with the range of language users and the distribution of literacy. As a form of language management (Spolsky, 2004) it complements and interacts with status planning (which is about the social role or function of a language) and corpus planning (used to modify the structure of a language). This interconnection is particularly evident in multilingual contexts, where (monolingual and bilingual) AP often
involves status-linked and ideology-driven language aspects of public legitimisation and institutionalization (May, 2001, p. 153). AP can be activated in formal and informal settings, at the macro or micro levels of society, and may involve top-down or bottom-up approaches
(Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997). This chapter provides a brief overview of approaches to AP and highlights issues arising in postcolonial, post-Soviet, and European settings, exemplified by some current European frameworks which are particularly active in AP. [...]

The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy, B. Spolsky (ed.), 2012

This chapter first reviews former Soviet approaches to language policy and then offers a comparat... more This chapter first reviews former Soviet approaches to language policy and then offers a comparative analysis of evolving practices in the independent post-Soviet countries from 1991 onwards. In presenting changes in the management of the language regimes that the successor states have deliberately brought about to overturn major aspects of Soviet language policy and to re-institute the national languages, the focus is on language and citizenship legislation, education and language acquisition, titular language assessment, efforts of language institutions to modernize, standardize, or purify the newly (re-) instituted languages, bilateral and multilateral agreements and minority protection, and (the management of) bilingual and multilingual language practices. Examples are drawn from the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the Slavic states (Belarus, Ukraine, the Russian Federation), the Transcaucasus states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) and the Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). In conclusion we briefly examine the scholarly treatment of policy issues in a selection of the successor states.

The Baltic way(s): twenty years on, 2011

Sprachenvielfalt und Kultur-frieden. Sprachminderheit - Einsprachigkeit - Mehrsprachigkeit: Probleme und Chancen sprachlicher Vielfalt, G. Lüdi, K. Seelmann & B. Sitter-Liver (eds) , 2008

Sprachkönnen und Sprachbewusstheit in Europa, S. Kessler (ed.), 2011

Die EU-Mitgliedschaft sollte Osteuropas sozio-politische Verankerung zum Westen symbolisieren, wa... more Die EU-Mitgliedschaft sollte Osteuropas sozio-politische Verankerung zum Westen
symbolisieren, was aber nicht ohne andauernde Verhandlungen mit einer gewissen,
vom Westen her geforderten Liberalisierung der Gesetzgebung im Osten
zu erreichen war. Die EU-Beitrittsverhandlungen haben infolgedessen zu sprachpolitischen Herausforderungen geführt, die letztlich auf divergierende Sprachideologien und tiefgreifende soziopolitische Unterschiede zwischen West- und
Osteuropa zurückzuführen sind. Dieser Aufsatz situiert die divergierenden Rahmenbedingungen in Ost- und Westeuropa und analysiert diese im Umfeld der
Triade Sprachplanung, Sprachideologien und Sprachpraktiken.

Kalba, Įvairovė ir integracija besiplečiančioje Europoje : iššūkiai ir galimybė, I. Savickienė (ed.), 2007

Multilingual Europe: Facts and Policies, G. Extra & D. Gorter (eds) , 2008

Language and culture have played a central role in the re-construction and consolidation of natio... more Language and culture have played a central role in the re-construction and consolidation of national identity in the Baltic Republics prior to and after the restoration of sovereignty. Hence long-term language and integration policies were set in motion across the Baltic following independence in 1990/1991 to deal with the complex ethno-demographic legacy of the Soviet past. Proficiency in “national” languages is considered to be a key element or even pre-requisite for social cohesion and integration and to reverse the state of ...

Neocolonial Mentalities in Contemporry Europe? Language and Discourse in the Construction of Identities, Rings, G. & Ife, A. (eds), 2008

The politics of belonging features prominently on Eastern European agendas, and discourses on ide... more The politics of belonging features prominently on Eastern European agendas, and discourses on identity, citizenship and nationhood abound. Essentially, discussions on public fronts tend to be embedded in an essentialist, fixed view of identity, thus countering western approaches that have shifted toward a multiple and intersecting understanding of belonging. With a specific focus on Latvia, and against the background of the diverse settings in the Baltic this contribution explores how identity is (re-) claimed here in the consolidation of positions at both the ‘periphery’ and the ‘centre’ in Central/Eastern European discourse.

Nation und Sprache in Nordosteuropa im 19. Jahrhundert, K. Maier (ed.) , 2011

It has been widely documented and is now generally recognized that the study of standardisation i... more It has been widely documented and is now generally recognized that the study of standardisation is primarily about ideologies and hegemonies pertaining to language. Hence the prestige and legitimacy of a ‘standard’ does not in the first instance, as has at times been suggested, derive from any naturally primordial or primary root language, or even from the fact that it is the most commonly spoken variety. Rather, it is ‘historically emergent and tends to evolve from an ideology forged and maintained by social institutions that valorise a particular variety over others and attempt to naturalize its ideological dominance’. Or, as
Silverstein puts it, standardization is a ‘phenomenon in a linguistic community in which institutional maintenance of certain valued linguistic practices (...) acquire an explicitly
recognized hegemony over the definition of the community’s norm’. In this comparative paper we shall analyse how a particular variety comes to be recognized
as a standard, what social, political and historic conditions made it possible for a linguistic standard to evolve in Norway and Lithuania, and what consequences standardization entailed. We shall see that standardization processes can be embroiled in complex and dynamic power struggles among competing and diverging language ideologies, promoted by different groups and institutions. Since the Norwegian case shows that people do not necessarily accept one chosen standard, and that counter-hegemonies can develop challenging the legitimacy of a standard, we shall also dwell on rationality of resistance
and contestation to the hegemony of a standard.

A Litmus Test Case of Modernity, L. Donskis (ed.) , 2009

This contribution focuses on means of using language and culture to stake boundaries in the (re-)... more This contribution focuses on means of using language and culture to stake boundaries in the (re-) consolidation of national identity and on challenges that can arise in this process. In considering language ideological debates on this topic we explore implications for questions of difference and tolerance. Throughout the cultural history of Europe, language and culture have figured as a site for constructing and contesting different versions of collective identity, or of delineation and assertion. Functioning as an arbitrary divide between national entities, they have over time increasingly become part of hegemonic discourse and political practice. As epistemological constructs, their role is sustained and promoted by a number of institutional and discursive means. During processes of transition, this social practice tends to be reactivated through a narrative (re-) consolidation of a sense of national (id)entity. This social habitus, to use a term coined by Bourdieu, can serve as a means to strengthen outward boundaries. In order to qualify for European Union (EU) membership, the boundaries of this paradigm needed to be (re-) negotiated in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). EU accession and identity negotiations went hand in hand and were influenced by social perceptions implying a reciprocal view of ‘Self ‘and ‘Others’, and reciprocal representations of ‘core’ and ‘periphery’. In this process, EU conditionalities that had to be complied with presented a not inconsiderable hurdle for the (relatively late) newcomers from CEE, whose societies were expected to cross established boundaries in becoming more closely aligned with Western democratic principles (Hogan-Brun et al. 2007). Social reforms that were carried out as part of this process needed to ensure minority protection provisions in accordance with standards set by international frameworks. Language policy developments on the other hand, which have mainly remained the prerogative of member states, have undergone less decisive moulding in accommodating diversity. Moreover, the region’s embeddedness with the West is also dependent on broader global developments, which will require additional re-adjustments, both in terms of language and identity politics.

Testing regimes: Cross-National Perspectives on Language, Migration & Citizenship, G. Extra, M. Spotti & P. Van Avermaet (eds), 2009

Discourse and Social Change - Post-Communism and Beyond, M. Krzyzanowski & A. Galasińska (eds) , 2009

Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical Perspectives on Language Testing Regimes in Europe, G. Hogan-Brun, C. Mar-Molinero & P. Stevenson (eds), 2009

One of the most pressing issues in contemporary European societies is the need to promote integr... more One of the most pressing issues in contemporary European societies is the need
to promote integration and social inclusion in the context of rapidly increasing
migration. A particular challenge confronting national governments is how to
accommodate speakers of an ever-increasing number of languages within what
in most cases are still perceived as monolingual indigenous populations. This
has given rise to public debates in many countries on proposals to impose a
requirement of competence in a ‘national’ language and culture as a condition
for acquiring citizenship. These debates in turn have revealed an urgent
need to develop a fuller conceptual and theoretical basis than is currently
available for the widespread public discussion of the linguistic and cultural
requirements being proposed as elements in the gate-keeping process leading
to the achievement of citizenship in many EU member states. The controversial
nature of such policy proposals and their potentially far-reaching consequences
are often highlighted in public debates on social inclusion and integration. This
however is frequently conducted almost entirely at a national level within each
state, with little if any attention paid either to the broader European context or to
comparable experience in other parts of the world. At the same time, further EU
enlargement and the ongoing rise in the rate of migration into and across Europe
suggest that the salience of these issues is likely to continue to grow.

Minority Languages in Europe: Status – Frameworks – Prospects, G. Hogan-Brun & S. Wolff (eds),, 2003

The dynamics released by political and economic liberation from Soviet hegemony in the countries ... more The dynamics released by political and economic liberation from Soviet hegemony in the countries of the former East Bloc have triggered major social and linguistic changes, paving the way for previously suppressed languages and cultures to blossom again. As a result, local languages and cultures have been affected in two different ways: at one end of the spectrum we can observe the successful re-instatement of the official status of the titular languages; at the opposite end of the spectrum we see the unleashing of ethnolinguistic tensions and disputes over minority rights. In the face of these two competing, but not mutually exclusive tendencies, the recognition and safeguarding of these re-emerging cultural and linguistic ecologies have become crucial issues of social significance with psychological, cultural, political, legal and economic implications.

In: Minority Languages in Europe: Status – Frameworks – Prospects, G. Hogan-Brun & S. Wolff (eds), Houndsmills: Palgrave/Macmillan, pp. 3-15., 2003

Why Study Languages?, Mar 4, 2021

Endorsements: Praise I defy anyone to read this book and not end up passionate about the import... more Endorsements:
Praise I defy anyone to read this book and not end up passionate about the importance and the pleasure of languages. With a combination of research, statistics, anecdotes and human interest stories and interviews, it is precisely targeted to its main audience of prospective students and their parents. If you still believe that English is enough, prepare to be disabused!

Baroness Jean Coussins, Vice-President, Chartered Institute of Linguists, Co-Chair, All Party Parliamentary Group on Modern Languages, President, Speak to the Future Campaign ----

Why Study Languages? is as rich in information as it is in experience. It will answer your questions about the nature of languages and communication, dispel many nega tive myths about language learning, and provide evidence that studying lan guages is not only useful but also rewarding, exhilarating and, often, life-changing.

Loredana Polezzi, Alfonse M. D'Amato Chair in Italian American and Italian Studies, Stony Brook University ----

In this great new book - one filled with inspiration and pragmatism - Gabrielle Hogan-Brun shows you how languages have the power to shape your life. You'll find real-life stories of both ordinary and famous people. You'll see how knowing languages helped them to become successful and to find their place in the world. You'll read about careers you might want to consider with languages. And you'll also learn how you can get started-and where. If you wonder whether studying languages is the right path for you, this comprehensive and easy-to-follow guide will help you decide.

Gabriella Ferenczi, German & Hungarian Language Coach, Founder of ProLingua Global

This Handbook is an in-depth appraisal of the field of minority languages and communities today. ... more This Handbook is an in-depth appraisal of the field of minority languages and communities today. It presents a wide-ranging, coherent picture of the main topics, with key contributions from international specialists in sociolinguistics, policy studies, sociology, anthropology and law. Individual chapters are grouped together in themes, covering regional, non-territorial and migratory language settings across the world. It is the essential reference work for specialist researchers, scholars in ancillary disciplines, research and coursework students, public agencies and anyone interested in language diversity, multilingualism and migration.
(ed. with Bernadette O'Rourke; Palgrave Macmillan, Oct. 2018)

Linguanomics: What is the Market Potential of Multilingualism?

Globalization, the Internet and an era of mass travel have combined to produce a world with a lan... more Globalization, the Internet and an era of mass travel have combined to produce a world with a language mix on a huge scale. Linguanomics explains this multilingualism in a material, economic and cultural sense.

What is the effect of this multilingualism on society, organizations and individuals? What are the economic benefits and drawbacks? Should we invest in language skills? Should there be interventionist policies, and if so, at what level? Should there be a global lingua mundi? The debate surrounding multilingualism is often clouded by emotion and misconception. With an analysis devoid of rhetoric, Gabrielle Hogan-Brun takes an objective look at this charged area.

The result is Linguanomics: a major step towards a clearer understanding of the market potential of multilingualism, its benefits, costs and points of contention. Asking significant questions of profound concern to the future of global
collaboration, Linguanomics is an essential guide to students, teachers, policy makers and politicians and anyone who cares about the role of language in the modern world.

One of the most pressing issues in contemporary European societies is the need to promote integra... more One of the most pressing issues in contemporary European societies is the need to promote integration and social inclusion in the context of rapidly increasing migration. A particular challenge confronting national governments is how to accommodate speakers of an ever-increasing number of languages within what in most cases are still perceived as monolingual indigenous populations. This has given rise to public debates in many countries on controversial policies imposing a requirement of competence in a ‘national’ language and culture as a condition for acquiring citizenship. However, these debates are frequently conducted almost entirely at a national level within each state, with little if any attention paid to the broader European context. At the same time, further EU enlargement and the ongoing rise in the rate of migration into and across Europe suggest that the salience of these issues is likely to continue to grow. This volume offers a critical analysis of these debates and emerging discourses on integration and challenges the assumptions underlying the new ‘language testing regimes’.

(Book review 2010): http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09500780903509902?src=recsys&journalCode=rlae20

Minority languages are part of Europe's shared cultural heritage and there is a broad consensus t... more Minority languages are part of Europe's shared cultural heritage and there is a broad consensus that it is important to protect and encourage linguistic and cultural diversity during the process of continuing European integration. But what legislative and policy instruments can be effective? Are there conflicts between language rights and the social policy demands of nation building? How are general European concerns reflected or challenged within individual countries? This volume illustrates the intellectually productive debate among sociolinguists, linguistic anthropologists, political scientists, lawyers, language activists and policy makers. The contributions focus on the current status of minority languages within a 'Europe of the regions', the future prospects for minority languages in the continuing process of European integration, and the effectiveness or otherwise of current national and European frameworks in ensuring future linguistic and cultural diversity. (Endorsement):

Important reading for anyone interested in minority languages, in particular recent developments in Central Europe. The chapters in the book represent a good overview of the current debates on language rights, linguistic diversity and efforts at protection and promotion by international treaties and organizations. It is a rich and fascinating collection which adds a number of in-depth case-studies on German minorities, national minorities in the Baltic states and the Romani language. Those are minorities that have not received much attention in the literature thus far and these contributions will not get outdated easily. The book sheds real light on issues of minority languages and language policy. -Durk Gorter, University of the Basque Country.

This monograph provides an overview of the language situation in the three Baltic countries: Esto... more This monograph provides an overview of the language situation in the three Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It examines the recent change in language regimes that the Baltic States have deliberately brought about since the restitution of their independence, the nature of these changes, the opposition they have engendered and the linguistic, political and social consequences of these policies, both locally and internationally. First, an overview is provided on the historical background to contex-tualise and present language policy issues in the Baltic. Then attempts to overturn major aspects of Soviet language policy and to re-institute the national language are highlighted. Aspects of the current language situation covered include a special focus on bilingual and multilingual language use in the Baltic multiethnic settings. Detailed attention is also paid to language provision in the diverging educational settings, as well as to methods of assessment. This is followed by a discussion of attitudes to language use, standardisation, testing, languages and language variants. In conclusion the scholarly treatment of Baltic language policy issues is examined, concluding with an evaluation of the contribution of the Baltic States to our overall understandings of language policy and its complexities. [A copy of the entire monograph can be downloaded from my list of journal articles].

(Preface) ... more (Preface)

German is widely spoken in many countries outside Germany. These disparate language communities are likely to undergo changes when confronted with the tide of European unification. This collection aims to take stock of the current situation by exploring national varieties of German outside Germany with a focus on status, function and prevailing attitudes. It will provide a composite picture of the nature of ‘Germanness’ and its ethno-linguistic aspects in the light of the great changes which are underway.

The forces released by the ever greater degree of European integration and globalisation affect languages and cultures in two different ways – at one end of the spectrum we see features of a global culture dominated by English as the lingua franca; at the opposite end of the spectrum the expression of cultural identity and the insistence on cultural distinctiveness challenge this trend of global harmonisation in the area of culture and language. In the face of these two competing, but not necessarily mutually exclusive tendencies, the recognition and safeguarding of cultural and linguistic diversity have become crucial issues of social significance with psychological, cultural, political, legal and economic implications.

Highlighting the different historical/political and cultural traditions of German, recognised scholars provide chapters with detailed accounts on the linguistic settings in those countries (1) in which German has the status of a national language and (2) where it has official or regional official status. Consideration is also given to some German-speaking minorities in eastern Europe. For a more detailed account of the latter, the reader is referred to Stefan Wolff’s volume on German Minorities in Europe (2000). Wide-ranging explorations of the interrelations between language and society in the German-speaking countries are offered in Michael Clyne’s book The German Language in a Changing Europe (1995) and by Stephen Barbour and Patrick Stevenson in Variation in German (1990).

The present collection focuses on questions of language behaviour, policies and attitudes to German from a pluricentric viewpoint. The comprehensive picture of its national varieties emerging from the contributions reveals a dynamic and interactive relationship between these variants, their roles, functions and status. To give depth to the intra-national dimension intended for this volume, the majority of authors wrote their chapters from an outsider’s point of view. It is hoped that the necessary critical distance aimed for will enable the reader to gain objective insights into the subtleties and interdependence of language, culture and belonging.

Book Review (2001):
http://www.gfl-journal.de/2-2001/rz_johnson.pdf

Worldwide migration and unprecedented economic, political and social integration in Europe presen... more Worldwide migration and unprecedented economic, political and social integration in Europe present serious challenges to the nature and position of language minorities. Some communities receive protective legislation and active support from states through policies that promote and sustain cultural and linguistic diversity; others succumb to global homogenisation and assimilation. At the same time, discourses on diversity and emancipation have produced greater demands for the management of difference. This series will publish new research based on single or comparative case studies on minority languages worldwide. We will focus on their use, status and prospects, and on linguistic pluralism in areas with immigrant or traditional minority communities or with shifting borders. Each volume will be written in an accessible style for researchers and students in linguistics, education, politics and anthropology, and for practitioners interested in language minorities and diversity.

Book Series Editors: Gabrielle Hogan-Brun & Stephen May
Book series website <http://www.palgrave.com/us/series/14611>

LSE Business Review, 21 February , 2018

On International Mother Language Day, 21 February, the ‘Salzburg Statement for a Multilingual Wor... more On International Mother Language Day, 21 February, the ‘Salzburg Statement for a Multilingual World’ calls for the celebration of language diversity as the global norm and for the development of language policies that advance multilingualism. In this article we argue that apart from its proven individual benefits, organisations and whole countries can gain culturally, socially and materially by embracing multilingualism. Speaking multiple languages may even increase our happiness.

The European Financial Review, November 17, 2017

Britain hopes to draw on the trade relationships of the former Commonwealth to grow its economy p... more Britain hopes to draw on the trade relationships of the former Commonwealth to grow its economy post Brexit. Could this place too much reliance on English as the language of trade? What do we know about the benefits of a languages strategy for the economy? [...]

The Conversation, Mar 13, 2017

As the UK prepares to leave the EU, it has a huge number of considerations to ensure its economy ... more As the UK prepares to leave the EU, it has a huge number of considerations to ensure its economy prospers. One, which is perhaps overlooked, is Britain’s language policy and how important this is as an economic resource. A strategic language policy and the cultivation of language experts in post-Brexit Britain are essential if it wants to connect with fresh markets overseas....

Quartz, Mar 9, 2017

Speaking a different language—whether it’s your grandparents’ tongue or high-school Spanish—funda... more Speaking a different language—whether it’s your grandparents’ tongue or high-school Spanish—fundamentally changes the structure of your brain. Put a bunch of these malleable minds together in a company, and you create the potential for some truly original thinking...

Quartz, Feb 7, 2017

Top US economist Larry Summers recently tweeted in relation to America’s focus on its so-called s... more Top US economist Larry Summers recently tweeted in relation to America’s focus on its so-called special relationship with the UK. And he’s right. The economic impact on the US—or any other country—that closes off its trade barriers with countries that are different to it would be enormous...

The Conversation, 3 February 2017

If your strategy is to trade only with people that speak English that’s going to be a poor strate... more If your strategy is to trade only with people that speak English that’s going to be a poor strategy....

Language constellations from East to West (discussion paper).

ASSIMIL (27 July 2017), 2017

Gabrielle Hogan-Brun released Linguanomics (Bloomsbury) in February, the most comprehensive book ... more Gabrielle Hogan-Brun released Linguanomics (Bloomsbury) in February, the most comprehensive book ever published on the relationships between multilingualism and economics. While the book has received international and deserved praise, Gabrielle was kind enough to answer some questions about her field research, Brexit effects, and of course economics, language and sociolinguistics.