Nirmalya Kumar Sinha | Vidyasagr University (original) (raw)
Papers by Nirmalya Kumar Sinha
Child sexual abuse is one of the most serious health problems throughout the globe and increasing... more Child sexual abuse is one of the most serious health problems throughout the globe and increasing rapidly day by day. Sexual assault leaves a permanent scar in the mind and on the body of the victim and this is happening greatly in the child victims. This social menace not only affecting the victim, but the entire family also put into the shame and humiliation. The majority of sexual assault cases not focused actually to avoid social stigma. In a case control study thirty two sexually victim girls and seventy four non victim girls from Paschim Medinipur District have been studied with the active participation of Dept. Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Midnapore Medical College. The height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of each children were investigated. The significant result represented that the height, weight and BMI is higher among the victim girls. The other site of the revelation depicts the harshest reality that 43.75 per cent of the victims have been forced to continue the ...
Proceedings of the Zoological Society
International journal of physical education, sports and health, 2019
Present study was conducted on the married rural women of Paschim Medinipur District with the ... more Present study was conducted on the married rural women of Paschim Medinipur District with the age group of 18 to 45 years old who were suffering from leucorrhoea. Impact of modification of life style such as sanitation, cleanliness in pre and post coital time etc. and drinking of decoction of teafenugreek seed and ladies finger twice a day for fifteen days separately was noticed. It was observed that there was an improvement in their leucorrhoeal episode following the above modification. The group supplied with ladies finger had shown a greater percentage of improvement with respect to other groups.
Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research, Dec 1, 2016
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impairs the physiological, behavioral and social development o... more Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impairs the physiological, behavioral and social development of the infected-children. With the advent of better antiretroviral-therapies (ARTs), the infected children are surviving well beyond adolescence accompanying with complicated ramification of management with bio-psycho-social factors. Presently, 76 children (53 perinatally HIV+ and 23 of their HIV- sibling) are screened for psychiatric-morbidities with Developmental-Psychopathology-Check-List (DPCL) which is a modified version of widely used protocol ‘Child Behavior Check List (CBCL)’. Positively screened for psychopathology was regarded as psychiatrically morbid. In South-East Asian perspective, this type of investigation is scanty. Here, we investigate and report the psychiatric-morbidity status of vertically HIV infected children with a longitudinal comparison to their HIV- sibling. The present results suggest that 42.1% of the study-population suffers from psychiatric morbidity. Among the HIV+, 45.28% suffer from psychiatric-morbid constituting emotional-disorder, 41.67%, conduct-disorder, 37.50%, somatization 33.33%, learning-disorder, 29.16%, whereas in the HIV- group, 34.79% suffers from psychiatric morbidity mainly with emotional disorder [87.50%]. The age as an independent variable is noticed to be associated significantly (p < 0.001) with psychiatric-morbidity. Other variables amongst sex, CD4+ count, living-status of parents, caregiver-status was found to have certain extent of association with psychiatric-status. The present comparison with the more reliable control like HIV- sibling will help for the first time, to characterize better the infection association of psychiatric-morbidity of the HIV+ children. Advances should be espoused for the better survival of HIV infected children with improved ARTs application incorporating with advanced psychiatric-services.
The Anthropologist, 2015
The recent stu dy attempts to find the associa tion between ha emoglobin level and different anth... more The recent stu dy attempts to find the associa tion between ha emoglobin level and different anthropometric indices among the women belonging to reproductive age group with low socioeconomic status. In this study haemoglobin level of 353 women belonging to the reproductive age group (15 years to 45 years) residing in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India was measured. The socioeconomic status of the women in this study was assessed by revised Kuppuswami's socioeconomic status scale. Analysis of the data revealed a significant (p<0.05) correlation between haemoglobin level in this group of women with their corresponding anthr opometric parameters like weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Waist-hip ratio (WHR) while the basal metabolic rate was found to be strongly correlated (r=0.172; p<0.001) with haemoglobin level. Approximately 3 out of 4 women belonging to the reproductive age group with low socioeconomic status in Paschim Medinipur district had low haemoglobin levels and positive association were noted between weight, height, WC, WHR of these women.
IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research, 2021
A woman's nutritional status has important implications for her health as well as the health... more A woman's nutritional status has important implications for her health as well as the health of her children. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the overall prevalence of undernutrition among young adult women of Raja N. L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Our study measured data on height and weight of adults aged 18-20 years. A total of 491 females were measured. One commonly used indicator i.e., body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ), was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the subjects. Based on BMI, chronic energy deficiency (CED) was used as a measure of undernutrition. The mean (SD) BMI of the subjects was 20.05 kg/m 2 (SD = 2.63). Results revealed that there was a significant (F = 4.085***, p < 0.001) increasing age trend in mean BMI. The overall age combined prevalence of CED was 28.3 %. Overall, only 4.5 % belonged to the overweight category. A significant (chi-square = 31.439; p < 0.001) age relationship existe...
International journal of physical education, sports and health, 2019
International Journal of Bioassays, 2015
Leucorrhoea is a very common problem among the female of reproductive age group particularly sexu... more Leucorrhoea is a very common problem among the female of reproductive age group particularly sexually active female but little research have been done in this area. It causes lot of discomfort, stress, weakness, tiredness, exhaustion, multiple aches, multiple somatic complaints and affect the sexual preferences. Due to the social stigma, the women do not disclose their gynaecological disorders even to their closest neighbours. They disclose their problems to the local herbal healers or practitioners only. Herbal healers treat these diseases using the plants which have immense medicinal potentiality. Up till now a little attention has been paid on documentation of medicinal plants used in the treatment of leucorrhoea from South West Bengal. An attempt has been made to collect the information from South West Bengal of India about the use of phytomedicine for the treatment of Leucorrhoea. The prescription of ethnomedicine were thoroughly interviewed and cross interviewed the local heal...
Antrocom: Journal of Anthropology, 2010
This is the first community based longitudinal study among the Lodha tribals and non-Lodha childr... more This is the first community based longitudinal study among the Lodha tribals and non-Lodha children of Lodhasuli, West Bengal, India. The objective of the present longitudinal growth study was to compare the growth in weight of Lodha (tribal) children with the non-Lodha children of two different nearby villages of Midnapore. The weight of 44 boys and 55 girls, from poor-class families in tribal and rural part of the Lodhasuli, Midnapore, were taken at one month interval over periods of up to 24 months. Independent sample ttest were used to compare the weight between sex and caste. Significant differences (p<0.001) in weight among both boys and girls were observed. Significant deviations (p<0.001) in weight were also observed from the NCHS data.
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine, 2015
A community based longitudinal study among Santal tribal and non-Santal infants and young childre... more A community based longitudinal study among Santal tribal and non-Santal infants and young children of Kankabati Gram Panchayat, West Bengal, India was undertaken. The objective was to compare the growth in weight of the studied communities. The weight of 48 boys and 51 girls were taken at one month interval over periods of up to 24 months. Among boys, there existed significant ethnic differences in mean weight at all ages except birth. Similarly, in girls, there existed significance ethnic differences in mean weight at all ages except birth, 17 months and the duration 19-24 months. Significant sex differences (p < 0.05) at ages 8 and 13 months were observed among non-Santals.
Background: Malnutrition in preschool children is a major public health problem globally. It is m... more Background: Malnutrition in preschool children is a major public health problem globally. It is more common in developing countries. It affects growth and development thus impairing both physical and mental ability. Methods: This community based, cross-sectional survey was carried out among 658 underprivileged children (315 boys) of 2-6 years from Midnapore, India. The nutritional status of the children, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF), and the index of their stunting, underweight and wasting were evaluated. The same parameters were calculated as Z-score using the suitable reference values. The One-way ANOVA analysis (F value), Student’s ‘t’ tests and Chisquare test were done to evaluate the association amongst individuals, group or set of data. Results: The overall prevalence of undernutrition was; underweight 43.77%, stunting 40.58% and wasting 23.40%. Severe underweight (Z score <-3), stunting and wasting was 12.61%, 16.72% and 5.32%, respectively. Prevalence ...
We report a case of Cotard’s Syndrome in 65-year-old patient who manifested depression, schizophr... more We report a case of Cotard’s Syndrome in 65-year-old patient who manifested depression, schizophrenia, and psycho-organic syndrome, and held a delusional belief of self being dead. The patient was initially treated with anti-depressants like Escitalopram, Sertraline along with anti-anxiety medications like Clonazepam, Lorazepam. She was added with Venlafaxine and Clonazepam which resolved in a significant remission. Our present report is very important due to the rarity of this syndrome and lack of clinical history. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment will increase better remedial outcome in this type of cases.
ABSTRACT Gonorrhoea and Syphilis as Sexually Transmitted Infections occur throughout the world. I... more ABSTRACT Gonorrhoea and Syphilis as Sexually Transmitted Infections occur throughout the world. In India the prevalence of these diseases are in alarming situation due to the rapid spread of the diseases, high cost of treatment and the increased risk of transmission. Current therapies available for symptomatic treatment are quite expensive beyond the reach of common people and associated with the emergence of drug resistance. Many patients seeking help from the alternative systems of medicines for treatment. In our country several crude plants are used as medicine since Vedic period. Herbal medicines provide rational means for the treatment of many Sexually Transmitted Infections. The herbal medicines have many advantages: have no side effects, better patient tolerance and relatively less expensive. Locally available herbal practitioners or healers have practiced since past in this direction. Furthermore the acceptability of herbal medicines are greater to control these infections due to the social stigma associated with them and in case of women it is much more acceptable to discuss their problem with the traditional healers or herbal medical practitioners. In the present study thirty seven medicinal plants have been recorded for the treatment of Gonorrhoea and Syphilis and documented from South West Bengal of India.
Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2012
Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 2013
ABSTRACT The background of this investigation is the global occurrences of the large number of un... more ABSTRACT The background of this investigation is the global occurrences of the large number of unexplored cases of psychiatric morbidity among referred indoor patients from non-psychiatric clinical domain. Present Consultation-Liaison (C-L) study explore the prevalence of disorders in mental-health and its relation to different psychosocial and demographic factors among referred patients from general medicine, chest medicine and cardiology departments of a Medical College, India. Here, 102 patients (13–75 years) were assessed and diagnosed by clinical interview utilizing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, Glasgow Coma Scale, Mini Mental State Examination. After initial assessment of inconsistent behaviors, depression, delirium in referring ward, patients were evaluated in the psychiatric outpatient department by Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach Ink Blot Test and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. The SPSS for Windows statistical software package (SPSS) was used for descriptive statistics. Group comparison and their interrelations were drawn by percentage calculations and Chi-square analysis. The present finding reveals that both sexes are equally affected whereas, age-wise, 16–45 years of either gender and >55 years of male are affected more. The 75% patients of total referrals are urban dwellers. The patients in <16 years group of rural and >55 years of urban are affected more. Marital statuses manifest differential prevalence of this disorder in the participants. The male has higher cognitive whereas the female has a higher mood disorder. Materialistic life, psychosocial maladjustment, inadequate benefits and diagnostic uncertainty strongly correlate with the present findings and highlight the occurrence of psychiatric cases from the non-psychiatric clinical domain.
The recent study attempts to find the association between haemoglobin level and different anthrop... more The recent study attempts to find the association between haemoglobin level and different anthropometric indices among the women belonging to reproductive age group with low socio-economic status. In this study haemoglobin level of 353 women belonging to the reproductive age group (15 years to 45 years) residing in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India was measured. The socio-economic status of the women in this study was assessed by revised Kuppuswami’s socio-economic status scale. Analysis of the data revealed a significant (p<0.05) correlation between haemoglobin level in this group of women with their corresponding anthropometric parameters like weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Waist-hip ratio (WHR) while the basal metabolic rate was found to be strongly correlated (r=0.172; p<0.001) with haemoglobin level. Approximately 3 out of 4 women belonging to the reproductive age group with low socio-economic status in Paschim Medinipur district had low haemoglobi...
Child sexual abuse is one of the most serious health problems throughout the globe and increasing... more Child sexual abuse is one of the most serious health problems throughout the globe and increasing rapidly day by day. Sexual assault leaves a permanent scar in the mind and on the body of the victim and this is happening greatly in the child victims. This social menace not only affecting the victim, but the entire family also put into the shame and humiliation. The majority of sexual assault cases not focused actually to avoid social stigma. In a case control study thirty two sexually victim girls and seventy four non victim girls from Paschim Medinipur District have been studied with the active participation of Dept. Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Midnapore Medical College. The height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of each children were investigated. The significant result represented that the height, weight and BMI is higher among the victim girls. The other site of the revelation depicts the harshest reality that 43.75 per cent of the victims have been forced to continue the ...
Proceedings of the Zoological Society
International journal of physical education, sports and health, 2019
Present study was conducted on the married rural women of Paschim Medinipur District with the ... more Present study was conducted on the married rural women of Paschim Medinipur District with the age group of 18 to 45 years old who were suffering from leucorrhoea. Impact of modification of life style such as sanitation, cleanliness in pre and post coital time etc. and drinking of decoction of teafenugreek seed and ladies finger twice a day for fifteen days separately was noticed. It was observed that there was an improvement in their leucorrhoeal episode following the above modification. The group supplied with ladies finger had shown a greater percentage of improvement with respect to other groups.
Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research, Dec 1, 2016
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impairs the physiological, behavioral and social development o... more Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impairs the physiological, behavioral and social development of the infected-children. With the advent of better antiretroviral-therapies (ARTs), the infected children are surviving well beyond adolescence accompanying with complicated ramification of management with bio-psycho-social factors. Presently, 76 children (53 perinatally HIV+ and 23 of their HIV- sibling) are screened for psychiatric-morbidities with Developmental-Psychopathology-Check-List (DPCL) which is a modified version of widely used protocol ‘Child Behavior Check List (CBCL)’. Positively screened for psychopathology was regarded as psychiatrically morbid. In South-East Asian perspective, this type of investigation is scanty. Here, we investigate and report the psychiatric-morbidity status of vertically HIV infected children with a longitudinal comparison to their HIV- sibling. The present results suggest that 42.1% of the study-population suffers from psychiatric morbidity. Among the HIV+, 45.28% suffer from psychiatric-morbid constituting emotional-disorder, 41.67%, conduct-disorder, 37.50%, somatization 33.33%, learning-disorder, 29.16%, whereas in the HIV- group, 34.79% suffers from psychiatric morbidity mainly with emotional disorder [87.50%]. The age as an independent variable is noticed to be associated significantly (p < 0.001) with psychiatric-morbidity. Other variables amongst sex, CD4+ count, living-status of parents, caregiver-status was found to have certain extent of association with psychiatric-status. The present comparison with the more reliable control like HIV- sibling will help for the first time, to characterize better the infection association of psychiatric-morbidity of the HIV+ children. Advances should be espoused for the better survival of HIV infected children with improved ARTs application incorporating with advanced psychiatric-services.
The Anthropologist, 2015
The recent stu dy attempts to find the associa tion between ha emoglobin level and different anth... more The recent stu dy attempts to find the associa tion between ha emoglobin level and different anthropometric indices among the women belonging to reproductive age group with low socioeconomic status. In this study haemoglobin level of 353 women belonging to the reproductive age group (15 years to 45 years) residing in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India was measured. The socioeconomic status of the women in this study was assessed by revised Kuppuswami's socioeconomic status scale. Analysis of the data revealed a significant (p<0.05) correlation between haemoglobin level in this group of women with their corresponding anthr opometric parameters like weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Waist-hip ratio (WHR) while the basal metabolic rate was found to be strongly correlated (r=0.172; p<0.001) with haemoglobin level. Approximately 3 out of 4 women belonging to the reproductive age group with low socioeconomic status in Paschim Medinipur district had low haemoglobin levels and positive association were noted between weight, height, WC, WHR of these women.
IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research, 2021
A woman's nutritional status has important implications for her health as well as the health... more A woman's nutritional status has important implications for her health as well as the health of her children. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the overall prevalence of undernutrition among young adult women of Raja N. L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Our study measured data on height and weight of adults aged 18-20 years. A total of 491 females were measured. One commonly used indicator i.e., body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ), was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the subjects. Based on BMI, chronic energy deficiency (CED) was used as a measure of undernutrition. The mean (SD) BMI of the subjects was 20.05 kg/m 2 (SD = 2.63). Results revealed that there was a significant (F = 4.085***, p < 0.001) increasing age trend in mean BMI. The overall age combined prevalence of CED was 28.3 %. Overall, only 4.5 % belonged to the overweight category. A significant (chi-square = 31.439; p < 0.001) age relationship existe...
International journal of physical education, sports and health, 2019
International Journal of Bioassays, 2015
Leucorrhoea is a very common problem among the female of reproductive age group particularly sexu... more Leucorrhoea is a very common problem among the female of reproductive age group particularly sexually active female but little research have been done in this area. It causes lot of discomfort, stress, weakness, tiredness, exhaustion, multiple aches, multiple somatic complaints and affect the sexual preferences. Due to the social stigma, the women do not disclose their gynaecological disorders even to their closest neighbours. They disclose their problems to the local herbal healers or practitioners only. Herbal healers treat these diseases using the plants which have immense medicinal potentiality. Up till now a little attention has been paid on documentation of medicinal plants used in the treatment of leucorrhoea from South West Bengal. An attempt has been made to collect the information from South West Bengal of India about the use of phytomedicine for the treatment of Leucorrhoea. The prescription of ethnomedicine were thoroughly interviewed and cross interviewed the local heal...
Antrocom: Journal of Anthropology, 2010
This is the first community based longitudinal study among the Lodha tribals and non-Lodha childr... more This is the first community based longitudinal study among the Lodha tribals and non-Lodha children of Lodhasuli, West Bengal, India. The objective of the present longitudinal growth study was to compare the growth in weight of Lodha (tribal) children with the non-Lodha children of two different nearby villages of Midnapore. The weight of 44 boys and 55 girls, from poor-class families in tribal and rural part of the Lodhasuli, Midnapore, were taken at one month interval over periods of up to 24 months. Independent sample ttest were used to compare the weight between sex and caste. Significant differences (p<0.001) in weight among both boys and girls were observed. Significant deviations (p<0.001) in weight were also observed from the NCHS data.
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine, 2015
A community based longitudinal study among Santal tribal and non-Santal infants and young childre... more A community based longitudinal study among Santal tribal and non-Santal infants and young children of Kankabati Gram Panchayat, West Bengal, India was undertaken. The objective was to compare the growth in weight of the studied communities. The weight of 48 boys and 51 girls were taken at one month interval over periods of up to 24 months. Among boys, there existed significant ethnic differences in mean weight at all ages except birth. Similarly, in girls, there existed significance ethnic differences in mean weight at all ages except birth, 17 months and the duration 19-24 months. Significant sex differences (p < 0.05) at ages 8 and 13 months were observed among non-Santals.
Background: Malnutrition in preschool children is a major public health problem globally. It is m... more Background: Malnutrition in preschool children is a major public health problem globally. It is more common in developing countries. It affects growth and development thus impairing both physical and mental ability. Methods: This community based, cross-sectional survey was carried out among 658 underprivileged children (315 boys) of 2-6 years from Midnapore, India. The nutritional status of the children, Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF), and the index of their stunting, underweight and wasting were evaluated. The same parameters were calculated as Z-score using the suitable reference values. The One-way ANOVA analysis (F value), Student’s ‘t’ tests and Chisquare test were done to evaluate the association amongst individuals, group or set of data. Results: The overall prevalence of undernutrition was; underweight 43.77%, stunting 40.58% and wasting 23.40%. Severe underweight (Z score <-3), stunting and wasting was 12.61%, 16.72% and 5.32%, respectively. Prevalence ...
We report a case of Cotard’s Syndrome in 65-year-old patient who manifested depression, schizophr... more We report a case of Cotard’s Syndrome in 65-year-old patient who manifested depression, schizophrenia, and psycho-organic syndrome, and held a delusional belief of self being dead. The patient was initially treated with anti-depressants like Escitalopram, Sertraline along with anti-anxiety medications like Clonazepam, Lorazepam. She was added with Venlafaxine and Clonazepam which resolved in a significant remission. Our present report is very important due to the rarity of this syndrome and lack of clinical history. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment will increase better remedial outcome in this type of cases.
ABSTRACT Gonorrhoea and Syphilis as Sexually Transmitted Infections occur throughout the world. I... more ABSTRACT Gonorrhoea and Syphilis as Sexually Transmitted Infections occur throughout the world. In India the prevalence of these diseases are in alarming situation due to the rapid spread of the diseases, high cost of treatment and the increased risk of transmission. Current therapies available for symptomatic treatment are quite expensive beyond the reach of common people and associated with the emergence of drug resistance. Many patients seeking help from the alternative systems of medicines for treatment. In our country several crude plants are used as medicine since Vedic period. Herbal medicines provide rational means for the treatment of many Sexually Transmitted Infections. The herbal medicines have many advantages: have no side effects, better patient tolerance and relatively less expensive. Locally available herbal practitioners or healers have practiced since past in this direction. Furthermore the acceptability of herbal medicines are greater to control these infections due to the social stigma associated with them and in case of women it is much more acceptable to discuss their problem with the traditional healers or herbal medical practitioners. In the present study thirty seven medicinal plants have been recorded for the treatment of Gonorrhoea and Syphilis and documented from South West Bengal of India.
Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2012
Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 2013
ABSTRACT The background of this investigation is the global occurrences of the large number of un... more ABSTRACT The background of this investigation is the global occurrences of the large number of unexplored cases of psychiatric morbidity among referred indoor patients from non-psychiatric clinical domain. Present Consultation-Liaison (C-L) study explore the prevalence of disorders in mental-health and its relation to different psychosocial and demographic factors among referred patients from general medicine, chest medicine and cardiology departments of a Medical College, India. Here, 102 patients (13–75 years) were assessed and diagnosed by clinical interview utilizing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, Glasgow Coma Scale, Mini Mental State Examination. After initial assessment of inconsistent behaviors, depression, delirium in referring ward, patients were evaluated in the psychiatric outpatient department by Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach Ink Blot Test and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. The SPSS for Windows statistical software package (SPSS) was used for descriptive statistics. Group comparison and their interrelations were drawn by percentage calculations and Chi-square analysis. The present finding reveals that both sexes are equally affected whereas, age-wise, 16–45 years of either gender and >55 years of male are affected more. The 75% patients of total referrals are urban dwellers. The patients in <16 years group of rural and >55 years of urban are affected more. Marital statuses manifest differential prevalence of this disorder in the participants. The male has higher cognitive whereas the female has a higher mood disorder. Materialistic life, psychosocial maladjustment, inadequate benefits and diagnostic uncertainty strongly correlate with the present findings and highlight the occurrence of psychiatric cases from the non-psychiatric clinical domain.
The recent study attempts to find the association between haemoglobin level and different anthrop... more The recent study attempts to find the association between haemoglobin level and different anthropometric indices among the women belonging to reproductive age group with low socio-economic status. In this study haemoglobin level of 353 women belonging to the reproductive age group (15 years to 45 years) residing in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India was measured. The socio-economic status of the women in this study was assessed by revised Kuppuswami’s socio-economic status scale. Analysis of the data revealed a significant (p<0.05) correlation between haemoglobin level in this group of women with their corresponding anthropometric parameters like weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Waist-hip ratio (WHR) while the basal metabolic rate was found to be strongly correlated (r=0.172; p<0.001) with haemoglobin level. Approximately 3 out of 4 women belonging to the reproductive age group with low socio-economic status in Paschim Medinipur district had low haemoglobi...