Patricia Prelock | University of Vermont (original) (raw)

Papers by Patricia Prelock

Research paper thumbnail of Metapragmatic Awareness of Explanation Adequacy II

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, Apr 1, 1997

Page 1. Metapragmatic Awareness of Explanation Adequacy II: Follow-Up Molly E. Gottschalk Savanna... more Page 1. Metapragmatic Awareness of Explanation Adequacy II: Follow-Up Molly E. Gottschalk Savannah Rehabilitation & Nursing Center, Savannah, GA Patricia A. Prelock University of Vermont, Burlington Ernest M. Weiler University of Cincinnati, OH David Sandman St. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Cultural Competence in Differential Diagnosis: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Reactive Attachment Disorder

Research paper thumbnail of Speech–Language Pathology

Infants & Young Children, 2015

The purpose of this article is to explain the role of speech–language pathology in early interven... more The purpose of this article is to explain the role of speech–language pathology in early intervention. The expected credentials of professionals in the field are described, and the current numbers of practitioners serving young children are identified. Several resource documents available from the American Speech-Language Hearing Association are used to highlight guidelines for practice in early intervention. The roles and responsibilities of speech–language pathologists in early intervention are outlined including the knowledge and skills expected for practice. Shared practice competencies with other organizations focused on early intervention are presented. A case is made for interprofessional education (IPE) at both preservice and in-service levels to facilitate best practice in early intervention across disciplines. While preservice education with a specialty focus in early intervention is limited, IPE is offered as one option for preparing collaborative practitioners who can share responsibility for addressing the critical needs of young children and their families.

Research paper thumbnail of Language Development Survey

Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised

Psychology in the Schools, 1998

The original Leiter International Performance Scale, based on studies of children in Hawaii, was ... more The original Leiter International Performance Scale, based on studies of children in Hawaii, was developed by Russell Leiter in 1929. Its purpose was to assess the abilities of children who had difficulty responding verbally. The current edition is the first revision of the Leiter since 1948. Description of the Test The Leiter-Revised (1995, 1997) assesses cognition in individuals ranging in age from 2 years 0 months through 20 years 11 months. It was specifically developed for examinees with communication disorders, hearing and motor impairments, traumatic brain injuries, attentional problems, and learning disabilities. Individuals who are not proficient in English are also good candidates for use of this measure. Authors of the current edition reported that their work was guided by models of cognitive ability developed by Gustafsson (1984) and Carroll (1993). They have conceptualized nonverbal cognitive abilities in terms of various mental functions, such as reasoning, visualization, memory, and attention. The authors emphasized that nonverbal cognitive abilities are not solely dependent on proficiency in the use of printed materials, words, and numbers. Therefore, administration of the Leiter-R is accomplished through the use of pictures, figures, and symbols. Instructions are delivered in a nonverbal format, using gestures and pantomime. The Leiter is divided into two groups of ten subtests each. Subtests from the Visualization and Reasoning Battery (VR) (i.e.

Research paper thumbnail of Language Cortex

Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2013

The Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, was proposed by psycholinguist Noam Chomsky as the devic... more The Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, was proposed by psycholinguist Noam Chomsky as the device or organ within the brain which houses human's innate ability to acquire and produce language. Stemming from the nativist theory which asserts that certain skills innately exist in humans, the LAD is thus in direct opposition with the behaviorist theory which suggests skills are attained through learning and reinforcement. According to Chomsky, the LAD is held responsible for allowing children to derive syntactic structure and rules from their native language through multiple stages of hypothesis testing. Through this process, the LAD transforms generalizations of speech and language into basic grammar. This hypothetical structure helps explain the immense surge in language ability in toddlerhood, but it is unavailable after an unspecified critical period of development. The LAD is a theoretical construct, and therefore its relationship to language acquisition in Autism Spectrum Disorder has not been specifically tested.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists in Service Delivery

The ASHA Leader

... Prizant and Rubin (1999) challenge practitioners to consider the following when evaluating in... more ... Prizant and Rubin (1999) challenge practitioners to consider the following when evaluating interventions: ... Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists in Service Delivery. The ASHA Leader. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Interprofessional Education and Practice: A Family-Centered Approach to Autism

Seminars in speech and language, Nov 1, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Supporting Children with Autism and Their Families: A Culturally Responsive Family-Driven Interprofessional Process

Pediatric clinics of North America, 2018

This article describes the Coaching in Context (CinC) process, a family-driven, culturally respon... more This article describes the Coaching in Context (CinC) process, a family-driven, culturally responsive structure that facilitates family identification and achievement of goals. CinC focuses on modification of the demands of an activity with guidance from a health care professional who coaches the family to increase their participation in everyday activities. An interprofessional team is key in this process. Working as a team and communicating effectively across professions supports the health professional who serves as the coach. Effective interprofessional team collaboration is possible; health professions share values for the delivery of the highest quality of care.

Research paper thumbnail of Using Story-Based Interventions to Improve Episodic Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Seminars in speech and language, 2018

Episodic memory (EM) and scene construction are critical for organizing and understanding persona... more Episodic memory (EM) and scene construction are critical for organizing and understanding personally experienced events and for developing several aspects of social cognition including self-concept, identity, introspection, future thinking, counterfactual reasoning, theory of mind, self-regulation, flexible problem-solving, and socially adaptive behavior. This article challenges the reader to think differently about EM in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as we expand our understanding of autobiographical memory that requires an ability to travel back in time and re-experience an event. The role of EM in cognitive and behavioral functioning for children with and without ASD is described. The value of story-based interventions such as Social Stories and Comic Strip Conversations for supporting EM is discussed with adaptations recommended to ensure a rich personal recall of an event. By focusing on EM and scene construction, there is potential for increasing the potency of...

Research paper thumbnail of One Team-Patient, Family, and Health Care Providers: An Interprofessional Education Activity Providing Collaborative and Palliative Care

Seminars in speech and language, Nov 1, 2017

The article explains an approach to building interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessio... more The article explains an approach to building interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional practice opportunities as well as content in palliative/hospice care within undergraduate and graduate curricula for six health disciplines, including speech-language pathology. Graduate students from nursing, medicine, communication sciences, and disorders, physical therapy, social work and nutrition, as well as undergraduate nursing students participated in one of four IPE training sessions using six videotaped simulation scenes portraying the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Learning objectives included (1) engaging in effective interprofessional communication and teamwork, (2) discussing therapeutic patient/family communication, (3) employing supportive holistic care with patients and families at end of life, and (4) relating the patient's physiological assessment findings to the dying process. Students discussed the role of the interprofessional team in end-of-life care and were coached on ways to apply interprofessional communication, a key interprofessional education competency, using patient- and family-centered care principles. Results revealed strong positive agreement among the disciplines regarding the value of the learning opportunities provided during this IPE simulation activity.

Research paper thumbnail of Mothers’ and Children’s Story-Telling: A Study of Dyads with Typically Developing Children and Children with ASD

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

The production of specific mental state terms types and functions by caregivers and their TD chil... more The production of specific mental state terms types and functions by caregivers and their TD children and caregivers and their children with ASD were assessed in two contexts: a parent's story-telling task and a child's story-telling task. Caregivers of children with ASD produced less causal talk and proportionally less desire and cognitive talk than did caregivers of TD children. When focusing only on variation in our ASD sample, caregivers' and children's production of different mental state references varied with context and were predicted by different child characteristics (i.e., theory of mind, autism severity, language level). We conclude that caregivers are likely adjusting different aspects of mental state input depending on different aspects of child development although these adjustments may not always be optimal.

Research paper thumbnail of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology: The Magic of Our Connection

ASHA Leader

As ASHA's "Identify the Signs" campaign educates the public about our professions, it reminds us ... more As ASHA's "Identify the Signs" campaign educates the public about our professions, it reminds us of the links between them.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparing Speech-Language Pathologists and Early Childhood Providers To Serve the Needs of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Rural Settings. Performance Report Year 3: 1999-2000

This report describes the activities and perfoimance of the Vermont Rural Autism Project (VT-RAP)... more This report describes the activities and perfoimance of the Vermont Rural Autism Project (VT-RAP), a training program designed to prepare 16 interdisciplinary trainees as specialists to serve children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in rural settings each year for a total of 48 specialists trained over the 3 years of the project. Four of the 16 trainees prepared each year complete the training program as part of their master's degree in speech-language pathology (SLP). Four trainees are master's prepared SLPs who complete 18 credits of course work and practica as specialists in ASD. Four trainees are master's prepared early childhood special educators who complete 18 credits of coursework and practica as specialists in ASD. Lastly, four trainees are related service providers who complete at least nine graduate credits of course work and practica as specialists in ASD. To respond to the need for interdisciplinary, community-based teams to serve the needs of children with ASD, the 16 trainees are divided into four teams. Results from the project indicate progress-continues to be made in achieving the objectives that have been formatted for the purpose of developing, implementing, assessing, and disseminating this training program for professionals serving children with ASD and their families. (CR) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

Research paper thumbnail of Brief Report: Preliminary Evaluation of the Theory of Mind Inventory and its Relationship to Measures of Social Skills

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Apr 1, 2011

This study presents updated information on a parent-report measure of Theory of Mind (ToM), forme... more This study presents updated information on a parent-report measure of Theory of Mind (ToM), formerly called the Perception of Children's Theory of Mind Measure (Hutchins et al., J Autism Dev Disord 38:143-155, 2008), renamed the Theory of Mind Inventory (ToMI), for use with parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines the responses of parents of adolescents with ASDs and explores the relationship of parental responses on the ToMI to measures of autistic symptoms and social skills. Descriptive statistics were compared to previous samples; correlations and regressions were conducted to examine the ToMI's criterion-related validity with social skills and ASD symptoms. Results support use of the ToMI with adolescent samples and its relationship to social impairments in ASDs.

Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Recreational Engagement in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research paper thumbnail of Supporting Parents to Facilitate Communication and Joint Attention in Their Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Two Pilot Studies

Topics in Language Disorders, Jun 30, 2011

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Facilitating Social Communication School-Age in Children with High Functioning Autism & Asperger Disorder

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond False Beliefs: The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Perceptions of Children's Theory of Mind Measure--Experimental Version (PCToMM-E)

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2008

The Perceptions of Children's Theory of Mind Measure (Experimental version; PCToMM-E) is an infor... more The Perceptions of Children's Theory of Mind Measure (Experimental version; PCToMM-E) is an informant measure designed to tap children's theory of mind competence. Study one evaluated the measure when completed by primary caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Scores demonstrated high test-retest reliability and correlated with verbal mental age and ToM task battery performance. No ceiling effects were observed. In addition, caregivers accurately predicted their children's ToM task battery performance. In study two the scores of primary caregivers of typically developing children demonstrated high test-retest reliability and distinguished children on the basis of age and developmental status. Ceiling effects were not evident until late childhood. The utility of the PCToMM-E and directions for future research are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of processing mode on the sentence productions of language-disordered and normal children

... 13. The chick the duck tapped pecked the food. 14. The fish the kid pulled bumped theboat. 15... more ... 13. The chick the duck tapped pecked the food. 14. The fish the kid pulled bumped theboat. 15. The girl the mom kissed rocked the doll. 16. The mouse the cat chased licked the cheese. 17. The sheep the man watched joined the lamb. 18. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Metapragmatic Awareness of Explanation Adequacy II

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, Apr 1, 1997

Page 1. Metapragmatic Awareness of Explanation Adequacy II: Follow-Up Molly E. Gottschalk Savanna... more Page 1. Metapragmatic Awareness of Explanation Adequacy II: Follow-Up Molly E. Gottschalk Savannah Rehabilitation & Nursing Center, Savannah, GA Patricia A. Prelock University of Vermont, Burlington Ernest M. Weiler University of Cincinnati, OH David Sandman St. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Cultural Competence in Differential Diagnosis: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Reactive Attachment Disorder

Research paper thumbnail of Speech–Language Pathology

Infants & Young Children, 2015

The purpose of this article is to explain the role of speech–language pathology in early interven... more The purpose of this article is to explain the role of speech–language pathology in early intervention. The expected credentials of professionals in the field are described, and the current numbers of practitioners serving young children are identified. Several resource documents available from the American Speech-Language Hearing Association are used to highlight guidelines for practice in early intervention. The roles and responsibilities of speech–language pathologists in early intervention are outlined including the knowledge and skills expected for practice. Shared practice competencies with other organizations focused on early intervention are presented. A case is made for interprofessional education (IPE) at both preservice and in-service levels to facilitate best practice in early intervention across disciplines. While preservice education with a specialty focus in early intervention is limited, IPE is offered as one option for preparing collaborative practitioners who can share responsibility for addressing the critical needs of young children and their families.

Research paper thumbnail of Language Development Survey

Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised

Psychology in the Schools, 1998

The original Leiter International Performance Scale, based on studies of children in Hawaii, was ... more The original Leiter International Performance Scale, based on studies of children in Hawaii, was developed by Russell Leiter in 1929. Its purpose was to assess the abilities of children who had difficulty responding verbally. The current edition is the first revision of the Leiter since 1948. Description of the Test The Leiter-Revised (1995, 1997) assesses cognition in individuals ranging in age from 2 years 0 months through 20 years 11 months. It was specifically developed for examinees with communication disorders, hearing and motor impairments, traumatic brain injuries, attentional problems, and learning disabilities. Individuals who are not proficient in English are also good candidates for use of this measure. Authors of the current edition reported that their work was guided by models of cognitive ability developed by Gustafsson (1984) and Carroll (1993). They have conceptualized nonverbal cognitive abilities in terms of various mental functions, such as reasoning, visualization, memory, and attention. The authors emphasized that nonverbal cognitive abilities are not solely dependent on proficiency in the use of printed materials, words, and numbers. Therefore, administration of the Leiter-R is accomplished through the use of pictures, figures, and symbols. Instructions are delivered in a nonverbal format, using gestures and pantomime. The Leiter is divided into two groups of ten subtests each. Subtests from the Visualization and Reasoning Battery (VR) (i.e.

Research paper thumbnail of Language Cortex

Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2013

The Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, was proposed by psycholinguist Noam Chomsky as the devic... more The Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, was proposed by psycholinguist Noam Chomsky as the device or organ within the brain which houses human's innate ability to acquire and produce language. Stemming from the nativist theory which asserts that certain skills innately exist in humans, the LAD is thus in direct opposition with the behaviorist theory which suggests skills are attained through learning and reinforcement. According to Chomsky, the LAD is held responsible for allowing children to derive syntactic structure and rules from their native language through multiple stages of hypothesis testing. Through this process, the LAD transforms generalizations of speech and language into basic grammar. This hypothetical structure helps explain the immense surge in language ability in toddlerhood, but it is unavailable after an unspecified critical period of development. The LAD is a theoretical construct, and therefore its relationship to language acquisition in Autism Spectrum Disorder has not been specifically tested.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists in Service Delivery

The ASHA Leader

... Prizant and Rubin (1999) challenge practitioners to consider the following when evaluating in... more ... Prizant and Rubin (1999) challenge practitioners to consider the following when evaluating interventions: ... Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists in Service Delivery. The ASHA Leader. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Interprofessional Education and Practice: A Family-Centered Approach to Autism

Seminars in speech and language, Nov 1, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Supporting Children with Autism and Their Families: A Culturally Responsive Family-Driven Interprofessional Process

Pediatric clinics of North America, 2018

This article describes the Coaching in Context (CinC) process, a family-driven, culturally respon... more This article describes the Coaching in Context (CinC) process, a family-driven, culturally responsive structure that facilitates family identification and achievement of goals. CinC focuses on modification of the demands of an activity with guidance from a health care professional who coaches the family to increase their participation in everyday activities. An interprofessional team is key in this process. Working as a team and communicating effectively across professions supports the health professional who serves as the coach. Effective interprofessional team collaboration is possible; health professions share values for the delivery of the highest quality of care.

Research paper thumbnail of Using Story-Based Interventions to Improve Episodic Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Seminars in speech and language, 2018

Episodic memory (EM) and scene construction are critical for organizing and understanding persona... more Episodic memory (EM) and scene construction are critical for organizing and understanding personally experienced events and for developing several aspects of social cognition including self-concept, identity, introspection, future thinking, counterfactual reasoning, theory of mind, self-regulation, flexible problem-solving, and socially adaptive behavior. This article challenges the reader to think differently about EM in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as we expand our understanding of autobiographical memory that requires an ability to travel back in time and re-experience an event. The role of EM in cognitive and behavioral functioning for children with and without ASD is described. The value of story-based interventions such as Social Stories and Comic Strip Conversations for supporting EM is discussed with adaptations recommended to ensure a rich personal recall of an event. By focusing on EM and scene construction, there is potential for increasing the potency of...

Research paper thumbnail of One Team-Patient, Family, and Health Care Providers: An Interprofessional Education Activity Providing Collaborative and Palliative Care

Seminars in speech and language, Nov 1, 2017

The article explains an approach to building interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessio... more The article explains an approach to building interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional practice opportunities as well as content in palliative/hospice care within undergraduate and graduate curricula for six health disciplines, including speech-language pathology. Graduate students from nursing, medicine, communication sciences, and disorders, physical therapy, social work and nutrition, as well as undergraduate nursing students participated in one of four IPE training sessions using six videotaped simulation scenes portraying the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Learning objectives included (1) engaging in effective interprofessional communication and teamwork, (2) discussing therapeutic patient/family communication, (3) employing supportive holistic care with patients and families at end of life, and (4) relating the patient's physiological assessment findings to the dying process. Students discussed the role of the interprofessional team in end-of-life care and were coached on ways to apply interprofessional communication, a key interprofessional education competency, using patient- and family-centered care principles. Results revealed strong positive agreement among the disciplines regarding the value of the learning opportunities provided during this IPE simulation activity.

Research paper thumbnail of Mothers’ and Children’s Story-Telling: A Study of Dyads with Typically Developing Children and Children with ASD

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

The production of specific mental state terms types and functions by caregivers and their TD chil... more The production of specific mental state terms types and functions by caregivers and their TD children and caregivers and their children with ASD were assessed in two contexts: a parent's story-telling task and a child's story-telling task. Caregivers of children with ASD produced less causal talk and proportionally less desire and cognitive talk than did caregivers of TD children. When focusing only on variation in our ASD sample, caregivers' and children's production of different mental state references varied with context and were predicted by different child characteristics (i.e., theory of mind, autism severity, language level). We conclude that caregivers are likely adjusting different aspects of mental state input depending on different aspects of child development although these adjustments may not always be optimal.

Research paper thumbnail of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology: The Magic of Our Connection

ASHA Leader

As ASHA's "Identify the Signs" campaign educates the public about our professions, it reminds us ... more As ASHA's "Identify the Signs" campaign educates the public about our professions, it reminds us of the links between them.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparing Speech-Language Pathologists and Early Childhood Providers To Serve the Needs of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Rural Settings. Performance Report Year 3: 1999-2000

This report describes the activities and perfoimance of the Vermont Rural Autism Project (VT-RAP)... more This report describes the activities and perfoimance of the Vermont Rural Autism Project (VT-RAP), a training program designed to prepare 16 interdisciplinary trainees as specialists to serve children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in rural settings each year for a total of 48 specialists trained over the 3 years of the project. Four of the 16 trainees prepared each year complete the training program as part of their master's degree in speech-language pathology (SLP). Four trainees are master's prepared SLPs who complete 18 credits of course work and practica as specialists in ASD. Four trainees are master's prepared early childhood special educators who complete 18 credits of coursework and practica as specialists in ASD. Lastly, four trainees are related service providers who complete at least nine graduate credits of course work and practica as specialists in ASD. To respond to the need for interdisciplinary, community-based teams to serve the needs of children with ASD, the 16 trainees are divided into four teams. Results from the project indicate progress-continues to be made in achieving the objectives that have been formatted for the purpose of developing, implementing, assessing, and disseminating this training program for professionals serving children with ASD and their families. (CR) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

Research paper thumbnail of Brief Report: Preliminary Evaluation of the Theory of Mind Inventory and its Relationship to Measures of Social Skills

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Apr 1, 2011

This study presents updated information on a parent-report measure of Theory of Mind (ToM), forme... more This study presents updated information on a parent-report measure of Theory of Mind (ToM), formerly called the Perception of Children's Theory of Mind Measure (Hutchins et al., J Autism Dev Disord 38:143-155, 2008), renamed the Theory of Mind Inventory (ToMI), for use with parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines the responses of parents of adolescents with ASDs and explores the relationship of parental responses on the ToMI to measures of autistic symptoms and social skills. Descriptive statistics were compared to previous samples; correlations and regressions were conducted to examine the ToMI's criterion-related validity with social skills and ASD symptoms. Results support use of the ToMI with adolescent samples and its relationship to social impairments in ASDs.

Research paper thumbnail of Promoting Recreational Engagement in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research paper thumbnail of Supporting Parents to Facilitate Communication and Joint Attention in Their Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Two Pilot Studies

Topics in Language Disorders, Jun 30, 2011

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Facilitating Social Communication School-Age in Children with High Functioning Autism & Asperger Disorder

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond False Beliefs: The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Perceptions of Children's Theory of Mind Measure--Experimental Version (PCToMM-E)

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2008

The Perceptions of Children's Theory of Mind Measure (Experimental version; PCToMM-E) is an infor... more The Perceptions of Children's Theory of Mind Measure (Experimental version; PCToMM-E) is an informant measure designed to tap children's theory of mind competence. Study one evaluated the measure when completed by primary caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Scores demonstrated high test-retest reliability and correlated with verbal mental age and ToM task battery performance. No ceiling effects were observed. In addition, caregivers accurately predicted their children's ToM task battery performance. In study two the scores of primary caregivers of typically developing children demonstrated high test-retest reliability and distinguished children on the basis of age and developmental status. Ceiling effects were not evident until late childhood. The utility of the PCToMM-E and directions for future research are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of processing mode on the sentence productions of language-disordered and normal children

... 13. The chick the duck tapped pecked the food. 14. The fish the kid pulled bumped theboat. 15... more ... 13. The chick the duck tapped pecked the food. 14. The fish the kid pulled bumped theboat. 15. The girl the mom kissed rocked the doll. 16. The mouse the cat chased licked the cheese. 17. The sheep the man watched joined the lamb. 18. ...