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Papers by Karolina Zielińska
Stosunki Międzynarodowe–International Relations, 2024
The case of Sudanese violent jihadism is a specific one, starting from 1881–1899 Mahdist’s uprisi... more The case of Sudanese violent jihadism is a specific one, starting from 1881–1899 Mahdist’s uprising. Since the 1956 independence, the history of Sudan has been marked by civil wars taking place in various parts of its huge territory; violence under the outwardly jihadist banner culminated in the 1990s. The Islamic state used violent jihad, by the army and by militias, as a way to impose unitary rule (state-building) and shari’a law upon a significantly diversified population. Violent Jihad was thus called for three purposes: to mobilise resources for fight with non-Muslim southern Sudanese; to consolidate the Muslim north internally in the context of the struggle of the totalitarian regime against opposition and struggles within the regime itself; and to define the international role of Sudan as a supporter of radical Islamic movements. The case of Sudan is thus one in which violent jihad was part of the state ideology and an instrument of policy.
Routledge Handbook on Cooperation, Interdependencies and Security in the Mediterranean, 2024
Between ‘Normative’ and 'Geopolitical’ Europe? The EU’s strategy and policy towards Israel
Analiza Centrum Stosunków Międzynarodowych, 2024
Rok po ataku Hamasu izraelskie społeczeństwo jest głęboko straumatyzowane i podzielone. Kluczowe ... more Rok po ataku Hamasu izraelskie społeczeństwo jest głęboko straumatyzowane i podzielone. Kluczowe kwestie w dyskursie publicznym to uwolnienie przetrzymywanych przez terrorystów zakładników oraz zapewnienie możliwości powrotu mieszkańcom terenów graniczących ze zdominowanym przez terrorystyczny Hezbollah południowym Libanem. Opinia publiczna domaga się rozliczenia odpowiedzialnych za porażkę, ustąpienia premiera, rozwiązania kwestii poboru Żydów ultra-ortodoksyjnych i zaadresowania kryzysu gospodarczego. Zróżnicowane społeczeństwo izraelskie potrzebuje nowej umowy społecznej
Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, 2024
Israel Studies Review, 2023
This article explores the contributions of non-governmental entities to Israeli policies for prev... more This article explores the contributions of non-governmental entities to Israeli policies for preventing and responding to oil spills on land and at sea. It discusses the legal and practical aspects of Israeli policies, reviews the country's experiences with oil spills, and examines two case studies. The policies in question exhibit characteristic features of the Israeli polity, such as centralization and deficiencies in long-term planning; activism by the judiciary, the media, experts, NGOs, and a multitude of public agencies; and procrastination, indecisiveness, and securitization. The non-governmental entities involved dispose of vital material and nonmaterial resources and play a visible role through information sharing, lobbying, litigating, and direct action. Deficiencies in governance harm prospects for streamlining these policies and enhancing the contributions of non-governmental entities.
OSW Commentary, 2023
The European Union's trade relations with Israel are asymmetrical, but the overall volume of thei... more The European Union's trade relations with Israel are asymmetrical, but the overall volume of their trade in goods and services has been growing rapidly. The EU is Israel's top partner in this field, while Israel ranks outside the top 30 of the EU's biggest partners; the EU has a positive trade balance with this country. This state of affairs has turned trade into a potential political instrument, but its assertive use by the EU with respect to the Palestinian issue has failed to bring about any change in Israel's policy towards the occupied territories. Instead, Israel's resistance to the EU's policy on this issue has led to a freeze in the institutional development of trade relations, especially in the services and investment sectors. The EU and especially Israel could benefit from a further liberalisation in bilateral relations and its extension to their partners in the region, but political factors are hampering this process. Therefore, a breakthrough in the form of launching negotiations on an agreement to create a deep and comprehensive free trade area appears unlikely in the foreseeable future.
Analiza OSW, 2021
https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2021-10-26/wizyta-nowego-premiera-izraela-w-rosji
Analiza OSW, 2021
Co-authored with Marek Matusiak
A case study essay in: Sebastian Kevany, BAREFOOT GLOBAL HEALTH DIPLOMACY Field Experiences in In... more A case study essay in: Sebastian Kevany, BAREFOOT GLOBAL HEALTH DIPLOMACY Field Experiences in International Relations, Security, and Epidemics, Elsevier, 2021, pp. 81-83.
Sprawy Międzynarodowe, 2019
Twenty-five years after the conclusion of the peace treaty, Israel and Jordan are bound by securi... more Twenty-five years after the conclusion of the peace treaty, Israel and Jordan are bound by security partnership and limited economic cooperation. People-to-people relations remain problematic. State-to-nation imbalance occurring on both sides of the relationship has undermined the achievements of the cooperation so far, and the uncertainty regarding the American politics in the region intensifies tensions which grow due to the deadlock in the Israeli-Palestinian relations. The role of the United States as a hegemon guaranteeing the state of 'cold' peace is decreasing and this, in turn, activates the diplomacy of states comprising the region as well as other world powers. Finding a satisfactory solution to the Palestinian question conditions the implementation of regional cooperation projects, which are a necessary answer to the new trans-border challenges, such as those related to climate change, that influence the internal stability of the states and the state of peace in the region.
The grand coalition government in Israel. New faces of the political crisis, 2020
After three rounds of early parliamentary elections in Israel, in May 2020 a grand coalition gove... more After three rounds of early parliamentary elections in Israel, in May 2020 a grand coalition government was sworn in. The parties that make it up belong to a block of conservative and religious groups centred on the Likud bloc of Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, together with the centre-left bloc associated with the Blue and Whites led by Binyamin Gantz. However, the appointment of a government does not mean the end of the political crisis. Uncertainty about the intentions of the central figure on Israel’s political scene, Prime Minister Netanyahu, continues. It is not clear whether he will hand over office to Gantz in November 2021 in accordance with the coalition agreement, or how he intends to deal with the trial that has just started in which he has been charged with corruption. Moreover, the ruling coalition has already been shaken by conflicts, a situation which has been exacerbated by the presence in the Knesset of an opposition which is strong and has been gaining increasing support in the polls. Matters have also been made more difficult by the challenges connected with the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the country’s economic problems and the protests they have motivated.
Stosunki Międzynarodowe–International Relations, 2024
The case of Sudanese violent jihadism is a specific one, starting from 1881–1899 Mahdist’s uprisi... more The case of Sudanese violent jihadism is a specific one, starting from 1881–1899 Mahdist’s uprising. Since the 1956 independence, the history of Sudan has been marked by civil wars taking place in various parts of its huge territory; violence under the outwardly jihadist banner culminated in the 1990s. The Islamic state used violent jihad, by the army and by militias, as a way to impose unitary rule (state-building) and shari’a law upon a significantly diversified population. Violent Jihad was thus called for three purposes: to mobilise resources for fight with non-Muslim southern Sudanese; to consolidate the Muslim north internally in the context of the struggle of the totalitarian regime against opposition and struggles within the regime itself; and to define the international role of Sudan as a supporter of radical Islamic movements. The case of Sudan is thus one in which violent jihad was part of the state ideology and an instrument of policy.
Routledge Handbook on Cooperation, Interdependencies and Security in the Mediterranean, 2024
Between ‘Normative’ and 'Geopolitical’ Europe? The EU’s strategy and policy towards Israel
Analiza Centrum Stosunków Międzynarodowych, 2024
Rok po ataku Hamasu izraelskie społeczeństwo jest głęboko straumatyzowane i podzielone. Kluczowe ... more Rok po ataku Hamasu izraelskie społeczeństwo jest głęboko straumatyzowane i podzielone. Kluczowe kwestie w dyskursie publicznym to uwolnienie przetrzymywanych przez terrorystów zakładników oraz zapewnienie możliwości powrotu mieszkańcom terenów graniczących ze zdominowanym przez terrorystyczny Hezbollah południowym Libanem. Opinia publiczna domaga się rozliczenia odpowiedzialnych za porażkę, ustąpienia premiera, rozwiązania kwestii poboru Żydów ultra-ortodoksyjnych i zaadresowania kryzysu gospodarczego. Zróżnicowane społeczeństwo izraelskie potrzebuje nowej umowy społecznej
Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, 2024
Israel Studies Review, 2023
This article explores the contributions of non-governmental entities to Israeli policies for prev... more This article explores the contributions of non-governmental entities to Israeli policies for preventing and responding to oil spills on land and at sea. It discusses the legal and practical aspects of Israeli policies, reviews the country's experiences with oil spills, and examines two case studies. The policies in question exhibit characteristic features of the Israeli polity, such as centralization and deficiencies in long-term planning; activism by the judiciary, the media, experts, NGOs, and a multitude of public agencies; and procrastination, indecisiveness, and securitization. The non-governmental entities involved dispose of vital material and nonmaterial resources and play a visible role through information sharing, lobbying, litigating, and direct action. Deficiencies in governance harm prospects for streamlining these policies and enhancing the contributions of non-governmental entities.
OSW Commentary, 2023
The European Union's trade relations with Israel are asymmetrical, but the overall volume of thei... more The European Union's trade relations with Israel are asymmetrical, but the overall volume of their trade in goods and services has been growing rapidly. The EU is Israel's top partner in this field, while Israel ranks outside the top 30 of the EU's biggest partners; the EU has a positive trade balance with this country. This state of affairs has turned trade into a potential political instrument, but its assertive use by the EU with respect to the Palestinian issue has failed to bring about any change in Israel's policy towards the occupied territories. Instead, Israel's resistance to the EU's policy on this issue has led to a freeze in the institutional development of trade relations, especially in the services and investment sectors. The EU and especially Israel could benefit from a further liberalisation in bilateral relations and its extension to their partners in the region, but political factors are hampering this process. Therefore, a breakthrough in the form of launching negotiations on an agreement to create a deep and comprehensive free trade area appears unlikely in the foreseeable future.
Analiza OSW, 2021
https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2021-10-26/wizyta-nowego-premiera-izraela-w-rosji
Analiza OSW, 2021
Co-authored with Marek Matusiak
A case study essay in: Sebastian Kevany, BAREFOOT GLOBAL HEALTH DIPLOMACY Field Experiences in In... more A case study essay in: Sebastian Kevany, BAREFOOT GLOBAL HEALTH DIPLOMACY Field Experiences in International Relations, Security, and Epidemics, Elsevier, 2021, pp. 81-83.
Sprawy Międzynarodowe, 2019
Twenty-five years after the conclusion of the peace treaty, Israel and Jordan are bound by securi... more Twenty-five years after the conclusion of the peace treaty, Israel and Jordan are bound by security partnership and limited economic cooperation. People-to-people relations remain problematic. State-to-nation imbalance occurring on both sides of the relationship has undermined the achievements of the cooperation so far, and the uncertainty regarding the American politics in the region intensifies tensions which grow due to the deadlock in the Israeli-Palestinian relations. The role of the United States as a hegemon guaranteeing the state of 'cold' peace is decreasing and this, in turn, activates the diplomacy of states comprising the region as well as other world powers. Finding a satisfactory solution to the Palestinian question conditions the implementation of regional cooperation projects, which are a necessary answer to the new trans-border challenges, such as those related to climate change, that influence the internal stability of the states and the state of peace in the region.
The grand coalition government in Israel. New faces of the political crisis, 2020
After three rounds of early parliamentary elections in Israel, in May 2020 a grand coalition gove... more After three rounds of early parliamentary elections in Israel, in May 2020 a grand coalition government was sworn in. The parties that make it up belong to a block of conservative and religious groups centred on the Likud bloc of Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, together with the centre-left bloc associated with the Blue and Whites led by Binyamin Gantz. However, the appointment of a government does not mean the end of the political crisis. Uncertainty about the intentions of the central figure on Israel’s political scene, Prime Minister Netanyahu, continues. It is not clear whether he will hand over office to Gantz in November 2021 in accordance with the coalition agreement, or how he intends to deal with the trial that has just started in which he has been charged with corruption. Moreover, the ruling coalition has already been shaken by conflicts, a situation which has been exacerbated by the presence in the Knesset of an opposition which is strong and has been gaining increasing support in the polls. Matters have also been made more difficult by the challenges connected with the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the country’s economic problems and the protests they have motivated.