Daina Crafa | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (original) (raw)

Papers by Daina Crafa

Autistic disorder (AD) and social anxiety disorder (SANX) are both characterized by pathological ... more Autistic disorder (AD) and social anxiety disorder (SANX) are both characterized by pathological social avoidance. Despite this similarity, AD is commonly characterized by social indifference, which precludes fear as a possible response to social interaction. Because of this distinction, the two diagnoses are assumed to be mutually exclusive. However, this assumption has never been scientifically tested. Recent research and clinical observations suggest that this assumption may be erroneous and that some individuals with AD may additionally experience social fear. Using the behavioral inhibition (BI) paradigm, studies of non-autistic, typically developing children have shown that a hesitation to engage in social interaction with strangers is common in some children and remains relatively stable across the lifespan. Results from the BI paradigm have been highly correlated with later development of SANX. In order to test whether some children with AD exhibit similar patterns of hesita...

Psychiatry has invested its hopes in neuroscience as a path to understanding mental disorders and... more Psychiatry has invested its hopes in neuroscience as a path to understanding mental disorders and developing more effective treatments and ultimately cures. Recently, the U.S. NIMH has elaborated this vision through a new framework for mental health research, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). This framework aims to orient mental health research toward the discovery of underlying neurobiological and biobehavioral mechanisms of mental disorders that will eventually lead to definitive treatments. In this article we consider the rationale of the RDoC and what it reveals about implicit models of mental disorders. As an overall framework for understanding mental disorders, RDoC is impoverished and conceptually flawed. These limitations are not accidental but stem from disciplinary commitments and interests that are at odds with the larger concerns of psychiatry. A multilevel, ecosocial approach to biobehavioral systems is needed both to guide relevant neuroscience research and insure t...

The authors of this letter represent a large student body who have generally had especially posit... more The authors of this letter represent a large student body who have generally had especially positive experiences with female mentors’ advice and mentorships and do not support the conclusions of the article “The association between early career informal mentorship in academic collaborations and junior author performance” because its conclusions regarding gender reach beyond the article’s scope and because the quality of mentorships cannot be analysed only through citation counts. Publications are not equivalent to learning outcomes or professional advancement.After careful review of the aforementioned article, we see numerous scientific flaws. The causal inferences that can be drawn from the observed effects of gender on the mentor-protégé relationship are insubstantial and other aspects of the paper are limited in the reductionist design of their mentor-protégé relationship assessment, which is based on the scientific impact of future papers.

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 2014

Although it is suspected that anxiety modifies the clinical presentation of autism in fragile X s... more Although it is suspected that anxiety modifies the clinical presentation of autism in fragile X syndrome (FXS), neuropsychiatric co-morbidity profiles of these two disorders have not been extensively studied. The National Fragile X Survey was completed for 1,027 males with FXS, for whom yes/no information regarding the presence of several disorders is provided. Although the survey exhibited limited depth and lacked validation by standardized measures, this exploratory study was conducted to take advantage of the data as an opportunity for identifying future lines of inquiry. We addressed the following questions: (i) how do the co-morbidity profiles of FXS males with both autism and anxiety compare to those without anxiety?; (ii) do individuals with autism exhibit specific co-morbidity profiles compared to FXS males with anxiety only, or without either autism or anxiety?; (iii) how do co-morbidity profiles in children ages 3-11 differ from profiles of individuals >12 years? The group with autism and anxiety reported the highest prevalence of attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, self-injurious behavior and aggressiveness. In addition, the lowest prevalence rates of these conditions were often observed in non-anxious groups regardless of autism status. Overall, this exploratory analysis generated several hypotheses for further study: (i) anxiety increases the severity of autism in FXS, particularly through additional behavioral abnormalities; (ii) some neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions (i.e., attention problems, hyperactivity/ impulsivity, aggressiveness) are primarily related to comorbid anxiety, not autism; (iii) prevalence of behavioral abnormalities increases with age. Future studies evaluating these hypotheses should incorporate validated neurobehavioral assessments, and control for cognitive level.

Stereotypes are often harmful social heuristics that emerge through sometimes-untrue generalizati... more Stereotypes are often harmful social heuristics that emerge through sometimes-untrue generalizations about a group of people. Often, these groups are classified by their skin color or other superficial features. Our study mimicked real life by introducing participants (N = 121) to artificially colored images of human faces (blue versus red faces) and to stereotyping information about one of the colors. Participants indicated how much they trusted group members and completed other self-rated scales regarding trust. This study found that the stereotyping information could effectively bias participant ratings, regardless of what color face they initially preferred, F(3,117) = 11.26, p <0.001. Participants were more likely to trust female faces regardless of the color, and marginal evidence revealed that general faith in others contributes to stereotype formation. Suggestions for future directions are discussed.

Over the past decade, findings from cultural neuroscience have demonstrated that functional neura... more Over the past decade, findings from cultural neuroscience have demonstrated that functional neural processes vary significantly across populations. These findings add a new dimension to the well-established literature describing cultural differences in human behavior. Although these findings are informative for understanding complex relationships between social and neurobiological processes, they also have significant implications for psychiatric research. Neuropsychiatry already co-considers the relationship between brain and social world; however, its research findings notoriously underrepresent diverse cultural, ethnic, and gender groups. Considering that psychiatric patients across cultures exhibit different behavioral presentations and symptom distributions, they may exhibit equally different functional neural processes as well. Increasing representation of diverse patient groups in neuropsychiatric research would allow potential differences to be investigated and understood. A...

This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scri... more This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scripted social situation, namely gift giving, and enable cultural learning in 19month-olds. Using modeling and prompting to encourage appropriate responses, mothers took culture-specific directions during scaffolding that were in line with the broader cultural model as assessed by maternal socialization goals. While Berlin mothers prioritized autonomous socialization goals, Delhi mothers emphasized autonomous and relational socialization goals to similar degrees. During scaffolding, Berlin mothers focused on maximizing positive affect and acknowledging the gift, while Delhi mothers prompted toddlers to acknowledge the giver more often. Furthermore, there were differences in toddlers’ behavior in line with these culture-specific scripts guiding gift-giving. Running head: SCAFFOLDING AND CULTURAL LEARNING IN TWO CULTURES 3 Reactions to receiving a gift – Maternal scaffolding and cultural lear...

Frontiers in Psychology, 2019

culture. This study concluded that linguistic group and migratory generation partially determines... more culture. This study concluded that linguistic group and migratory generation partially determines cultural group for the social values domain while mental health status does not, contrary to theories proposed by previous literature.

Background: Social interactions require rapid, real-time information integration and performative... more Background: Social interactions require rapid, real-time information integration and performative application of dynamic social information, and can be especially difficult for patients with schizophrenia. Their difficulty processing social information could lie in challenges extracting the information or in updating their actions to accommodate the new information, resulting in behaviors that may appear rigid or inappropriate. Disruptions may emerge in the underlying, requisite behavioral or neural processes. Methods: Seventeen matched healthy controls and seventeen patients with schizophrenia participated in an fMRI study, which included a social interaction priming procedure wherein they met a friendly stranger who held opposite social values from their own. They answered self-judgement questions about their social values two days before the priming experiment and again during the fMRI scan. Results: Controls suppress social values when interacting with the stranger whereas patie...

Self-concepts mediate our judgements about the social world, acting as interpretive lenses that m... more Self-concepts mediate our judgements about the social world, acting as interpretive lenses that may behave differently in psychiatric cohorts. Self-concepts are co-constructed obliquely across generations, vertically through parents, and horizontally between peers. Active self-concepts fluctuate across situations while stable self-concepts do not. Although horizontal transmission continues throughout the lifespan, changes to self-concepts have been challenging to experimentally capture. New materials for inducing horizontal transmission and differentiating between self-concept modalities overcome previous methodological obstacles; psychometric testing and three experimental studies evaluate their reproducibility and applications. Study 1: After establishing efficacy of the new materials, a convenience sample of 62 W.E.I.R.D. university students participated in a semi-scripted social interaction designed to mimic real-world horizontal transmission, wherein a friendly stranger express...

Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2019

Culture contextualizes the contents and intentionality of many mental statuses. Cognitive mediati... more Culture contextualizes the contents and intentionality of many mental statuses. Cognitive mediation of cultural information shapes these contents and intentionalities, as well as many of the false beliefs of pathology. Flexibility of cognitive mediation processes and resulting beliefs and pathologies may vary by individual, be a key mechanism of the feedback loop, and help characterize network connections.

Global Mental Health, 2018

Efforts to address global mental health disparities have given new urgency to longstanding debate... more Efforts to address global mental health disparities have given new urgency to longstanding debates on the relevance of cultural variations in the experience and expression of distress for the design and delivery of effective services. This scoping review examines available information on culture and mental health in Nepal, a low-income country with a four-decade history of humanitarian mental health intervention. Structured searches were performed using PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Proquest Dissertation for relevant book chapters, doctoral theses, and journal articles published up to May 2017. A total of 38 publications met inclusion criteria (nine published since 2015). Publications represented a range of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, cultural psychiatry, and psychology and explored culture in relation to mental health in four broad areas: (1) cultural determinants of mental illness; (2) beliefs and values that shape illness experience, including symptom...

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2017

Context sometimes helps make objects more recognizable. Previous studies using functional magneti... more Context sometimes helps make objects more recognizable. Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have examined regional neural activity when objects have strong or weak associations with their contexts. Such studies have demonstrated that activity in the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) generally corresponds with strong associations between objects and their spatial contexts while retrosplenial cortex (RSC) activity is linked with episodic memory. However these studies investigated objects viewed in associated contexts, but the direct influence of scene on the perception of visual objects has not been widely investigated. We hypothesized that the PHC and RSC may only be engaged for congruent contexts in which the object could typically be found but not for neutral contexts. While in an fMRI scanner, 15 participants rated the recognizability of 152 photographic images of objects, presented within congruent and incongruent contexts. Regions of interest were crea...

Autism - Paradigms, Recent Research and Clinical Applications, 2017

Clinicians in many countries are increasingly working with children from migrant families. Althou... more Clinicians in many countries are increasingly working with children from migrant families. Although autism is diagnosed at an approximately equal rate in children in developed countries internationally (estimated 1% of the population), many studies report that children in migrant communities are at relatively higher risk for autism. Risk factors as well as symptom rates appear to vary across cultures. This chapter reviews the current state of the science and outlines conceptual considerations for clinicians assessing foreign, migrant, and minority children for diagnosis of autism. Possible reasons for higher rates among migrant children are discussed and suggestions for clinical evaluation are made.

Child development, May 1, 2016

This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scri... more This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scripted social situation, namely gift giving, and enable cultural learning in 19-month-olds. Using modeling and prompting to encourage appropriate responses, mothers took culture-specific directions during scaffolding that were in line with the broader cultural model as assessed by maternal socialization goals (SGs). Whereas Berlin mothers prioritized autonomous SGs, Delhi mothers emphasized autonomous and relational SGs to similar degrees. During scaffolding, Berlin mothers focused on maximizing positive affect and acknowledging the gift, whereas Delhi mothers prompted toddlers to acknowledge the giver more often. Furthermore, there were differences in toddlers' behavior in line with these culture-specific scripts guiding gift giving.

Ergonomics, Jan 20, 2015

In joint tasks, adjusting to the actions of others is critical for success. For joint visual sear... more In joint tasks, adjusting to the actions of others is critical for success. For joint visual search tasks, research has shown that when search partners visually receive information about each other's gaze, they use this information to adjust to each other's actions, resulting in faster search performance. The present study used a visual, a tactile and an auditory display, respectively, to provide search partners with information about each other's gaze. Results showed that search partners performed faster when the gaze information was received via a tactile or auditory display in comparison to receiving it via a visual display or receiving no gaze information. Findings demonstrate the effectiveness of tactile and auditory displays for receiving task-relevant information in joint tasks and are applicable to circumstances in which little or no visual information is available or the visual modality is already taxed with a demanding task such as air-traffic control. Practiti...

There is a need to diversify mental health research that uses brain imaging. Currently, this rese... more There is a need to diversify mental health research that uses brain imaging. Currently, this research almost exclusively includes participants from the 'Western' world, a majority of whom are Caucasian (Henrich et al, 2010a; 2010b). In light of studies from cultural neuroscience, which use brain imaging to demonstrate that people from different countries exhibit different neural activity, the lack of diversity in contemporary mental health research may pose a systematic bias of the data and interpretation. Considering that disorders are highly diverse between patients and across cultural groups, brain-based characteristics of disorders may vary across populations, making aberrant neural signatures difficult to identify if they exist at all. Further research could expand clinical understanding of diverse disorder phenotypes for globally shared disorders (e.g., schizophrenia) as well as generating new knowledge about culture-bound syndromes. This paper begins by demonstrating ...

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2015

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.B. Kopp, pp. 13862–13866, © 2001,... more This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.B. Kopp, pp. 13862–13866, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.

Autistic disorder (AD) and social anxiety disorder (SANX) are both characterized by pathological ... more Autistic disorder (AD) and social anxiety disorder (SANX) are both characterized by pathological social avoidance. Despite this similarity, AD is commonly characterized by social indifference, which precludes fear as a possible response to social interaction. Because of this distinction, the two diagnoses are assumed to be mutually exclusive. However, this assumption has never been scientifically tested. Recent research and clinical observations suggest that this assumption may be erroneous and that some individuals with AD may additionally experience social fear. Using the behavioral inhibition (BI) paradigm, studies of non-autistic, typically developing children have shown that a hesitation to engage in social interaction with strangers is common in some children and remains relatively stable across the lifespan. Results from the BI paradigm have been highly correlated with later development of SANX. In order to test whether some children with AD exhibit similar patterns of hesita...

Psychiatry has invested its hopes in neuroscience as a path to understanding mental disorders and... more Psychiatry has invested its hopes in neuroscience as a path to understanding mental disorders and developing more effective treatments and ultimately cures. Recently, the U.S. NIMH has elaborated this vision through a new framework for mental health research, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). This framework aims to orient mental health research toward the discovery of underlying neurobiological and biobehavioral mechanisms of mental disorders that will eventually lead to definitive treatments. In this article we consider the rationale of the RDoC and what it reveals about implicit models of mental disorders. As an overall framework for understanding mental disorders, RDoC is impoverished and conceptually flawed. These limitations are not accidental but stem from disciplinary commitments and interests that are at odds with the larger concerns of psychiatry. A multilevel, ecosocial approach to biobehavioral systems is needed both to guide relevant neuroscience research and insure t...

The authors of this letter represent a large student body who have generally had especially posit... more The authors of this letter represent a large student body who have generally had especially positive experiences with female mentors’ advice and mentorships and do not support the conclusions of the article “The association between early career informal mentorship in academic collaborations and junior author performance” because its conclusions regarding gender reach beyond the article’s scope and because the quality of mentorships cannot be analysed only through citation counts. Publications are not equivalent to learning outcomes or professional advancement.After careful review of the aforementioned article, we see numerous scientific flaws. The causal inferences that can be drawn from the observed effects of gender on the mentor-protégé relationship are insubstantial and other aspects of the paper are limited in the reductionist design of their mentor-protégé relationship assessment, which is based on the scientific impact of future papers.

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 2014

Although it is suspected that anxiety modifies the clinical presentation of autism in fragile X s... more Although it is suspected that anxiety modifies the clinical presentation of autism in fragile X syndrome (FXS), neuropsychiatric co-morbidity profiles of these two disorders have not been extensively studied. The National Fragile X Survey was completed for 1,027 males with FXS, for whom yes/no information regarding the presence of several disorders is provided. Although the survey exhibited limited depth and lacked validation by standardized measures, this exploratory study was conducted to take advantage of the data as an opportunity for identifying future lines of inquiry. We addressed the following questions: (i) how do the co-morbidity profiles of FXS males with both autism and anxiety compare to those without anxiety?; (ii) do individuals with autism exhibit specific co-morbidity profiles compared to FXS males with anxiety only, or without either autism or anxiety?; (iii) how do co-morbidity profiles in children ages 3-11 differ from profiles of individuals >12 years? The group with autism and anxiety reported the highest prevalence of attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, self-injurious behavior and aggressiveness. In addition, the lowest prevalence rates of these conditions were often observed in non-anxious groups regardless of autism status. Overall, this exploratory analysis generated several hypotheses for further study: (i) anxiety increases the severity of autism in FXS, particularly through additional behavioral abnormalities; (ii) some neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions (i.e., attention problems, hyperactivity/ impulsivity, aggressiveness) are primarily related to comorbid anxiety, not autism; (iii) prevalence of behavioral abnormalities increases with age. Future studies evaluating these hypotheses should incorporate validated neurobehavioral assessments, and control for cognitive level.

Stereotypes are often harmful social heuristics that emerge through sometimes-untrue generalizati... more Stereotypes are often harmful social heuristics that emerge through sometimes-untrue generalizations about a group of people. Often, these groups are classified by their skin color or other superficial features. Our study mimicked real life by introducing participants (N = 121) to artificially colored images of human faces (blue versus red faces) and to stereotyping information about one of the colors. Participants indicated how much they trusted group members and completed other self-rated scales regarding trust. This study found that the stereotyping information could effectively bias participant ratings, regardless of what color face they initially preferred, F(3,117) = 11.26, p <0.001. Participants were more likely to trust female faces regardless of the color, and marginal evidence revealed that general faith in others contributes to stereotype formation. Suggestions for future directions are discussed.

Over the past decade, findings from cultural neuroscience have demonstrated that functional neura... more Over the past decade, findings from cultural neuroscience have demonstrated that functional neural processes vary significantly across populations. These findings add a new dimension to the well-established literature describing cultural differences in human behavior. Although these findings are informative for understanding complex relationships between social and neurobiological processes, they also have significant implications for psychiatric research. Neuropsychiatry already co-considers the relationship between brain and social world; however, its research findings notoriously underrepresent diverse cultural, ethnic, and gender groups. Considering that psychiatric patients across cultures exhibit different behavioral presentations and symptom distributions, they may exhibit equally different functional neural processes as well. Increasing representation of diverse patient groups in neuropsychiatric research would allow potential differences to be investigated and understood. A...

This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scri... more This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scripted social situation, namely gift giving, and enable cultural learning in 19month-olds. Using modeling and prompting to encourage appropriate responses, mothers took culture-specific directions during scaffolding that were in line with the broader cultural model as assessed by maternal socialization goals. While Berlin mothers prioritized autonomous socialization goals, Delhi mothers emphasized autonomous and relational socialization goals to similar degrees. During scaffolding, Berlin mothers focused on maximizing positive affect and acknowledging the gift, while Delhi mothers prompted toddlers to acknowledge the giver more often. Furthermore, there were differences in toddlers’ behavior in line with these culture-specific scripts guiding gift-giving. Running head: SCAFFOLDING AND CULTURAL LEARNING IN TWO CULTURES 3 Reactions to receiving a gift – Maternal scaffolding and cultural lear...

Frontiers in Psychology, 2019

culture. This study concluded that linguistic group and migratory generation partially determines... more culture. This study concluded that linguistic group and migratory generation partially determines cultural group for the social values domain while mental health status does not, contrary to theories proposed by previous literature.

Background: Social interactions require rapid, real-time information integration and performative... more Background: Social interactions require rapid, real-time information integration and performative application of dynamic social information, and can be especially difficult for patients with schizophrenia. Their difficulty processing social information could lie in challenges extracting the information or in updating their actions to accommodate the new information, resulting in behaviors that may appear rigid or inappropriate. Disruptions may emerge in the underlying, requisite behavioral or neural processes. Methods: Seventeen matched healthy controls and seventeen patients with schizophrenia participated in an fMRI study, which included a social interaction priming procedure wherein they met a friendly stranger who held opposite social values from their own. They answered self-judgement questions about their social values two days before the priming experiment and again during the fMRI scan. Results: Controls suppress social values when interacting with the stranger whereas patie...

Self-concepts mediate our judgements about the social world, acting as interpretive lenses that m... more Self-concepts mediate our judgements about the social world, acting as interpretive lenses that may behave differently in psychiatric cohorts. Self-concepts are co-constructed obliquely across generations, vertically through parents, and horizontally between peers. Active self-concepts fluctuate across situations while stable self-concepts do not. Although horizontal transmission continues throughout the lifespan, changes to self-concepts have been challenging to experimentally capture. New materials for inducing horizontal transmission and differentiating between self-concept modalities overcome previous methodological obstacles; psychometric testing and three experimental studies evaluate their reproducibility and applications. Study 1: After establishing efficacy of the new materials, a convenience sample of 62 W.E.I.R.D. university students participated in a semi-scripted social interaction designed to mimic real-world horizontal transmission, wherein a friendly stranger express...

Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2019

Culture contextualizes the contents and intentionality of many mental statuses. Cognitive mediati... more Culture contextualizes the contents and intentionality of many mental statuses. Cognitive mediation of cultural information shapes these contents and intentionalities, as well as many of the false beliefs of pathology. Flexibility of cognitive mediation processes and resulting beliefs and pathologies may vary by individual, be a key mechanism of the feedback loop, and help characterize network connections.

Global Mental Health, 2018

Efforts to address global mental health disparities have given new urgency to longstanding debate... more Efforts to address global mental health disparities have given new urgency to longstanding debates on the relevance of cultural variations in the experience and expression of distress for the design and delivery of effective services. This scoping review examines available information on culture and mental health in Nepal, a low-income country with a four-decade history of humanitarian mental health intervention. Structured searches were performed using PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Proquest Dissertation for relevant book chapters, doctoral theses, and journal articles published up to May 2017. A total of 38 publications met inclusion criteria (nine published since 2015). Publications represented a range of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, cultural psychiatry, and psychology and explored culture in relation to mental health in four broad areas: (1) cultural determinants of mental illness; (2) beliefs and values that shape illness experience, including symptom...

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2017

Context sometimes helps make objects more recognizable. Previous studies using functional magneti... more Context sometimes helps make objects more recognizable. Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have examined regional neural activity when objects have strong or weak associations with their contexts. Such studies have demonstrated that activity in the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) generally corresponds with strong associations between objects and their spatial contexts while retrosplenial cortex (RSC) activity is linked with episodic memory. However these studies investigated objects viewed in associated contexts, but the direct influence of scene on the perception of visual objects has not been widely investigated. We hypothesized that the PHC and RSC may only be engaged for congruent contexts in which the object could typically be found but not for neutral contexts. While in an fMRI scanner, 15 participants rated the recognizability of 152 photographic images of objects, presented within congruent and incongruent contexts. Regions of interest were crea...

Autism - Paradigms, Recent Research and Clinical Applications, 2017

Clinicians in many countries are increasingly working with children from migrant families. Althou... more Clinicians in many countries are increasingly working with children from migrant families. Although autism is diagnosed at an approximately equal rate in children in developed countries internationally (estimated 1% of the population), many studies report that children in migrant communities are at relatively higher risk for autism. Risk factors as well as symptom rates appear to vary across cultures. This chapter reviews the current state of the science and outlines conceptual considerations for clinicians assessing foreign, migrant, and minority children for diagnosis of autism. Possible reasons for higher rates among migrant children are discussed and suggestions for clinical evaluation are made.

Child development, May 1, 2016

This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scri... more This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scripted social situation, namely gift giving, and enable cultural learning in 19-month-olds. Using modeling and prompting to encourage appropriate responses, mothers took culture-specific directions during scaffolding that were in line with the broader cultural model as assessed by maternal socialization goals (SGs). Whereas Berlin mothers prioritized autonomous SGs, Delhi mothers emphasized autonomous and relational SGs to similar degrees. During scaffolding, Berlin mothers focused on maximizing positive affect and acknowledging the gift, whereas Delhi mothers prompted toddlers to acknowledge the giver more often. Furthermore, there were differences in toddlers' behavior in line with these culture-specific scripts guiding gift giving.

Ergonomics, Jan 20, 2015

In joint tasks, adjusting to the actions of others is critical for success. For joint visual sear... more In joint tasks, adjusting to the actions of others is critical for success. For joint visual search tasks, research has shown that when search partners visually receive information about each other's gaze, they use this information to adjust to each other's actions, resulting in faster search performance. The present study used a visual, a tactile and an auditory display, respectively, to provide search partners with information about each other's gaze. Results showed that search partners performed faster when the gaze information was received via a tactile or auditory display in comparison to receiving it via a visual display or receiving no gaze information. Findings demonstrate the effectiveness of tactile and auditory displays for receiving task-relevant information in joint tasks and are applicable to circumstances in which little or no visual information is available or the visual modality is already taxed with a demanding task such as air-traffic control. Practiti...

There is a need to diversify mental health research that uses brain imaging. Currently, this rese... more There is a need to diversify mental health research that uses brain imaging. Currently, this research almost exclusively includes participants from the 'Western' world, a majority of whom are Caucasian (Henrich et al, 2010a; 2010b). In light of studies from cultural neuroscience, which use brain imaging to demonstrate that people from different countries exhibit different neural activity, the lack of diversity in contemporary mental health research may pose a systematic bias of the data and interpretation. Considering that disorders are highly diverse between patients and across cultural groups, brain-based characteristics of disorders may vary across populations, making aberrant neural signatures difficult to identify if they exist at all. Further research could expand clinical understanding of diverse disorder phenotypes for globally shared disorders (e.g., schizophrenia) as well as generating new knowledge about culture-bound syndromes. This paper begins by demonstrating ...

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2015

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.B. Kopp, pp. 13862–13866, © 2001,... more This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.B. Kopp, pp. 13862–13866, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.