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Papers by Kang Xia

Research paper thumbnail of Transformation of 4-nonylphenol isomers during biosolids composting

Chemosphere, 2008

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Research paper thumbnail of Transformation of Triclosan by Fe(III)Saturated Montmorillonite

Environmental Science & Technology, 2010

Abiotic transformation of triclosan (TCS) was investigated by incubating TCS with Fe(III)- and Na... more Abiotic transformation of triclosan (TCS) was investigated by incubating TCS with Fe(III)- and Na-montmorillonite at 40% relative humidity and room temperature for up to 100 days. The TCS transformation products were characterized using LC/MS, GC/MS, and computational modeling and quantified using HPLC/UV and GC/MS. Within 1-5 days, depending on the initial TCS concentrations, about 55% of the TCS was rapidly transformed in the presence of Fe(III)-montmorillonite, producing 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol dimer, chlorophenoxy phenols, and TCS dimers and trimers. Computational modeling based on density functional theory confirmed the formation of four TCS dimer conformers and six TCS trimer conformers. The TCS phenoxy radicals, produced by Fe(III) oxidation of TCS, react with other TCS molecules to form TCS dimers. The TCS trimers were formed by attachment of TCS dimer phenoxy radicals, produced by Fe(III) oxidation of TCS dimers, with TCS molecules. Significantly smaller quantities of TCS transformation products were detected in the reactions with Na-montmorillonite compared to the reactions with Fe(III)-montmorillonite. Formation of a significant amount of 2,4-dichlorophenol, especially in reaction with Fe(III)-montmorillonite, may have negative impact on the environment because of its toxicity. However, mineral-facilitated TCS polymerization may reduce its mobility and bioavailability in soils.

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Research paper thumbnail of Transformation of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Soils and Biosolids-applied Soils

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010

Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), widely used as antibacterial agents, have been frequently... more Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), widely used as antibacterial agents, have been frequently detected in biosolids. Biosolids land application may introduce pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) such as TCS and TCC into the environment. Microcosm studies were conducted to investigate TCS and TCC transformation in Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam. Both compounds were spiked into the soils with and without biosolids amendment under non-sterilized and sterilized conditions and incubated aerobically at 30 degrees C for up to 100 d. In both soils, transformation of TCS followed second-order reaction kinetics, with estimated reaction rate constants of (5.27 +/- 0.920) x 10(-1) and (9.13 +/- 1.58) x 10(-2) (mg kg(-1))(-1) d(-1) for Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam, respectively. Transformation of TCC in both soils was slower than that for TCS. After 100 d, 53 +/- 1% and 71 +/- 2% of the initially added TCC and only 2.8 +/- 0.35% and 6.2 +/- 0.80% of initially added TCS remained in Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam, respectively. The transformation of both compounds were faster in the Marietta fine loam (pH 7.8; 1.8% organic matter) than in the McLaurin coarse loam (pH 4.7; 0.65% organic matter). Our result suggests that biotic processes are more of a controlling factor affecting TCS transformation, whereas abiotic processes may affect TCC transformation more significantly. Addition of biosolids to the two soils slowed the transformation of both compounds, indicating interactions between both compounds and biosolids may adversely affect their transformation in soils, an important factor that must be included in models predicting environmental fate of biosolids-associated PPCPs.

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Research paper thumbnail of Studies of the nature of binding sites of first row transition elements bound to aquatic and soil humic substances using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997

... bound to aquatic and soil humic substances using Xray absorption spectroscopy KANG XIA,* WILL... more ... bound to aquatic and soil humic substances using Xray absorption spectroscopy KANG XIA,* WILLIAM BLEAM, and PHILIP A. HELMKE ... The complexation of first row transition elements with humic substances has been investigated intensively (Bresnahan et al., 1978; Saar and ...

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Research paper thumbnail of X-Ray Absorption and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Cu(II) Sorbed to Silica: Surface-Induced Precipitation at Low Surface Coverages

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1997

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Research paper thumbnail of Distribution of mercury, methyl mercury and organic sulphur species in soil, soil solution and stream of a boreal forest catchment

Biogeochemistry, 2003

Concentrations of methyl mercury, CH3Hg (II), total mercury, Hgtot = CH3Hg (II) + Hg (II), and or... more Concentrations of methyl mercury, CH3Hg (II), total mercury, Hgtot = CH3Hg (II) + Hg (II), and organic sulphur species were determined in soils, soil solutions and streams of a small (50 ha) boreal forest catchment in northern Sweden. The CH3Hg (II)/Hgtot ratio decreased from 1.2–17.2% in the peaty stream bank soils to 0.4–0.8% in mineral and peat soils 20 m away from the streams, indicating that conditions for net methylation of Hg (II) are most favourable in the riparian zone close to streams. Concentrations of CH3Hg (II) bound in soil and in soil solution were significantly, positively correlated to the concentration of Hgtot in soil solution. This, and the fact that the CH3Hg (II)/Hgtot ratio was higher in soil solution than in soil may indicate that Hg (II) in soil solution is more available for methylation processes than soil bound Hg (II). Reduced organic S functional groups (Org-SRED) in soil, soil extract and in samples of organic substances from streams were quantified using S K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Org-SRED, likely representing RSH, RSSH, RSR and RSSR functionalities, made up 50 to 78% of total S in all samples examined. Inorganic sulphide [e.g. FeS2 (s)] was only detected in one soil sample out of 10, and in none of the stream samples. Model calculations showed that under oxic conditions nearly 100% of Hg (II) and CH3Hg (II) were complexed by thiol groups (RSH) in the soil, soil solution and in the stream water. Concentrations of free CH3Hg+ and Hg2+ ions in soil solution and stream were on the order of 10−18 and 10−32M, respectively, at pH 5. For CH3Hg (II), inorganic bi-sulphide complexes may contribute to an overall solubility at concentrations of inorganic sulphides higher than 10−9M, whereas considerably higher concentrations of inorganic sulphides (lower redox-potential) are required to increase the solubility of Hg (II).

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Research paper thumbnail of Studies of the nature of Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ binding sites in soil humic substances using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997

... With the assistance of bond network analysis, analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structur... more ... With the assistance of bond network analysis, analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and radial structure functions derived from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of Cu-humate at pH 4, 5, and 6 yielded a tetragonally-distorted ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Binding of mercury(II) to reduced sulfur in soil organic matter along upland-peat soil transects

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2000

The binding of Hg 2+ in organic matter of soils and waters controls the transport and transformat... more The binding of Hg 2+ in organic matter of soils and waters controls the transport and transformations of Hg in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in northern Minnesota, USA. We developed a competitive complexation method using the strong complexation of Hg 2+ by Br - for determining the ...

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Research paper thumbnail of The Distribution of Cu(II) on Boehmite and Silica Surfaces: Correlating EPR Signal Loss with the Effective Bohr Magneton Number of Sorbed Ions

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1998

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Research paper thumbnail of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Biota Representing Different Trophic Levels of the Hudson River, New York: From 1999 to 2005

Environmental Science & Technology, 2008

It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethe... more It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, is through fish consumption. Between 1999 and 2005 PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154 were analyzed in 3797 biological samples of 33 species of the Hudson River, New York. Approximately 98.4% of the samples contained PBDEs between 0.5 and 37 169 ng g(-1) lipid, with a median concentration of 772 ng g(-1) lipid. Yearly median sigmaPBDE concentrations fluctuated. Samples from river miles 112 and 153 contained higher sigmaPBDEs than those from other locations of the river. The 7-year median sigmaPBDE concentrations were the highest in large carnivorous fishes and the lowest in insects. The median abundance of congener PBDE-47 decreased from 80% to 63% with decreasing levels of sigmaPBDEs in the samples, while an increase from 2% to 23% was observed for PBDE-99. The median abundance of other congeners did not change with concentrations of sigmaPBDEs. Positive-, negative-, and no-correlation between sigmaPBDE concentrations and fish weight were observed for different species and for the same species from different locations of the river. The sources of PBDE contamination, diet, metabolic activity, and sediment chemistry might affect the levels of PBDEs in a fish.

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Research paper thumbnail of Triclocarban, triclosan, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and 4-nonylphenol in biosolids and in soil receiving 33-year biosolids application

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010

Land application of biosolids is a common practice throughout the world. However, concerns contin... more Land application of biosolids is a common practice throughout the world. However, concerns continue to be raised about the safety of this practice, because biosolids may contain trace levels of organic contaminants. The present study evaluated the levels of triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biosolids from 16 wastewater treatment plants and in soils from field plots receiving annual applications of biosolids for 33 years. All of the four contaminants evaluated were detected in most of the biosolids at concentrations ranging from hundreds of µg/kg to over 1,000 mg/kg (dry wt basis). They were detected at µg/kg levels in the biosolids-amended soil, but their concentrations decreased sharply with increasing soil depth for 4-NP, PBDEs, and TCC, indicating limited soil leaching of those compounds. However, potential leaching of TCS in the biosolids-amended soils was observed. The levels of all four compounds in the surface soil increased with increasing biosolids application rate. Compared with the estimated 33-year cumulative input to the soil during the 33-year consecutive biosolids application, most of the PBDEs and a small percentage of 4-NP, TCC, and TCS remained in the top 120-cm soil layer. These observations suggest slow degradation of PBDEs but rapid transformation of 4-NP, TCC, and TCS in the biosolids-amended soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:597–605. © 2009 SETAC

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Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Biosolids Recycled as Soil Amendments

Cheminform, 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was e... more ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

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Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Biosolids

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2005

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Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and Degradation of Estrogenic Nonylphenol and its Precursors in Northeast Kansas Wastewater Treatment Plants

Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 2003

... Heather Keller, Kang Xia, Alok Bhandari M.ASCE. Abstract. ... Sample Collection, Extraction, ... more ... Heather Keller, Kang Xia, Alok Bhandari M.ASCE. Abstract. ... Sample Collection, Extraction, and Cleanup. All samples were collected between 9:30 and 10:30 am in early, middle, and late summer and late fall of the year 2000. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Biosolids Recycled as Soil Amendments

The generation and disposal of biosolids produced at municipal wastewater treatment plants is a m... more The generation and disposal of biosolids produced at municipal wastewater treatment plants is a major environmental issue. Approximately 900 kg of biosolids on a dry basis are produced from the treatment of 1 million gallons of wastewater. These solids are typically dewatered on site and disposed of at landfills, incinerators or on agricultural fields. Disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural fields recycles the nutrients captured from municipal wastewater into agricultural soils. However, biosolids applied as soil amendments can contain significant quantities of hazardous organic chemicals derived from the municipal wastewater or organic metabolites produced during waste treatment. These organics have the potential to adversely impact the soil receiving the biosolids, surface and groundwater in the vicinity of application, crops grown on sludge-amended soils, and animals and humans that may consume the crops grown on the soils. This chapter presents a thorough discussion of the fate of hazardous organic chemicals associated with biosolids recycled as soil amendments.

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Research paper thumbnail of Transformation of 4-nonylphenol isomers during biosolids composting

Chemosphere, 2008

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Research paper thumbnail of Transformation of Triclosan by Fe(III)Saturated Montmorillonite

Environmental Science & Technology, 2010

Abiotic transformation of triclosan (TCS) was investigated by incubating TCS with Fe(III)- and Na... more Abiotic transformation of triclosan (TCS) was investigated by incubating TCS with Fe(III)- and Na-montmorillonite at 40% relative humidity and room temperature for up to 100 days. The TCS transformation products were characterized using LC/MS, GC/MS, and computational modeling and quantified using HPLC/UV and GC/MS. Within 1-5 days, depending on the initial TCS concentrations, about 55% of the TCS was rapidly transformed in the presence of Fe(III)-montmorillonite, producing 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol dimer, chlorophenoxy phenols, and TCS dimers and trimers. Computational modeling based on density functional theory confirmed the formation of four TCS dimer conformers and six TCS trimer conformers. The TCS phenoxy radicals, produced by Fe(III) oxidation of TCS, react with other TCS molecules to form TCS dimers. The TCS trimers were formed by attachment of TCS dimer phenoxy radicals, produced by Fe(III) oxidation of TCS dimers, with TCS molecules. Significantly smaller quantities of TCS transformation products were detected in the reactions with Na-montmorillonite compared to the reactions with Fe(III)-montmorillonite. Formation of a significant amount of 2,4-dichlorophenol, especially in reaction with Fe(III)-montmorillonite, may have negative impact on the environment because of its toxicity. However, mineral-facilitated TCS polymerization may reduce its mobility and bioavailability in soils.

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Research paper thumbnail of Transformation of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Soils and Biosolids-applied Soils

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010

Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), widely used as antibacterial agents, have been frequently... more Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), widely used as antibacterial agents, have been frequently detected in biosolids. Biosolids land application may introduce pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) such as TCS and TCC into the environment. Microcosm studies were conducted to investigate TCS and TCC transformation in Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam. Both compounds were spiked into the soils with and without biosolids amendment under non-sterilized and sterilized conditions and incubated aerobically at 30 degrees C for up to 100 d. In both soils, transformation of TCS followed second-order reaction kinetics, with estimated reaction rate constants of (5.27 +/- 0.920) x 10(-1) and (9.13 +/- 1.58) x 10(-2) (mg kg(-1))(-1) d(-1) for Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam, respectively. Transformation of TCC in both soils was slower than that for TCS. After 100 d, 53 +/- 1% and 71 +/- 2% of the initially added TCC and only 2.8 +/- 0.35% and 6.2 +/- 0.80% of initially added TCS remained in Marietta fine loam and McLaurin coarse loam, respectively. The transformation of both compounds were faster in the Marietta fine loam (pH 7.8; 1.8% organic matter) than in the McLaurin coarse loam (pH 4.7; 0.65% organic matter). Our result suggests that biotic processes are more of a controlling factor affecting TCS transformation, whereas abiotic processes may affect TCC transformation more significantly. Addition of biosolids to the two soils slowed the transformation of both compounds, indicating interactions between both compounds and biosolids may adversely affect their transformation in soils, an important factor that must be included in models predicting environmental fate of biosolids-associated PPCPs.

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Research paper thumbnail of Studies of the nature of binding sites of first row transition elements bound to aquatic and soil humic substances using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997

... bound to aquatic and soil humic substances using Xray absorption spectroscopy KANG XIA,* WILL... more ... bound to aquatic and soil humic substances using Xray absorption spectroscopy KANG XIA,* WILLIAM BLEAM, and PHILIP A. HELMKE ... The complexation of first row transition elements with humic substances has been investigated intensively (Bresnahan et al., 1978; Saar and ...

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Research paper thumbnail of X-Ray Absorption and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Cu(II) Sorbed to Silica: Surface-Induced Precipitation at Low Surface Coverages

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1997

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Research paper thumbnail of Distribution of mercury, methyl mercury and organic sulphur species in soil, soil solution and stream of a boreal forest catchment

Biogeochemistry, 2003

Concentrations of methyl mercury, CH3Hg (II), total mercury, Hgtot = CH3Hg (II) + Hg (II), and or... more Concentrations of methyl mercury, CH3Hg (II), total mercury, Hgtot = CH3Hg (II) + Hg (II), and organic sulphur species were determined in soils, soil solutions and streams of a small (50 ha) boreal forest catchment in northern Sweden. The CH3Hg (II)/Hgtot ratio decreased from 1.2–17.2% in the peaty stream bank soils to 0.4–0.8% in mineral and peat soils 20 m away from the streams, indicating that conditions for net methylation of Hg (II) are most favourable in the riparian zone close to streams. Concentrations of CH3Hg (II) bound in soil and in soil solution were significantly, positively correlated to the concentration of Hgtot in soil solution. This, and the fact that the CH3Hg (II)/Hgtot ratio was higher in soil solution than in soil may indicate that Hg (II) in soil solution is more available for methylation processes than soil bound Hg (II). Reduced organic S functional groups (Org-SRED) in soil, soil extract and in samples of organic substances from streams were quantified using S K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Org-SRED, likely representing RSH, RSSH, RSR and RSSR functionalities, made up 50 to 78% of total S in all samples examined. Inorganic sulphide [e.g. FeS2 (s)] was only detected in one soil sample out of 10, and in none of the stream samples. Model calculations showed that under oxic conditions nearly 100% of Hg (II) and CH3Hg (II) were complexed by thiol groups (RSH) in the soil, soil solution and in the stream water. Concentrations of free CH3Hg+ and Hg2+ ions in soil solution and stream were on the order of 10−18 and 10−32M, respectively, at pH 5. For CH3Hg (II), inorganic bi-sulphide complexes may contribute to an overall solubility at concentrations of inorganic sulphides higher than 10−9M, whereas considerably higher concentrations of inorganic sulphides (lower redox-potential) are required to increase the solubility of Hg (II).

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Research paper thumbnail of Studies of the nature of Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ binding sites in soil humic substances using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997

... With the assistance of bond network analysis, analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structur... more ... With the assistance of bond network analysis, analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and radial structure functions derived from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of Cu-humate at pH 4, 5, and 6 yielded a tetragonally-distorted ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Binding of mercury(II) to reduced sulfur in soil organic matter along upland-peat soil transects

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2000

The binding of Hg 2+ in organic matter of soils and waters controls the transport and transformat... more The binding of Hg 2+ in organic matter of soils and waters controls the transport and transformations of Hg in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in northern Minnesota, USA. We developed a competitive complexation method using the strong complexation of Hg 2+ by Br - for determining the ...

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Research paper thumbnail of The Distribution of Cu(II) on Boehmite and Silica Surfaces: Correlating EPR Signal Loss with the Effective Bohr Magneton Number of Sorbed Ions

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1998

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Research paper thumbnail of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Biota Representing Different Trophic Levels of the Hudson River, New York: From 1999 to 2005

Environmental Science & Technology, 2008

It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethe... more It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, is through fish consumption. Between 1999 and 2005 PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154 were analyzed in 3797 biological samples of 33 species of the Hudson River, New York. Approximately 98.4% of the samples contained PBDEs between 0.5 and 37 169 ng g(-1) lipid, with a median concentration of 772 ng g(-1) lipid. Yearly median sigmaPBDE concentrations fluctuated. Samples from river miles 112 and 153 contained higher sigmaPBDEs than those from other locations of the river. The 7-year median sigmaPBDE concentrations were the highest in large carnivorous fishes and the lowest in insects. The median abundance of congener PBDE-47 decreased from 80% to 63% with decreasing levels of sigmaPBDEs in the samples, while an increase from 2% to 23% was observed for PBDE-99. The median abundance of other congeners did not change with concentrations of sigmaPBDEs. Positive-, negative-, and no-correlation between sigmaPBDE concentrations and fish weight were observed for different species and for the same species from different locations of the river. The sources of PBDE contamination, diet, metabolic activity, and sediment chemistry might affect the levels of PBDEs in a fish.

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Research paper thumbnail of Triclocarban, triclosan, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and 4-nonylphenol in biosolids and in soil receiving 33-year biosolids application

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010

Land application of biosolids is a common practice throughout the world. However, concerns contin... more Land application of biosolids is a common practice throughout the world. However, concerns continue to be raised about the safety of this practice, because biosolids may contain trace levels of organic contaminants. The present study evaluated the levels of triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biosolids from 16 wastewater treatment plants and in soils from field plots receiving annual applications of biosolids for 33 years. All of the four contaminants evaluated were detected in most of the biosolids at concentrations ranging from hundreds of µg/kg to over 1,000 mg/kg (dry wt basis). They were detected at µg/kg levels in the biosolids-amended soil, but their concentrations decreased sharply with increasing soil depth for 4-NP, PBDEs, and TCC, indicating limited soil leaching of those compounds. However, potential leaching of TCS in the biosolids-amended soils was observed. The levels of all four compounds in the surface soil increased with increasing biosolids application rate. Compared with the estimated 33-year cumulative input to the soil during the 33-year consecutive biosolids application, most of the PBDEs and a small percentage of 4-NP, TCC, and TCS remained in the top 120-cm soil layer. These observations suggest slow degradation of PBDEs but rapid transformation of 4-NP, TCC, and TCS in the biosolids-amended soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:597–605. © 2009 SETAC

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Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Biosolids Recycled as Soil Amendments

Cheminform, 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was e... more ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

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Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Biosolids

Journal of Environmental Quality, 2005

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Research paper thumbnail of Occurrence and Degradation of Estrogenic Nonylphenol and its Precursors in Northeast Kansas Wastewater Treatment Plants

Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 2003

... Heather Keller, Kang Xia, Alok Bhandari M.ASCE. Abstract. ... Sample Collection, Extraction, ... more ... Heather Keller, Kang Xia, Alok Bhandari M.ASCE. Abstract. ... Sample Collection, Extraction, and Cleanup. All samples were collected between 9:30 and 10:30 am in early, middle, and late summer and late fall of the year 2000. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Biosolids Recycled as Soil Amendments

The generation and disposal of biosolids produced at municipal wastewater treatment plants is a m... more The generation and disposal of biosolids produced at municipal wastewater treatment plants is a major environmental issue. Approximately 900 kg of biosolids on a dry basis are produced from the treatment of 1 million gallons of wastewater. These solids are typically dewatered on site and disposed of at landfills, incinerators or on agricultural fields. Disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural fields recycles the nutrients captured from municipal wastewater into agricultural soils. However, biosolids applied as soil amendments can contain significant quantities of hazardous organic chemicals derived from the municipal wastewater or organic metabolites produced during waste treatment. These organics have the potential to adversely impact the soil receiving the biosolids, surface and groundwater in the vicinity of application, crops grown on sludge-amended soils, and animals and humans that may consume the crops grown on the soils. This chapter presents a thorough discussion of the fate of hazardous organic chemicals associated with biosolids recycled as soil amendments.

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