Rimantas Jankauskas | Vilnius University (original) (raw)
Papers by Rimantas Jankauskas
HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 2015
This study presents new (n=32) and previously published (n=35) human bone 14C AMS dates from 54 i... more This study presents new (n=32) and previously published (n=35) human bone 14C AMS dates from 54 individuals interred in 50 burials in the Plinkaigalis cemetery (3rd-7th century AD, Lithuania). The aim of this study is to establish duration of use and identify temporal subgroups within the cemetery. Individuals in group burials were assessed for temporal agreement across individuals and the dates for individuals with multiple dates were combined using OxCal. The Sum command, Interval command, and two Bayesian models (overlapping and abutting periods of use) were used to approximate the use of the site over time and evaluate the chronology of dated burials. An IDW (inverse distance weighted) model was employed to visualize median radiocarbon dates across the cemetery for comparison to earlier IDW interpolations of time at Plinkaigalis. While the two models cannot be distinguished at this time, it can be determined that the site was likely in continuous use from 200-600 cal AD (Sum), 230-560 cal AD (Model 1), 220-550 cal AD (Model 2), or cal 283-508 AD (IDW). The area of the cemetery associated with earliest use shifted east when the IDW model was compared to original data. There was also poor agreement in some group burials and burials with multiple dates. The models generally agree on assignment of burials to phases, but disparate phase assignment was noted across the IDW and Bayesian models. Temporal subgroups cannot be confidently reclassified beyond early/later periods of use based on these models without additional sampling and refinement of the IDW modeling method.
Archaeologia Lituana, Mar 13, 2024
Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and c... more Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and curated in the National Museum of Lithuania, have been recently assessed using noninvasive and nondestructive techniques. These had been donated in 1862 to the then Museum of Antiquities by the prominent Polish-Lithuanian collector Count Michał Tyszkiewicz. After careful investigation of the three mummified reptile fragments available, the authors were able to identify at least two individuals based on morpho-anatomical characteristics. This indicates that the two small crocodiles originally described in historic records are still present within the collection and that none of these items was lost during the different lootings perpetrated throughout the museum's history. Information regarding the post-mortem treatment of these animals was also obtained. This is the first scientific study of animal mummies in the Baltic States, and it should be followed by proper conservation and display of these findings.
Routledge eBooks, Feb 17, 2015
Anthropologischer Anzeiger, Dec 1, 2009
Forensic anthropology (in Lithuania, as everywhere in Eastern Europe, traditionally considered as... more Forensic anthropology (in Lithuania, as everywhere in Eastern Europe, traditionally considered as a narrower field--forensic osteology) has a long history, experience being gained both during exhumations of mass killings during the Second World War and the subsequent totalitarian regime, investigations of historical mass graves, identification of historical personalities and routine forensic work. Experts of this field (usually a branch of forensic medicine) routinely are solving "technical" questions of crime investigation, particularly identification of (usually dead) individuals. Practical implementation of the mission of forensic anthropology is not an easy task due to interdisciplinary character of the field. On one hand, physical anthropology has in its disposition numerous scientifically tested methods, however, their practical value in particular legal processes is limited. Reasons for these discrepancies can be related both to insufficient understanding of possibilities and limitations of forensic anthropology and archaeology by officials representing legal institutions that perform investigations, and sometimes too "academic" research, that is conducted at anthropological laboratories, when methods developed are not completely relevant to practical needs. Besides of answering to direct questions (number of individuals, sex, age, stature, population affinity, individual traits, evidence of violence), important humanitarian aspects--the individual's right for identity, the right of the relatives to know the fate of their beloved ones--should not be neglected. Practical use of other identification methods faces difficulties of their own (e.g., odontology--lack of regular dental registration system and compatible database). Two examples of forensic anthropological work of mass graves, even when the results were much influenced by the questions raised by investigators, can serve as an illustration of the above-mentioned issues.
Forensic Science International, Jun 1, 2007
X-rays. Many dentists were also involved in the reconciliation work (search and comparison) match... more X-rays. Many dentists were also involved in the reconciliation work (search and comparison) matching the AM and PM records. Whereas most of the Thai victims of the Tsunami were identified by fingerprinting the majority of the western victims were identified by dental comparison alone (around 80%), and in another 10% of the cases the dental matching played a significant role in the identification process. Out of the 543 Swedish victims 528 have been identified, 374 of them by dental status alone. Another 55 have been identified by a combination of methods including dental comparison. The dental identification is a swift and extremely reliable means of identification of human remains. In the case of the Tsunami disaster the forensic odontology proved to be the most useful discipline in the identification process of the western victims.
Journal of Laryngology and Otology, Jun 1, 1993
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the incidence of clinical otoscierosis and aud... more The purpose of this investigation was to establish the incidence of clinical otoscierosis and auditory exostoses in Lithuanian paleopopulations. The total sample consists of 4080 skulls, dating from the Neolithic to the C 17th—C 18th a.d., investigated visually, under magnification and radiologically. Eight cases of clinical otosclerosis and 22 of auditory exostoses were identified. The general epidemiology of otosclerosis (0.19 ± 0.08 per cent) was established to be similar to contemporary populations. This suggests that there are no new aetiological factors attributable to our modern society. Clear diminution of the incidence of auditory exostoses from the 1st to the 2nd millenium A.D. (3.46 ± 0.76 per cent, against 0.06 ± 0.04 per cent, p…
Society of the Lithuanian Archaeology eBooks, 2012
Archaeologia Baltica, 2010
This paper discusses recently published data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Stone Ag... more This paper discusses recently published data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Stone Age burials in Lithuania in a broader European context, and data from modern Lithuanians on the basis of recent literature. Several major processes (initial Palaeolithic colonisation, recolonisation after the LGM and Younger Dryas cold relapse, the spread of the Neolithic, and possible small-scale migrations in the Eneolithic age) could have left traces on the modern gene pool. From four Lithuanian samples where data on mtDNA were available, one (Spiginas 4) belonged to haplogroup U4, and three (Donkalnis 1, and Kretuonas 1 and 3) to U5b2. In total, out of 17 individuals from Central and East European non-farming cultures (Mesolithic and Neolithic Ceramic, spanning a period from circa 7800 BC to 2300 BC), a majority of them had mtDNA type 'U'. An exceptionally high incidence of U5-types (more than 45%) occurs among the modern Saami (Lapps) of northern Scandinavia, perhaps the closest modern European equivalent of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Genetic time estimates based on modern mtDNA have suggested that the U5-type arose by mutation about 50,000 to 40,000 years BP. This age implies that around the glacial maximum 20,000 years BP, U5 types were already present and could have repopulated Central and northern Europe as soon as northern areas were deglaciated. Both western (Franco-Cantabrian) and eastern (Pontic) refugia could be sources of this repopulation. In the recent Lithuanian population, U5 and U4 haplogroups are infrequent. The mtDNA homogeneity observed across modern Europe is a more recent phenomenon, less than 7,000 years old, according to these ancient mtDNA results. We can refer to the third millennium BC, internal European migrations from the Eneolithic that significantly modified the genetic landscape, as a time window little explored by archaeogeneticists. The imprecise chronology of mtDNA mutations should in the first instance be based on audited archaeological sources.
Sveikatos mokslai / Health Sciences, Mar 5, 2013
The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate incidence of destructive otitis media and nose ob... more The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate incidence of destructive otitis media and nose obstructive pathology in Lithuanian populations of the past (diachronically). Visual and with special optical aparates investigated 1603 skulls dated from Neolithic to 17-18 c.c. A.D. 53 cases of destructive otitis media were identified, earliest coming from 5-6 c.c. A.D. General incidence of destructive otitis media in the 1st mill. A.D. was 9,7%, in the 2nd mill. A.D. – 1,4%. 190 cases (29,1%) of septal deviation, 55 cases (8,4%) of septal crista and 26 cases (3,0%) of concha bullosa were found; definite sexual and lifetime differences were elucidated
Oxford University Press eBooks, Apr 19, 2012
PubMed, 2003
Evaluation of annual incremental lines of dental cementum is one of potentially valuable methods ... more Evaluation of annual incremental lines of dental cementum is one of potentially valuable methods for biological age estimation in forensic anthropology. The objective of this work was to elucidate the relation between the number of those lines and the chronological age of an individual. Material of the study consisted of undecalcified sections of 227 permanent teeth of 178 individuals (89 males, 89 females, average age 47.5 years) (3-4 of each tooth, thickness 33-35 mum). Sections were analyzed under magnification of 20-40 times, photographed and evaluated using digitalized visual analysis system. Biological age was estimated by pooling the number of lines counted and the average age of tooth eruption. It was found that the number of lines strongly correlates with the chronological age (r>0.95, p<0.001). Factor of sex has no significant influence on the number of lines. Absolute average error was 5.58 years (11.75%), but the preciseness of the method decreases with age: among younger individuals it is lower - 3.71 years (10.09%), and higher among older - 7.86 years (13.1%). Regression power equation produces higher error than the traditional method: the best results are obtained by pooling the number of lines and average age of tooth eruption. Conclusion is made that the method is suitable for forensic anthropology, and digitalized system enhances the count and provides better results.
Archaeologia Baltica, 2006
This new case forces us to revive the long-lasting discussions about the origins of Indo-European... more This new case forces us to revive the long-lasting discussions about the origins of Indo-Europeans and the Balts. Summarising the current empirical facts and hypotheses based on archaeological, linguistic, anthropological and genetic data, we can find support for both migration and acculturation models. All known Corded Ware/Boat Axe burials in Lithuania are singular, contain individuals of adult/mature age, are associated with a particular set of grave goods and characterised by a very specific phenotype-these facts would support the hypothesis of immigration. However, some facts would also speak for the acculturation hypothesis: probably the adoption of the Indo-European language was earlier, via cultural transfer, and migrants of Kurgan people already found communities with whom they could communicate. However, they left no significant impact on the local anthropological substrate.
Cahiers Du Centre De Recherches Anthropologiques, 1998
Histoire de la tuberculose humaine en Lithuanie \ possibilites et limites des observations osteo-... more Histoire de la tuberculose humaine en Lithuanie \ possibilites et limites des observations osteo-archeologiques. Resume. — La tuberculose, en tant qu'evenement social particulier, est connue depuis l'antiquite. Souvent responsable de lesions osseuses specifiques, la tuberculose est une infection accessible aux investigations paleopathologiques. Dans cet article sont analyses differents cas paleopathologiques attnbuables a une infection tuberculeuse, observes sur des series osteo- archeologiques lithuaniennes qui peuvent ouvrir sur une approche paleoepidemiologique. Dans les echantillons du 1er millenaire apres J-C, 4 cas de spondylodiscites tuberculeuses et un cas de possible tuberculose crânienne ont ete identifies. Ces observations, ajoutees a celles connues dans la litterature, montrent que la maladie etait deja presente a cette periode, sous une forme non sporadique. Pour la periode suivante (second millenaire), des signes de tuberculose s'observent sous trois formes differentes : atteinte osseuse directe (14 cas de spondylodiscite tuberculeuse, 5 cas d'atteinte articulaire), atteinte costale (1 1 ou 12 cas) sur un echantillon randomise de sujets subadultes, signes d'atteinte meningee (meme echantillon). Si l'on considere l'epidemiologie et la mortalite selective, il apparait que l'exposition au risque infectieux due a Mycobacterium tuberculosis approcherait 100 %. Les lesions osseuses specifiques n'ont pas d'impact significatif sur la mortalite. La question de criteres de diagnostic et d'interpretation appropries, ainsi que celle d'une recherche pluridisciplinaire est ainsi posee.
Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine, 1995
This paper discusses the development of an interactive multimedia computer laboratory within the ... more This paper discusses the development of an interactive multimedia computer laboratory within the Vilnius University Medical Faculty involving transfer of hardware and courseware developed in the USA. The contexts in which the laboratory was developed are described and factors helping and hindering successful technology transfer are identified. The future of the laboratory and its potential role in international distance education and information access are discussed. While this paper does not focus on international distance education in the traditional sense of offering courses or training from one or more source institutions to individuals off-site, it has implications for providing education internationally, especially in the Baltic and other newly independent states of the former USSR.
Rechtsmedizin, Oct 1, 2004
Altersbestimmung mithilfe von Wachstumslinien des Zahnzements Verschi edene in der forensischen M... more Altersbestimmung mithilfe von Wachstumslinien des Zahnzements Verschi edene in der forensischen Medizin eingesetzte makroskopische [9] und mikroskopische [20] Methoden zur Altersbestimmung können zu fehlerhaften Ergebnissen führen. Aus diesem Grund wird ständig nach neuen Methoden gesucht. Dabei zogen in den letzten Jahrzehnten Wachstumsstrukturen der Zähne, die im sekundären Dentin und Zement feststellbar sind, die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. Sie sind unter dem Mikroskop bei niedriger Vergrößerung (×0 bis ×00) gut erkennbar. Die Wachstumslinien werden oft als Wachstumsringe bezeichnet, da sie auf den Schliffen eine zirkuläre Form aufweisen. Sie entstehen regelmäßig während
HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 2015
This study presents new (n=32) and previously published (n=35) human bone 14C AMS dates from 54 i... more This study presents new (n=32) and previously published (n=35) human bone 14C AMS dates from 54 individuals interred in 50 burials in the Plinkaigalis cemetery (3rd-7th century AD, Lithuania). The aim of this study is to establish duration of use and identify temporal subgroups within the cemetery. Individuals in group burials were assessed for temporal agreement across individuals and the dates for individuals with multiple dates were combined using OxCal. The Sum command, Interval command, and two Bayesian models (overlapping and abutting periods of use) were used to approximate the use of the site over time and evaluate the chronology of dated burials. An IDW (inverse distance weighted) model was employed to visualize median radiocarbon dates across the cemetery for comparison to earlier IDW interpolations of time at Plinkaigalis. While the two models cannot be distinguished at this time, it can be determined that the site was likely in continuous use from 200-600 cal AD (Sum), 230-560 cal AD (Model 1), 220-550 cal AD (Model 2), or cal 283-508 AD (IDW). The area of the cemetery associated with earliest use shifted east when the IDW model was compared to original data. There was also poor agreement in some group burials and burials with multiple dates. The models generally agree on assignment of burials to phases, but disparate phase assignment was noted across the IDW and Bayesian models. Temporal subgroups cannot be confidently reclassified beyond early/later periods of use based on these models without additional sampling and refinement of the IDW modeling method.
Archaeologia Lituana, Mar 13, 2024
Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and c... more Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and curated in the National Museum of Lithuania, have been recently assessed using noninvasive and nondestructive techniques. These had been donated in 1862 to the then Museum of Antiquities by the prominent Polish-Lithuanian collector Count Michał Tyszkiewicz. After careful investigation of the three mummified reptile fragments available, the authors were able to identify at least two individuals based on morpho-anatomical characteristics. This indicates that the two small crocodiles originally described in historic records are still present within the collection and that none of these items was lost during the different lootings perpetrated throughout the museum's history. Information regarding the post-mortem treatment of these animals was also obtained. This is the first scientific study of animal mummies in the Baltic States, and it should be followed by proper conservation and display of these findings.
Routledge eBooks, Feb 17, 2015
Anthropologischer Anzeiger, Dec 1, 2009
Forensic anthropology (in Lithuania, as everywhere in Eastern Europe, traditionally considered as... more Forensic anthropology (in Lithuania, as everywhere in Eastern Europe, traditionally considered as a narrower field--forensic osteology) has a long history, experience being gained both during exhumations of mass killings during the Second World War and the subsequent totalitarian regime, investigations of historical mass graves, identification of historical personalities and routine forensic work. Experts of this field (usually a branch of forensic medicine) routinely are solving &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;technical&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; questions of crime investigation, particularly identification of (usually dead) individuals. Practical implementation of the mission of forensic anthropology is not an easy task due to interdisciplinary character of the field. On one hand, physical anthropology has in its disposition numerous scientifically tested methods, however, their practical value in particular legal processes is limited. Reasons for these discrepancies can be related both to insufficient understanding of possibilities and limitations of forensic anthropology and archaeology by officials representing legal institutions that perform investigations, and sometimes too &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;academic&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; research, that is conducted at anthropological laboratories, when methods developed are not completely relevant to practical needs. Besides of answering to direct questions (number of individuals, sex, age, stature, population affinity, individual traits, evidence of violence), important humanitarian aspects--the individual&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s right for identity, the right of the relatives to know the fate of their beloved ones--should not be neglected. Practical use of other identification methods faces difficulties of their own (e.g., odontology--lack of regular dental registration system and compatible database). Two examples of forensic anthropological work of mass graves, even when the results were much influenced by the questions raised by investigators, can serve as an illustration of the above-mentioned issues.
Forensic Science International, Jun 1, 2007
X-rays. Many dentists were also involved in the reconciliation work (search and comparison) match... more X-rays. Many dentists were also involved in the reconciliation work (search and comparison) matching the AM and PM records. Whereas most of the Thai victims of the Tsunami were identified by fingerprinting the majority of the western victims were identified by dental comparison alone (around 80%), and in another 10% of the cases the dental matching played a significant role in the identification process. Out of the 543 Swedish victims 528 have been identified, 374 of them by dental status alone. Another 55 have been identified by a combination of methods including dental comparison. The dental identification is a swift and extremely reliable means of identification of human remains. In the case of the Tsunami disaster the forensic odontology proved to be the most useful discipline in the identification process of the western victims.
Journal of Laryngology and Otology, Jun 1, 1993
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the incidence of clinical otoscierosis and aud... more The purpose of this investigation was to establish the incidence of clinical otoscierosis and auditory exostoses in Lithuanian paleopopulations. The total sample consists of 4080 skulls, dating from the Neolithic to the C 17th—C 18th a.d., investigated visually, under magnification and radiologically. Eight cases of clinical otosclerosis and 22 of auditory exostoses were identified. The general epidemiology of otosclerosis (0.19 ± 0.08 per cent) was established to be similar to contemporary populations. This suggests that there are no new aetiological factors attributable to our modern society. Clear diminution of the incidence of auditory exostoses from the 1st to the 2nd millenium A.D. (3.46 ± 0.76 per cent, against 0.06 ± 0.04 per cent, p…
Society of the Lithuanian Archaeology eBooks, 2012
Archaeologia Baltica, 2010
This paper discusses recently published data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Stone Ag... more This paper discusses recently published data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Stone Age burials in Lithuania in a broader European context, and data from modern Lithuanians on the basis of recent literature. Several major processes (initial Palaeolithic colonisation, recolonisation after the LGM and Younger Dryas cold relapse, the spread of the Neolithic, and possible small-scale migrations in the Eneolithic age) could have left traces on the modern gene pool. From four Lithuanian samples where data on mtDNA were available, one (Spiginas 4) belonged to haplogroup U4, and three (Donkalnis 1, and Kretuonas 1 and 3) to U5b2. In total, out of 17 individuals from Central and East European non-farming cultures (Mesolithic and Neolithic Ceramic, spanning a period from circa 7800 BC to 2300 BC), a majority of them had mtDNA type 'U'. An exceptionally high incidence of U5-types (more than 45%) occurs among the modern Saami (Lapps) of northern Scandinavia, perhaps the closest modern European equivalent of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Genetic time estimates based on modern mtDNA have suggested that the U5-type arose by mutation about 50,000 to 40,000 years BP. This age implies that around the glacial maximum 20,000 years BP, U5 types were already present and could have repopulated Central and northern Europe as soon as northern areas were deglaciated. Both western (Franco-Cantabrian) and eastern (Pontic) refugia could be sources of this repopulation. In the recent Lithuanian population, U5 and U4 haplogroups are infrequent. The mtDNA homogeneity observed across modern Europe is a more recent phenomenon, less than 7,000 years old, according to these ancient mtDNA results. We can refer to the third millennium BC, internal European migrations from the Eneolithic that significantly modified the genetic landscape, as a time window little explored by archaeogeneticists. The imprecise chronology of mtDNA mutations should in the first instance be based on audited archaeological sources.
Sveikatos mokslai / Health Sciences, Mar 5, 2013
The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate incidence of destructive otitis media and nose ob... more The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate incidence of destructive otitis media and nose obstructive pathology in Lithuanian populations of the past (diachronically). Visual and with special optical aparates investigated 1603 skulls dated from Neolithic to 17-18 c.c. A.D. 53 cases of destructive otitis media were identified, earliest coming from 5-6 c.c. A.D. General incidence of destructive otitis media in the 1st mill. A.D. was 9,7%, in the 2nd mill. A.D. – 1,4%. 190 cases (29,1%) of septal deviation, 55 cases (8,4%) of septal crista and 26 cases (3,0%) of concha bullosa were found; definite sexual and lifetime differences were elucidated
Oxford University Press eBooks, Apr 19, 2012
PubMed, 2003
Evaluation of annual incremental lines of dental cementum is one of potentially valuable methods ... more Evaluation of annual incremental lines of dental cementum is one of potentially valuable methods for biological age estimation in forensic anthropology. The objective of this work was to elucidate the relation between the number of those lines and the chronological age of an individual. Material of the study consisted of undecalcified sections of 227 permanent teeth of 178 individuals (89 males, 89 females, average age 47.5 years) (3-4 of each tooth, thickness 33-35 mum). Sections were analyzed under magnification of 20-40 times, photographed and evaluated using digitalized visual analysis system. Biological age was estimated by pooling the number of lines counted and the average age of tooth eruption. It was found that the number of lines strongly correlates with the chronological age (r>0.95, p<0.001). Factor of sex has no significant influence on the number of lines. Absolute average error was 5.58 years (11.75%), but the preciseness of the method decreases with age: among younger individuals it is lower - 3.71 years (10.09%), and higher among older - 7.86 years (13.1%). Regression power equation produces higher error than the traditional method: the best results are obtained by pooling the number of lines and average age of tooth eruption. Conclusion is made that the method is suitable for forensic anthropology, and digitalized system enhances the count and provides better results.
Archaeologia Baltica, 2006
This new case forces us to revive the long-lasting discussions about the origins of Indo-European... more This new case forces us to revive the long-lasting discussions about the origins of Indo-Europeans and the Balts. Summarising the current empirical facts and hypotheses based on archaeological, linguistic, anthropological and genetic data, we can find support for both migration and acculturation models. All known Corded Ware/Boat Axe burials in Lithuania are singular, contain individuals of adult/mature age, are associated with a particular set of grave goods and characterised by a very specific phenotype-these facts would support the hypothesis of immigration. However, some facts would also speak for the acculturation hypothesis: probably the adoption of the Indo-European language was earlier, via cultural transfer, and migrants of Kurgan people already found communities with whom they could communicate. However, they left no significant impact on the local anthropological substrate.
Cahiers Du Centre De Recherches Anthropologiques, 1998
Histoire de la tuberculose humaine en Lithuanie \ possibilites et limites des observations osteo-... more Histoire de la tuberculose humaine en Lithuanie \ possibilites et limites des observations osteo-archeologiques. Resume. — La tuberculose, en tant qu'evenement social particulier, est connue depuis l'antiquite. Souvent responsable de lesions osseuses specifiques, la tuberculose est une infection accessible aux investigations paleopathologiques. Dans cet article sont analyses differents cas paleopathologiques attnbuables a une infection tuberculeuse, observes sur des series osteo- archeologiques lithuaniennes qui peuvent ouvrir sur une approche paleoepidemiologique. Dans les echantillons du 1er millenaire apres J-C, 4 cas de spondylodiscites tuberculeuses et un cas de possible tuberculose crânienne ont ete identifies. Ces observations, ajoutees a celles connues dans la litterature, montrent que la maladie etait deja presente a cette periode, sous une forme non sporadique. Pour la periode suivante (second millenaire), des signes de tuberculose s'observent sous trois formes differentes : atteinte osseuse directe (14 cas de spondylodiscite tuberculeuse, 5 cas d'atteinte articulaire), atteinte costale (1 1 ou 12 cas) sur un echantillon randomise de sujets subadultes, signes d'atteinte meningee (meme echantillon). Si l'on considere l'epidemiologie et la mortalite selective, il apparait que l'exposition au risque infectieux due a Mycobacterium tuberculosis approcherait 100 %. Les lesions osseuses specifiques n'ont pas d'impact significatif sur la mortalite. La question de criteres de diagnostic et d'interpretation appropries, ainsi que celle d'une recherche pluridisciplinaire est ainsi posee.
Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine, 1995
This paper discusses the development of an interactive multimedia computer laboratory within the ... more This paper discusses the development of an interactive multimedia computer laboratory within the Vilnius University Medical Faculty involving transfer of hardware and courseware developed in the USA. The contexts in which the laboratory was developed are described and factors helping and hindering successful technology transfer are identified. The future of the laboratory and its potential role in international distance education and information access are discussed. While this paper does not focus on international distance education in the traditional sense of offering courses or training from one or more source institutions to individuals off-site, it has implications for providing education internationally, especially in the Baltic and other newly independent states of the former USSR.
Rechtsmedizin, Oct 1, 2004
Altersbestimmung mithilfe von Wachstumslinien des Zahnzements Verschi edene in der forensischen M... more Altersbestimmung mithilfe von Wachstumslinien des Zahnzements Verschi edene in der forensischen Medizin eingesetzte makroskopische [9] und mikroskopische [20] Methoden zur Altersbestimmung können zu fehlerhaften Ergebnissen führen. Aus diesem Grund wird ständig nach neuen Methoden gesucht. Dabei zogen in den letzten Jahrzehnten Wachstumsstrukturen der Zähne, die im sekundären Dentin und Zement feststellbar sind, die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. Sie sind unter dem Mikroskop bei niedriger Vergrößerung (×0 bis ×00) gut erkennbar. Die Wachstumslinien werden oft als Wachstumsringe bezeichnet, da sie auf den Schliffen eine zirkuläre Form aufweisen. Sie entstehen regelmäßig während
Disruptions in growth during childhood can result in future reductions in adult stature. Recent b... more Disruptions in growth during childhood can result in future reductions in adult stature. Recent bioarchaeological studies discovered mixed results regarding the relationship between childhood growth disruptions and adult stature. The current study examines this relationship in the skeletal remains of 90 Napoleonic soldiers that died during the retreat that followed the Russian Campaign of 1812. Childhood growth disruptions are recorded in the skeleton as linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in teeth, while the impact of growth disruptions on future growth are assessed using maximum femur length as a proxy for stature. Number, severity, age at first formation, and age at last formation of LEH served as explanatory variables in a multiple regression analysis to test the effect of these variables on maximum femur length. Seventy-five out of 90 individuals exhibited at least one LEH (83.3%). No statistically significant effects of severity, age at first or last formation, or number of defects on maximum femur length were detected among Napoleonic soldiers at a 95% confidence interval. This suggests that variables related to childhood growth disruptions did not have a significant impact on adult stature in this sample. The absence of a significant relationship may be partially explained by catch-up growth, the mild to moderate severity of LEH, and the nature of the sample (i.e., minimum height requirements for Napoleonic recruits). This study demonstrates the complexity of patterns in stress-related growth disruptions and growth outcomes in archaeological samples with implications for phenotypic plasticity.
Women have participated actively in war for thousands of years, traveling with armies and serving... more Women have participated actively in war for thousands of years, traveling with armies and serving a number of roles including soldier, prostitute, wife, sutler, nurse, and laundress. The campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century offer abundant examples of women journeying with Napoleon’s Grand Army. During the Russian Campaign of 1812, women traveled, died, and were buried with soldiers on their retreat from Moscow. A mass grave excavated in 2001 containing the remains of Napoleonic male soldiers in Vilnius, Lithuania also held the remains of female individuals. A focused analysis of three females from the mass grave provides insight into the experience of this underrepresented group in war convoys. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope ratio analyses were performed on femoral collagen and apatite of these individuals to investigate variability in diet and migration of female war participants, and were compared to those of their male counterparts from the mass grave. Among females, stable nitrogen isotope ratios exhibit low variation (range of 0.5‰), whereas stable carbon isotope ratios from collagen and apatite and oxygen stable isotope ratios exhibit wider ranges (range=3.9‰ for collagen carbon, 1.29‰ for apatite carbon, and 2.06‰ for oxygen). The oxygen isotope data in particular point to different geographic origins for females accompanying the army. Such isotopic variation among females in this sample reflects the diversity of experiences of these individuals, as detected from differences in diet and movement across the European landscape.
Rapid turnover of bone collagen δ13C and δ15N values in subadults can reveal dietary and physiolo... more Rapid turnover of bone collagen δ13C and δ15N values in subadults can reveal dietary and physiological changes experienced by illuminating chronic stress not apparent as skeletal, pathological lesions. To assess subadult morbidity and mortality in Medieval Alytus, Lithuania, an osteobiographical examination was undertaken of individuals who presented humeral isotopic values ± 2σ from sample and cohort means (-20.02 ± 0.43‰; 11.08 ± 1.22‰). Two infants (0.1-2.9 years) and four juveniles (5-11.9 years) were found to exhibit isotopic values outside of the expected sample mean. Two individuals, 1.5 year-old (-18.8‰, 14.28‰) and 11.5 year-old (-19.46‰, 13.26‰), were ± 2σ from their respective δ13C and δ15N cohort averages. Skeletal analyses do not indicate specific disease processes but all infants exhibit at least two non-specific skeletal markers of chronic, metabolic stress (e.g. periostitis, porotic hyperostosis), likely caused by prolonged weaning resulting in malnourishment. Three of the four juveniles did not present skeletal stressors, indicative of death from an acute disease process during a growth spurt and potentially the onset of puberty. This study contributes to growing literature on metabolic variation in isotopic values and paleopathology of Lithuania.
Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and c... more Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and curated in the National Museum of Lithuania, have been recently assessed using noninvasive and nondestructive techniques. These had been donated in 1862 to the then Museum of Antiquities by the prominent Polish-Lithuanian collector Count Michał Tyszkiewicz. After careful investigation of the three mummified reptile fragments available, the authors were able to identify at least two individuals based on morpho-anatomical characteristics. This indicates that the two small crocodiles originally described in historic records are still present within the collection and that none of these items was lost during the different lootings perpetrated throughout the museum's history. Information regarding the post-mortem treatment of these animals was also obtained. This is the first scientific study of animal mummies in the Baltic States, and it should be followed by proper conservation and display of these findings.
Known as one of the last major battles of the Second World War in the territory of Lithuania, the... more Known as one of the last major battles of the Second World War in the territory of Lithuania, the seizing of the town of Memel (now Klaipėda) took place between 1944-1945. Memel and Memelland had been under Nazi Germany control since 1939 and were only regained by the Soviet Army in 1945. Through the analysis of human remains found in this territory in 2002, 2008, and 2013, this case-study is aimed at outlining the general biological profile of the soldiers, identifying any lesions related to the cause of death of these subjects, as well as assessing the attitudes of the living towards the deceased
Started in 2011, the Lithuanian Mummy Project was aimed at investigating the preserved human rema... more Started in 2011, the Lithuanian Mummy Project was aimed at investigating the preserved human remains held in present–day Lithuania, which also included Egyptian mummies. Conceived as a follow–up of this Project, a recently opened Exhibition at the House of Histories of Vilnius tells the story of how these studies were conducted and what was discovered. As part of this effort to inform museum visitors more broadly about research conducted on the legacy of ancient Egypt, the decision was made to review ancient Egyptian antiquities held in Lithuania, relate the story of how these came to the country and also to revisit the origins of Egyptology in Lithuania.
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2021
In the summer of 2019, members of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University were summoned by ... more In the summer of 2019, members of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University were summoned by the diocese of Telšiai to carry out an investigation of the mortal remains of Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis and Simonas Mykolas Giedraitis, two high religious dignitaries entombed in the crypt of the parish of St Peter and St Paul, Apostles, at Varniai (Samogitia, Lithuania). The aim of the study was to confirm their identity, to obtain data for compiling an osteo-biographic profile, and to assess any manipulation of the bodies that resulted in their preservation. The remains concerned underwent anthropological, paleopathological, and archaeobotanical investigations, supplemented by a radiological analysis for the individual who displayed tissue mummification. There was evidence of bodily processing after death, which included internal organ removal, the use of specific plant species known to have antiseptic and disinfectant properties, as well as chemical preservatives. In combination with the available historic sources, this study aimed to provide a detailed bioarchaeological assessment to enrich our understanding of previously undocumented postmortem bodily treatments and preservation practices among these high-ranked Lithuanian clergymen.
The aim of this article was to describe the outcome of a probable case of physical abuse in the r... more The aim of this article was to describe the outcome of a probable case of physical abuse in the remains of a child dating from the 16th –18th centuries CE. The skeleton of a subadult was recovered during archaeological excavations carried out in the village of Užubaliai, located in Alytus in southern Lithuania, and subsequently curated in the Faculty of Medicine at Vilnius University. The bones of this child were observed macroscopically and then submitted for radiological investigation. In order to speculate on the presence of abuse, features such as the presence, quantity, and type of injuries were considered. Stages of healing and the occurrence of additional nonspecific stress markers, such as linear enamel hypoplasia or Harris lines, were also recorded. The remains revealed the presence of lesions showing three stages of healing, including antemortem and perimortem fractures. Periosteal reactions were also observed on many of the bones. Traumas with high specificity for abuse, such as rib and scapular fractures, were assessed. Finally, endocranial new bone formation was also noted as a possible sign of neglect. The pattern of observed injuries showed evidence that was compatible with a case of physical abuse.
Skeletal evidence of beheading in early modern Lithuania has been scarce, despite historical docu... more Skeletal evidence of beheading in early modern Lithuania has been scarce, despite historical documentation indicating it as a popular practice. This study presents the first bioarchaeological cases of decapitation in early modern Lithuania, with four adult male individuals from the 14 th -17 th centuries A.D. that reveal evidence of perimortem lesions in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The osteological and radiological study of the affected bones suggests that the individuals might have been victims of episodes of interpersonal violence, rather than subjected to capital punishment.
We report on the scientific and historical study of a mummy associated with an Egyptian coffin on... more We report on the scientific and historical study of a mummy associated with an Egyptian coffin once belonging to Count Aleksander Branicki, an important Polish collector who took part in two private expeditions to Egypt during the mid-nineteenth century. Recently the object was submitted for radiological investigation, as well as radiocarbon dating, in order to obtain a clearer picture of the biohistory and chronology of the body contained within the coffin.
Anatomy Radiology a b s t r a c t An anthropogenic human mummy curated in the Museum of the Histo... more Anatomy Radiology a b s t r a c t An anthropogenic human mummy curated in the Museum of the History of Medicine, Vilnius University, was recently examined by means of computed tomography. Although the mummy lacked data regarding its specific context and historical information on its identity and chronology, the investigation focused on the embalming method adopted to preserve it. Some pathological alterations were also recorded. This research appears to suggest that this body was prepared for educational and/or scientific purposes rather than funerary purposes. Hence, the case could be categorized as a ''medical mummy'' prepared between the mid-19th and the mid-20th centuries.
Recent ancient DNA studies have revealed that the genetic history of modern Europeans was shaped ... more Recent ancient DNA studies have revealed that the genetic history of modern Europeans was shaped by a series of migration and admixture events between deeply diverged groups. While these events are well described in Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here we report genome-wide DNA data from 24 ancient North Europeans ranging from ~7,500 to 200 calBCE spanning the transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle, as well as the adoption of bronze metallurgy. We show that Scandinavia was settled after the retreat of the glacial ice sheets from a southern and a northern route, and that the first Scandinavian Neolithic farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Western European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers until around 2,900 calBCE when the arrival of steppe pastoralists introduced a major
1863-1864 metų sukilėlių kelias į mirtį ir atgimimą, 2019
American Journal of Human Biology, 2021
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate how much variation in adult stature and body... more Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate how much variation in adult stature and body mass can be explained by growth disruption among soldiers who served in Napoleon's Grand Army during the Russian Campaign of 1812. Methods: Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) were recorded as representations of early life growth disruption, while the impact on future growth was assessed using maximum femur length (n = 73) as a proxy for stature and maximum femoral head diameter (n = 25) as a proxy for body mass. LEH frequency, severity, age at first formation, and age at last formation served as explanatory variables in a multiple regression analysis to test the effect of these variables on maximum femur length and maximum femoral head diameter. Results: The multiple regression model produced statistically significant results for maximum femur length (F-statistic = 3.05, df = 5 and 67, P = .02), with some variation in stature (adjusted r 2 = 0.13) attributable to variation in growth disruption. The multiple regression model for maximum femoral head diameter was not statistically significant (F-statistic = 1.87, df = 5 and 19, P = .15). Conclusions: We hypothesized stress events during early life growth and development would have significant, negative, and cumulative effects on growth outcomes in adulthood. The results did not support our hypothesis. Instead, some variables and interactions had negative effects on stature, whereas others had positive effects. This is likely due to catch-up growth, the relationship between acute and chronic stress and growth, resilience, and plasticity in human growth over the life course.
American Anthropologist, 2020