George Happ | University of Vermont (original) (raw)
Papers by George Happ
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1995
B proteins represent one of the four major protein groups secreted by the tubular accessory gland... more B proteins represent one of the four major protein groups secreted by the tubular accessory glands of adult, male mealworm beetles. They are acidic proteins with an apparent molecular mass of 18.8 kDa. In this paper we present the deduced amino-acid sequences of two, almost identical B proteins, termed BI and B2. The mature proteins are 118 amino acids long. They contain 11 (B2) or 12 (B1) possible phosphorylation sites and are rich in glutamic acid (16%). Lectin binding experiments indicate the presence of asparagine linked carbohydrate. The secondary structure of the B proteins is predicted to be almost completely ~-helical. The B proteins show significant sequence resemblance to a group of pheromone-and odorant-binding proteins in moths and Drosophila, suggesting a role as carrier proteins for lipids.
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2010
Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the Category A bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensi... more Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the Category A bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensis. In Scandinavia, tularemia transmission by mosquitoes has been widely cited in the literature. We tested >2,500 mosquitoes captured in Alaska and found Francisella DNA in 30% of pooled samples. To examine the potential for transmission of Francisella by mosquitoes, we developed a mosquito model of Francisella infection. Larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Aedes aegypti (L.) readily ingest F. tularensis but do not efficiently transfer infective doses of the bacterium to the pupal or adult stage. After a bloodmeal containing Francisella, adult female An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti retained detectable levels of Francisella DNA for 3 d, but when they took a second bloodmeal, the mammalian host was not infected. This study suggests that although Francisella DNA can be detected in a significant portion of wild-caught mosquitoes, transmission of Francisella is either very inefficient or is species dependent for the Francisella strain or the arthropod vector.
Annual Review of Entomology, 1992
Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine, 1995
Annals of the Entomological Society of America
ABSTRACT
Annals of the Entomological Society of America
J Exp Zool, 1982
The bean-shaped accessory glands of male mealworm beetles are morphologically complex. Seven dist... more The bean-shaped accessory glands of male mealworm beetles are morphologically complex. Seven distinct cell types produce a semisolid secretory mass that contains structural proteins of the spermatophore. Cell numbers increase 3.5-fold over the pupal instar, and gland volume increases 30-fold over the pupal and early adult stage. DNA content reaches its maximum at adult ecdysis (11 pglsecretory cell), RNA at 4 days later (55 pgkell), and protein at 6 days after ecdysis (1.200 pglcell). Rates of 14C-and 3H-leucine incorporation increase in parallel to the rise in protein content. Over ten putative secretory protein bands were identified by using one-dimensional SDS-slab gel electrophoresis to compare BAG homogenates with homogenates of the secretory mass and the spermatophore. At least five of these secretory proteins accumulate in BAGs after adult ecdysis, and most show high rates of leucine incorporation in the adult. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis (PI and SDS) and fluorography allowed us to identify a score of reference spots, at least seven spots that are characteristic of the pupa, and over 40 spots that appear to be differentiation-specific and are presumably secretory products. The fluorographic indices give an unambiguous means of scoring terminal differentiation in the BAG. ~~ ~ PaLrick .I. Uaileys present address is University 01 Southern 11-Iinois. School 01 Uentistrv. Alton. I L 62002.
The Journal of Heredity, 2007
Insect Biochemistry, 1985
The tubular reproductwe accessory glands (TAGs) of male mealworm beetles (Tenebrw mohtor) produce... more The tubular reproductwe accessory glands (TAGs) of male mealworm beetles (Tenebrw mohtor) produce four groups of dlfferentmt~on-speclfic proteins This paper concerns the D protein class which are the first of these proteins to appear m the adult TAGs W~thm the D class, four pept~des with apparent molecular weights of 27 7, 26 5, 25 1 and 24 0 x 103 were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresis Each D peptlde possesses a &fferent lsoelectrlc point Only one or two D proteins were found m any one male Their &stnbutlon m our laboratory population was consistent with a Hardy Weinberg eqmhbrmm with four alleles at one locus In non-denaturing electrophoresls, the D proteins are separable into two bands' ND~ which contained proteins of 26 5 and 24 0 kllodaltons and ND 2 which contained only proteins of 27 7 kd. The native D proteins may exist as dlmers m their natwe state but we found no ewdence for disulphide bonds between polypeptlde chains Amino acid analysis indicated that the two bands from non-denaturing electrophoresls are slmdar m composition, both to each other and to whole TAG homogenate Both D bands are high m alanme, aspartlc acid, glutamlc acid and glycme and are low m methlonme and tyroslne
Insect Biochemistry, 1986
Monoclonal antibodies were produced against insoluble proteins of spermatophores of Tenebrio moli... more Monoclonal antibodies were produced against insoluble proteins of spermatophores of Tenebrio molitor. One hybridoma clone produced antibody which recognized two antigens (29.4 and 27.6 kd mol. wt) in the bean-shaped accessory reproductive glands (BAGs) and in the secreted precursor of the insoluble fraction of the spermatophore. At least two molecular weight variants which differed by 1.5-1.7 kd mol. wt daltons are present. Processing accompanies secretion into the BAG lumen, with a reduction of about 4000 daltons in apparent molecular weights. The amount of target antigen during reproductive maturation, its localization and its transport were studied using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The monoclonal antibody recognized a protein present in one of the eight secretory cell types (type 3) of the BAG, in the secretory production of this gland, and in discrete layers of the spermatophore ejected from the male. This specific probe, and others currently being produced, will facilitate detailed studies on the process of spermatophore formation.
The Journal of experimental zoology, 1986
Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the secretory product of the bean-shaped accessory gl... more Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the secretory product of the bean-shaped accessory gland (BAG) of male mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor). Antibodies from one clone (PL 6.3) recognized a 9,600 dalton protein with a pI of 6.6 which was found in homogenates of the BAG. The PL 6.3 antigen was first detected on Western blots of BAG proteins from 2-day adults, and amounts increased for the next 6 days until reproductive maturation was achieved. The antibody also recognized a polypeptide with a molecular weight (mw) of about 5,000 daltons which we believe to be derived from the larger 9,600 dalton antigen. There are eight types of secretory cells in the BAG. By using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, we localized the antigens recognized by PL 6.3 in cell type 7 (intense staining) and cell type 5 (weak staining). Results from electron microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that antigen PL 6.3 was concentrated in the secretory granules characteristic of each of these two ...
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Jan 5, 1965
... We have chosen for initial study the terpenoid se-cretion of the mandibular glands of an ant ... more ... We have chosen for initial study the terpenoid se-cretion of the mandibular glands of an ant [Acantho-rnyops claviger (Roger)]; the chief components of this secretion have recently been identified as citronellal (I) and ... (5) R. W. Taft, Jr., E. Price, I. R. Fox, I. C. Lewis, KK Andersen ...
Progress in clinical and biological research, 1986
Insect Ultrastructure, 1984
Tissue and Cell, 1973
The pygidial glands of B. mandibularis produce a mixture of terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, and... more The pygidial glands of B. mandibularis produce a mixture of terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, and a benzoquinone. The morphology of these glands is described with particular attention to the ultrastructure of the secretory cells and their efferent ductules. Each functional secretory ...
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1995
B proteins represent one of the four major protein groups secreted by the tubular accessory gland... more B proteins represent one of the four major protein groups secreted by the tubular accessory glands of adult, male mealworm beetles. They are acidic proteins with an apparent molecular mass of 18.8 kDa. In this paper we present the deduced amino-acid sequences of two, almost identical B proteins, termed BI and B2. The mature proteins are 118 amino acids long. They contain 11 (B2) or 12 (B1) possible phosphorylation sites and are rich in glutamic acid (16%). Lectin binding experiments indicate the presence of asparagine linked carbohydrate. The secondary structure of the B proteins is predicted to be almost completely ~-helical. The B proteins show significant sequence resemblance to a group of pheromone-and odorant-binding proteins in moths and Drosophila, suggesting a role as carrier proteins for lipids.
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2010
Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the Category A bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensi... more Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the Category A bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensis. In Scandinavia, tularemia transmission by mosquitoes has been widely cited in the literature. We tested >2,500 mosquitoes captured in Alaska and found Francisella DNA in 30% of pooled samples. To examine the potential for transmission of Francisella by mosquitoes, we developed a mosquito model of Francisella infection. Larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Aedes aegypti (L.) readily ingest F. tularensis but do not efficiently transfer infective doses of the bacterium to the pupal or adult stage. After a bloodmeal containing Francisella, adult female An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti retained detectable levels of Francisella DNA for 3 d, but when they took a second bloodmeal, the mammalian host was not infected. This study suggests that although Francisella DNA can be detected in a significant portion of wild-caught mosquitoes, transmission of Francisella is either very inefficient or is species dependent for the Francisella strain or the arthropod vector.
Annual Review of Entomology, 1992
Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine, 1995
Annals of the Entomological Society of America
ABSTRACT
Annals of the Entomological Society of America
J Exp Zool, 1982
The bean-shaped accessory glands of male mealworm beetles are morphologically complex. Seven dist... more The bean-shaped accessory glands of male mealworm beetles are morphologically complex. Seven distinct cell types produce a semisolid secretory mass that contains structural proteins of the spermatophore. Cell numbers increase 3.5-fold over the pupal instar, and gland volume increases 30-fold over the pupal and early adult stage. DNA content reaches its maximum at adult ecdysis (11 pglsecretory cell), RNA at 4 days later (55 pgkell), and protein at 6 days after ecdysis (1.200 pglcell). Rates of 14C-and 3H-leucine incorporation increase in parallel to the rise in protein content. Over ten putative secretory protein bands were identified by using one-dimensional SDS-slab gel electrophoresis to compare BAG homogenates with homogenates of the secretory mass and the spermatophore. At least five of these secretory proteins accumulate in BAGs after adult ecdysis, and most show high rates of leucine incorporation in the adult. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis (PI and SDS) and fluorography allowed us to identify a score of reference spots, at least seven spots that are characteristic of the pupa, and over 40 spots that appear to be differentiation-specific and are presumably secretory products. The fluorographic indices give an unambiguous means of scoring terminal differentiation in the BAG. ~~ ~ PaLrick .I. Uaileys present address is University 01 Southern 11-Iinois. School 01 Uentistrv. Alton. I L 62002.
The Journal of Heredity, 2007
Insect Biochemistry, 1985
The tubular reproductwe accessory glands (TAGs) of male mealworm beetles (Tenebrw mohtor) produce... more The tubular reproductwe accessory glands (TAGs) of male mealworm beetles (Tenebrw mohtor) produce four groups of dlfferentmt~on-speclfic proteins This paper concerns the D protein class which are the first of these proteins to appear m the adult TAGs W~thm the D class, four pept~des with apparent molecular weights of 27 7, 26 5, 25 1 and 24 0 x 103 were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresis Each D peptlde possesses a &fferent lsoelectrlc point Only one or two D proteins were found m any one male Their &stnbutlon m our laboratory population was consistent with a Hardy Weinberg eqmhbrmm with four alleles at one locus In non-denaturing electrophoresls, the D proteins are separable into two bands' ND~ which contained proteins of 26 5 and 24 0 kllodaltons and ND 2 which contained only proteins of 27 7 kd. The native D proteins may exist as dlmers m their natwe state but we found no ewdence for disulphide bonds between polypeptlde chains Amino acid analysis indicated that the two bands from non-denaturing electrophoresls are slmdar m composition, both to each other and to whole TAG homogenate Both D bands are high m alanme, aspartlc acid, glutamlc acid and glycme and are low m methlonme and tyroslne
Insect Biochemistry, 1986
Monoclonal antibodies were produced against insoluble proteins of spermatophores of Tenebrio moli... more Monoclonal antibodies were produced against insoluble proteins of spermatophores of Tenebrio molitor. One hybridoma clone produced antibody which recognized two antigens (29.4 and 27.6 kd mol. wt) in the bean-shaped accessory reproductive glands (BAGs) and in the secreted precursor of the insoluble fraction of the spermatophore. At least two molecular weight variants which differed by 1.5-1.7 kd mol. wt daltons are present. Processing accompanies secretion into the BAG lumen, with a reduction of about 4000 daltons in apparent molecular weights. The amount of target antigen during reproductive maturation, its localization and its transport were studied using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The monoclonal antibody recognized a protein present in one of the eight secretory cell types (type 3) of the BAG, in the secretory production of this gland, and in discrete layers of the spermatophore ejected from the male. This specific probe, and others currently being produced, will facilitate detailed studies on the process of spermatophore formation.
The Journal of experimental zoology, 1986
Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the secretory product of the bean-shaped accessory gl... more Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the secretory product of the bean-shaped accessory gland (BAG) of male mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor). Antibodies from one clone (PL 6.3) recognized a 9,600 dalton protein with a pI of 6.6 which was found in homogenates of the BAG. The PL 6.3 antigen was first detected on Western blots of BAG proteins from 2-day adults, and amounts increased for the next 6 days until reproductive maturation was achieved. The antibody also recognized a polypeptide with a molecular weight (mw) of about 5,000 daltons which we believe to be derived from the larger 9,600 dalton antigen. There are eight types of secretory cells in the BAG. By using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, we localized the antigens recognized by PL 6.3 in cell type 7 (intense staining) and cell type 5 (weak staining). Results from electron microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that antigen PL 6.3 was concentrated in the secretory granules characteristic of each of these two ...
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Jan 5, 1965
... We have chosen for initial study the terpenoid se-cretion of the mandibular glands of an ant ... more ... We have chosen for initial study the terpenoid se-cretion of the mandibular glands of an ant [Acantho-rnyops claviger (Roger)]; the chief components of this secretion have recently been identified as citronellal (I) and ... (5) R. W. Taft, Jr., E. Price, I. R. Fox, I. C. Lewis, KK Andersen ...
Progress in clinical and biological research, 1986
Insect Ultrastructure, 1984
Tissue and Cell, 1973
The pygidial glands of B. mandibularis produce a mixture of terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, and... more The pygidial glands of B. mandibularis produce a mixture of terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, and a benzoquinone. The morphology of these glands is described with particular attention to the ultrastructure of the secretory cells and their efferent ductules. Each functional secretory ...