(original) (raw)

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\s15\qc\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\adjustright \cgrid {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs21 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs21\lang1024 24}}}{\cs21 \par }\pard \s15\qc\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\adjustright {\cs21 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \par \par \par \par IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT \par FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY \par }\pard\plain \s1\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par \par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {EDWARD W. FELTEN, et al. \par }\pard \fi-5040\li5040\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\tab \tab Hon. Garrett E. Brown, Jr. \par }\pard \fi-5040\li5040\nowidctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\adjustright {\tab Plaintiffs\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Case No. CV-01-2669 (GEB) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Civil Action \par }\pard \fi-8640\li8640\nowidctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {\tab v.\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard \nowidctlpar\tx-1080\tx-720\tx0\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720\adjustright {RECORDING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION \par OF AMERICA, INC., et al., \par \par }\pard \fi720\nowidctlpar\adjustright {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550005}Defendants{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550005}\tab \tab \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\adjustright {_____________________________________________________________________ \par }\pard \nowidctlpar\adjustright { \par }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b PLAINTIFFS\rquote BRIEF IN OPPOSITION \par TO DEFENDANT JOHN ASHCROFT\rquote S MOTION TO DISMISS \par _____________________________________________________________________ \par }\pard\plain \s1\fi720\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par \par }\pard\plain \fi720\li4320\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang4105 SEQ CHAPTER \\h \\r 1}}{\fldrslt }}{Grayson Barber\tab \tab \tab \par Grayson Barber, L.L.C.\tab \tab \tab \par 68 Locust Lane\tab \par Princeton, New Jersey 08540\tab \tab \par (609) 921-0391 \par }\pard \nowidctlpar\adjustright { \par }\pard \fi720\li4320\nowidctlpar\adjustright {Frank L. Corrado \tab \par Rossi, Barry, Corrado & Grassi\tab \par 2700 Pacific Avenue \par Wildwood, NJ 08260 \par (609) 729-1333 \par }\pard \nowidctlpar\adjustright { \par }\pard\plain \s1\fi720\li4320\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par }\pard \s1\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright {\sect }\sectd \pgnrestart\pgnlcrm\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s27\qc\sb120\sa120\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {TABLE OF CONTENTS \par }\pard\plain \s1\fi720\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par }\pard\plain \s27\sb120\sa120\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { TOC \\o }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 PRELIMINARY STATEMENT\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc528550508 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500320038003500350030003500300038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 1}}}{\lang1024 \par FACTUAL BACKGROUND\tab 3 \par ARGUMENT\tab 7 \par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\fs20 \par }\pard\plain \s28\li240\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \scaps\f4\fs20\cgrid {\f0\fs24\lang1024 Plaintiffs\rquote Claims Are Ripe\tab 7 \par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \par }\pard\plain \s29\li480\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \i\f4\fs20\cgrid {\i0\f0\fs24\lang1024 A. The Parties\rquote Interests Are Adverse Because the DMCA Arguably \par Reaches the Speech of Plaintiffs and Other Scientists and the Government \par Has Not Disavowed Prosecution\tab 9 \par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \par }\pard\plain \s29\li480\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \i\f4\fs20\cgrid {\i0\f0\fs24\lang1024 B. The Record Contains More Than Sufficient Facts for this Court To \par Grant Conclusive Relief\tab 17 \par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \par }\pard\plain \s29\li480\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \i\f4\fs20\cgrid {\i0\f0\fs24\lang1024 C. A Favorable Decision By This Court Would Have Significant Practical \par Utility for the Plaintiffs and Others\tab 20}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\fs20 \par }\pard\plain \s27\sb120\sa120\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \cgrid {\lang1024 CONCLUSION\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc528550515 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500320038003500350030003500310035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 24}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s1\fi720\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid }}\pard\plain \s1\fi720\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par }\pard \s1\qc\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright { \par \par \page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES \par }\pard\plain \s37\sb240\sa120\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \b\caps\f4\fs20\cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b0\f0\fs24 TOA \\h \\c "1" \\p }}{\fldrslt {\b0\f0\fs24\lang1024 Cases \par }\pard\plain \s36\fi-240\li240\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \f4\fs20\cgrid {\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 ACLU v. Johnson}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 194 F.3d 1149 (10th Cir. 1999)\tab 10 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 ACLU v. Reno}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 217 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2000)\tab 10 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 ACLU v. Reno}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 31 F.Supp.2d 473 (E.D. Pa. 1999)\tab 10, 14, 18 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Ameron, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 809 F.2d 979 (3d Cir. 1986).\tab 8 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Armstrong World Indus., Inc. v. Adams}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 961 F.2d 405 (3d Cir. 1992)\tab 2,17 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat\rquote l Union}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 442 U.S. 289 (1979)\tab 9, 10, 17 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Baggett v. Bullitt}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 377 U.S. 360 (1964)\tab 15 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Bantam Books, Inc., v. Sullivan}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 372 U.S. 58 (1963)\tab 1 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Bates v. Little Rock}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 361 U.S. 516 (1960).\tab 24 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Bd. of Airport Comm\rquote rs v. Jews for Jesus, Inc}{\i\f0\fs24\lang1024 .}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 482 U.S. 569 (1987).\tab 20 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang1024 Elrod v. Burns}{\i\f0\fs24\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang1024 ,}{\f0\fs24\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang1024 427 U.S. 347 (1976)}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 \tab 16 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 505 U.S. 123 (1992).\tab 18 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Hill v. Colorado}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 530 U.S. 703 (2000)\tab 1 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Image Carrier Corp. v. Beame}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 567 F.2d 1197 (2d Cir. 1977)\tab 19 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Int\rquote l Society for Krishna Consciousness of Atlanta v. Eaves}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 601 F.2d 809 (5th Cir. 1979).\tab 23 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Keyishian v. Bd. of Regents}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 385 U.S. 589 (1967)\tab 1 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 LSO, Ltd. v. Stroh}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 205 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2000).\tab 17 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Navegar v. United States}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 103 F.3d 994 (D.C. Cir. 1997).\tab 11 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 New Hampshire Right to Life Political Action Comm. v. Gardner}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , \par 99 F.3d 8 (1}{\f0\fs24\up8\lang1024 st}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 Cir. 1996);\tab 11 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 New Mexicans for Bill Richardson v. Gonzales}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 64 F.3d 1495 (10th Cir. 1995)\tab 8, 14, 15 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Philadelphia Federation of Teachers v. Ridge}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 150 F.3d 319 (3d Cir. 1998)\tab 8 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Pic-A-State v. Reno}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 76 F.3d 1294 (3d Cir. 1996)\tab 17, 18 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Planned Parenthood Ass\rquote n of Chicago Area v. Kempiners}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 700 F.2d 1115 (7th Cir. 1983)\tab 8 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Planned Parenthood of Central New Jersey v. Farmer}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 220 F.3d 127 (3d Cir. 2000).\tab 9, 10 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Presbytery of New Jersey of Orthodox Presbyterian Church v. Florio}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , \par 40 F.3d 1454 (3d Cir. 1994)\tab 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, 21, 22 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Rafeedie v. INS}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 880 F.2d 506 (D.C. Cir. 1989)\tab 2 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Regional Rail Reorganization Act Cases}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 419 U.S. 102 (1974)\tab 7 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Reno v. ACLU}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 521 U.S. 844 (1997)\tab 1, 9, 23 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Reno v. Catholic Social Services, Inc}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 ., 509 U.S. 43 (1993)\tab 8 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Sierra Club v. Yeutter}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 911 F.2d 1405 (10th Cir.1990).\tab 8 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Steffel v. Thompson}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 415 U.S. 452 (1974).\tab 9 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Step-Saver Data Sys., Inc. v. Wyse Tech.}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 912 F.2d 643 (3d Cir. 1990)\tab 8, 9, 17, 21 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 365 U.S. 43 (1961)\tab 20 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Travelers Insurance Co. v. Obusek}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 72 F.3d 1148 (3d Cir. 1995).\tab 17, 21 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 United Public Workers v. Mitchell}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 330 U.S. 75 (1947)\tab 19, 20 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 United States Civil Service Comm\rquote n v. National Assoc. of Letter Carriers}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , \par 413 U.S. 548 (1973)\tab 19, 20 \par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang1024 Virginia v. American Booksellers Ass\rquote n}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 , 484 U.S. 383 (1988).\tab 2, 7, 15, 16 \par }\pard\plain \s37\sb240\sa120\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \b\caps\f4\fs20\cgrid }}\pard\plain \s37\sb240\sa120\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \b\caps\f4\fs20\cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b0\f0\fs24 TOA \\h \\c "2" \\p }}{\fldrslt {\b0\f0\fs24\lang1024 Statutes \par }\pard\plain \s36\fi-240\li240\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \f4\fs20\cgrid {\f0\fs24\lang1024 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(a)(1)\tab 14 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(a)(2).\tab 12, 13, 14 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(a)(3)(A)\tab 12 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(b)(1).\tab 12, 13, 14 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(b)(2)\tab 12 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(b)(2)(A).\tab 13}{\f0\fs24 \par }{\f0\fs24\lang1024 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(f)(2).\tab 14 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(g)\tab 14 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(j)\tab 14 \par 17 U.S.C. \u167\'a41201(b)(1),\tab 12 \par }\pard\plain \s37\sb240\sa120\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \b\caps\f4\fs20\cgrid }}\pard\plain \s37\sb240\sa120\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \b\caps\f4\fs20\cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\b0\f0\fs24 TOA \\h \\c "3" \\p }}{\fldrslt {\b0\f0\fs24\lang1024 Other Authorities \par }\pard\plain \s36\fi-240\li240\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9350\adjustright \f4\fs20\cgrid {\f0\fs24\lang1024 Charles Wright, et al., }{\scaps\f0\fs24\lang1024 Federal Practice and Procedure}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 \u167\'a4 3532.3 (2d ed. 1983) \tab 8, 19 \par Erwin Chemerinsky, }{\scaps\f0\fs24\lang1024 Federal Jurisdiction}{\f0\fs24\lang1024 (3d ed. 1999)\tab 7, 19 \par Report of the House Comm. on Commerce, H.R. Rep. No. 105-551 (1998)\tab 12 \par }\pard\plain \s1\sa240\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid }}\pard\plain \s1\sa240\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid {\sect }\sectd \pgnrestart\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s1\qc\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550006}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550508}PRELIMINARY STATEMENT{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550006}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550508} \par }\pard\plain \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {Plaintiffs\rquote case is straightforward: the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) on its face and as applied to them violates First Amendment rights essential to ordinary scientific discourse. These rights, which include the rights to do research, to publish, and to learn from each other, protect society\rquote s interest in the benefits of free scientific inquiry and discourse. }{\ul Keyishian v. Bd. of Regents}{, 385 U.S. 589, 603 (1967)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{ \ul Keyishian v. Bd. of Regents}{, 385 U.S. 589 (1967)" \\s "Keyishian" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (\ldblquote academic freedom is of transcendent value to all of us and not just the teachers concerned\rdblquote ). \par Plaintiffs contend that the DMCA unconstitutionally chills science in a variety of ways \emdash in particular, by forcing scientists to obtain permission from companies whose business interests might be harmed by scientific research and publication. }{ \ul See, e.g}{., }{\ul Reno v. ACLU}{, 521 U.S. 844, 880 (1997)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Reno v. ACLU}{, 521 U.S. 844, 880 (1997)" \\s "Reno v. ACLU" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (holding sta tute regulating indecent Internet speech unconstitutional in part because it would \ldblquote confer broad powers of censorship, in the form of a \lquote heckler\rquote s veto,\rquote upon any opponent of indecent speech\rdblquote ); }{\ul Hill v. Colorado}{, 530 U.S. 703, 735 n.43 (2000)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Hill v. Colorado}{, 530 U.S. 703 (2000)" \\s "Hill v. Colorado" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (acknowledging \ldblquote constitutionally problematic\rdblquote nature of enactments that \ldblquote allow[] a single, private actor to unilaterally silence a speaker even as to willing listeners\rdblquote ). Such a requirement, which effectively creates a system of censorship, is anathema to the First Amendment. }{ \ulw See }{\ul Bantam Books, Inc., v. Sullivan}{, 372 U.S. 58, 69-71 (1963)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Bantam Books, Inc., v. Sullivan}{, 372 U.S. 58 (1963)" \\s "Bantam Books" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{. \par The government claims that this case is not ripe, but what the government ignores is damning to its claim: that the individual Plaintiffs did not publish a scientific paper because the private Defendants threatened to sue them and the organizers of the conference where the pap er was to be presented under the DMCA; that they ultimately published a second version of that paper only with the private Defendants\rquote express permission and only after this case was filed; that Plaintiffs, although they presented their paper at Plaintiff USENIX\rquote s conference, censored their presentation; that the Plaintiffs (and others) are currently chilled by the DMCA and face a \ldblquote Hobson\rquote s choice\rdblquote of pursuing their fields of scientific interest or risking potential liability. \par Accordingly, this case is justiciable. Article III \ldblquote injury in fact\rdblquote exists because Plaintiffs have censored and continue to censor themselves because of the DMCA. Similarly, the case is ripe because the DMCA directly affects scientists like the individual plaintiffs as well as organiz ations that provide fora for scientific discourse, like plaintiff USENIX, who, if their interpretation of DMCA is correct, must take significant and perhaps impossible compliance measures or risk civil or criminal prosecution. }{\ul See}{ }{\ul Virginia v. American Booksellers Ass\rquote n}{, 484 U.S. 383, 392 (1988).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Virginia v. American Booksellers Ass\rquote n}{, 484 U.S. 383 (1988)." \\s "American Booksellers" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ \par That the government has not itself threatened Plaintiffs is unimportant because it has not disavowed prosecution and because \ldblquote the alleged danger of this statute is, in large measure, one of self-censorship; a harm that can be realized even without an actual prosecution.\rdblquote }{\ul Id}{. at 393. \ldblquote That judges will ultimately rescue those whose conduct in retrospect is held protected is not enough, for the value of a sword of Damocles is that it hangs \emdash not that it drops.\rdblquote }{\ul Rafeedie v. INS}{ , 880 F.2d 506, 530 n.8 (D.C. Cir. 1989)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Rafeedie v. INS}{, 880 F.2d 506 (D.C. Cir. 1989)" \\s "Rafeedie" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (Ginsburg, J., concurr ing) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Because the DMCA can be enforced by both the government and private parties, the case for judicial review is especially appropriate here to protect First Amendment rights against unwarranted intrusion . The government\rquote s motion to dismiss should therefore be rejected.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \tab }{\up6\super \chftn }{ In reviewing a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, this Court must accept the complaint\rquote s allegations as true, excep t to the extent jurisdiction depends on certain facts. The Court is not limited to the face of the pleadings. So long as the parties can contest the existence of federal jurisdiction, the district court \ldblquote may inquire, by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts as they exist.\rdblquote }{\ul Armstrong World Indus., Inc. v. Adams}{, 961 F.2d 405, 410 n. 10 (3d Cir. 1992)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "Armstrong" }}{\fldrslt }}{ (quoting }{\ul Land v. Dollar} {, 330 U.S. 731, 735 n.4 (1947)). To the extent that Plaintiffs\rquote complaint must reflect facts as they are averred in the declarations, Plaintiffs request leave to amend to incorporate the facts as they appear in the record. }}}{ \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par \par \par \par \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550007}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550509}FACTUAL BACKGROUND{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550007}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550509} \par }\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\tab This memorandum hereby incorporates by reference the Statement of Facts from Plaintiffs\rquote Brief in Opposition to RIAA, SDMI and Verance\rquote s Motion to Dismiss (\ldblquote Plaintiffs\rquote Opposition to the Private Defendants\rquote Motion\rdblquote ). The following additional facts will serve to highlight issues specific to the government\rquote s motion. \par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright {\tab As set forth in detail in Plaintiffs\rquote Opposition to the Private Defendants\rquote Motion, the current dispu te arose from a public challenge issued by the private Defendants, in which they sought public assistance in testing the security of copyright control measures for digital music. Felten Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 24-25.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ Plaintiffs Edward Felten, Scott Craver, Min Wu and Bede Liu previously filed Declarations in opposition to the private defendants' motion, an d now file Declarations in opposition to the government's motion. The earlier ones are referred to as [Surname] Decl. the ones in opposition to the government's motion as [Surname] Supp. Decl.}}}{ The individual plaintiffs are scientists and researc hers whose areas of academic study encompass precisely the subject matter presented in the challenge, i.e. the analysis, testing, and strengthening of techniques designed to protect and secure information. Accordingly, as part of their research, they for med a team to participate in the challenge. Felten Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 35-37. After successfully cracking a number of the technologies, the individual Plaintiffs, as they normally do for research projects such as this, wrote a paper explaining the results of their r esearch and submitted it for publication at an academic conference. Felten Decl. \u182\'a6 51-54.}{\cs26\super }{ \par }\pard \fi720\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright {As detailed in Plaintiffs\rquote Opposition to the Private Defendants\rquote Motion, the private Defendants promptly threatened to sue the individual Plaintiffs and the organiz ers of the conference, alleging, among other things, that publication of the academic paper would violate the DMCA, since the paper contained information about how to circumvent the technologies in the challenge. }{\ul See}{ Plaintiffs\rquote Opposition to the Private Defendants\rquote Motion, Exhibit C. In the face of the threat \endash and after extensive discussions among plaintiffs, conference organizers, university and in-house counsel \endash the individual Plaintiffs withdrew the paper from the conference. Felten Decl. \u182\'a6 67-80. Concerned, however, that such threats would have a devastating effect on their ability to conduct future research in their chosen fields of study, the individual Plaintiffs re-submitted a slightly different version of the paper to a conference organized by Plaintiff USENIX. Felten Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 82-85. Plaintiffs then filed this lawsuit against the private Defendants and the government, seeking a declaration that they would not be liable for publishing the USENIX paper or for engaging in similar types of resea rch and publication in the future. \par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright {\tab After the filing of the suit and a series of negotiations, Plaintiffs eventually received assurances from the private Defendants that they would not file suit based on publication of the USENIX paper or two additional papers written by Plaintiff Min Wu regarding the results of the SDMI challenge.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ (1) \ldblquote Analysis of Attacks on SDMI Audio Watermarks," which was included in an IEEE conference after it was too late to withdraw it, Liu Decl. \uc1\u182\'a6 20; and (2) Prof. Wu\rquote s dissertation, "Multimedia Data Hiding," Chapter 10 of which was originally posted on the Internet, but then withdrawn because of concerns about DMCA liability. Wu Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 2-3. }}}{ However, the private Defendants refused to provide similar assurances for: (1) any versions of the papers that involved more than trivial changes; (2) any future papers based on research arising from the SDMI challenge; (3) any of the specific projects that the individual Plaintiffs were already, or were about to be, engaged in involving the types of technologies represented in the challenge. Plaintiffs also sought assurances from the government that they would not prosecute based upon the papers or on subsequent papers. The government refused to provide any assurances whatsoever. \par \tab The lack of assurances, combined with the past threats from the private Defendants and the government\rquote s demonstrated willingness to enforce the criminal provisions of the DMCA,}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ As noted in the government\rquote s brief, the government has brought a criminal indictment against a company and a programmer for the distribution of a computer program that circumvents an access control technology. Gov. Br., Att. E, F.}}}{ has had a substantial current and ongoing impact on plaintiffs\rquote activities. In particular, Plaintiffs have already engaged, or will soon engage absent relief from this court , in acts of self-censorship out of concern of civil or criminal DMCA liability. Specifically: \par \tab Plaintiff Scott Craver, when he presented the SDMI paper at the USENIX conference, did not make available the computer programs used by the plaintiffs to attack the technologies, as he normally would have absent the DMCA. Craver Supp. Decl. \u182 \'a6 12. In addition, as part of his Ph.D. research, he has developed a better way to detect and characterize certain types of modifications to digital music and is currently d eveloping a software program that can more efficiently perform forensic analysis of digital music. He is concerned that his distribution of information about his technique and the program itself will open him up to DMCA liability. Craver Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 26, 29. Amended Complaint, \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 56-60. Craver makes clear in his Supplemental Declaration (\u182\'a6\u182\'a6 19-22) that the DMCA not only has affected his own work, but likely will eviscerate the entire scientific discipline of information hiding in which he works. \par \tab Plaintiffs Min Wu and Bede Liu have signed a contract with Springer-Verlag to publish in book form a revised version of Prof. Wu\rquote s dissertation, Chapter 10 of which includes results from the SDMI paper. As with any such publication, the dissertation must be r evised and expanded upon before publication, and the delivery date of the manuscript is February 15, 2002, if they go ahead with it. However, unless there is a resolution of the DMCA issues, Prof. Wu will be unable to submit a revised version of that cha pter. Wu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 3; Liu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 3; Amended Complaint, \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 61-67. Prof. Wu also has specific plans to continue research on digital multimedia security, analysis, and communication, and is concerned that these projects will also trigger DMCA liability. Amended Complaint, \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 68-69}{\cf6 . \par }{\tab Plaintiff Daniel Wallach has declined an invitation to submit an article he had intended to write on the history of copyright protection technologies, out of concern about DMCA liability. Wallach Decl. \u182\'a6 24. \ldblquote [T]his p aper would require a great deal of work. . . . Given the threats made against us and the potential reach of the DMCA, I will not write this paper unless the legal issues surrounding the DMCA are resolved favorably. I cannot afford to devote time to a pape r that I may not be able to publish and I surely do not want to run the risk of yet another threat of a lawsuit.\rdblquote Id. \par \tab Plaintiff Bede Liu is currently engaged in research on ways to attack watermarking technology. Prof. Liu\rquote s current research is supported by one current grant and two pending grants. This research is directly implicated by the DMCA. Liu Decl. \u182\'a6 15; Amended Complaint, \u182\'a6 73. Prof. Liu would like to continue research on the SDMI technologies with Prof. Wu, Scott Craver and other students, but is not sure whether they can proceed in face of the DMCA and the private Defendants\rquote previous threats. }{\ulw See}{ Liu Decl. \u182\'a6 26. He is also unsure about how much of the material from the SDMI challenge he can discuss with colleagues, which currently presents a problem for him as he is visiting universities and giving presentations in Paris, France. }{\ulw See}{ Liu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 4. Rather than risk potential liability, he will censor his speech. }{\ulw Id}{. \par \tab Plaintiff USENIX will sponsor 8-10 conferences in the upcoming year, a t least six of which, like the USENIX conference at which the SDMI paper was presented, will involve the presentation of papers involving encryption and information security. USENIX derives revenue from these conferences. Thus, it is certain that USENIX \rquote s future activity will implicate the DMCA. Amended Complaint, \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 76-79. \par \tab Plaintiff Edward Felten has been appointed publications chair of a conference on Security and Privacy in Digital Rights Management, which will be held in November 2001. The conferen ce will publish papers analyzing technologies that are designed to protect access to copyrighted materials. Amended Complaint, \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 80-84. He has also been invited by }{\ul Scientific American }{ to write an article describing the nature of information hiding technology, which he will decline unless he receives assurances from the defendants or this court that he will not be violating the DMCA. Felten Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 3-9. \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc\sa240\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid { \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550008}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550510}ARGUMENT{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550008}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550510} \par }\pard\plain \s2\qc\li720\ri720\sa240\keep\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \ul\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550009}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550511}Plaintiffs\rquote Claims Are Ripe{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550009}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550511} \par }\pard\plain \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {The government argues that Plaintiffs\rquote challenge neither affords them standing to sue nor is sufficiently ripe. Standing and ripeness analyses are often intertwined because both consider the existence of an actual injury. }{\ul See}{ }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey of Orthodox Presbyterian Church v. Florio}{ , 40 F.3d 1454, 1462 (3d Cir. 1994);}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey of Orthodox Presbyterian Church v. Florio}{, 40 F.3d 1454 (3d Cir. 1994)" \\s "Presbytery of New Jersey" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ Erwin Chemerinsky, }{\scaps Federal Jurisdiction}{ 115 (3d ed. 1999)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "Erwin Chemerinsky, }{\scaps Federal Jurisdiction}{ (3d ed. 1999)" \\s "Federal Jurisdiction" \\c 3 }}{\fldrslt }}{. An injury that is too \ldblquote abstract\rdblquote or \ldblquote hypothetical\rdblquote because it likely may never occur may be seen as failing to meet the injury in fact requirement of standing or as \ldblquote too remote\rdblquote to satisfy ripeness. }{\ul See}{ }{\ulw id. }{ The two doctrines are nonetheless distinct. While standing focuses on the proper party to bring suit, \ldblquote ripeness is peculiarly a question of timing,\rdblquote }{\ul Regional Rail Reorganization Act Cases}{, 419 U.S. 102, 140 (1974),} {\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Regional Rail Reorganization Act Cases}{, 419 U.S. 102 (1974)" \\s "Regional Rail Reorganization Act Cases" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ and \ldblquote properly should be understood as involving the question of }{\ul when may a party seek preenforcement review of a statute or regulation}{.\rdblquote }{\scaps Federal Jurisdiction}{ at 116 (emphasis in original) (quoted in }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1463). \par Ripeness contains elements of both Article III\rquote s case or controversy requirement and prudential limitations. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Reno v. Catholic Social Services, Inc}{., 509 U.S. 43, 57 n. 18 (1993).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Reno v. Catholic Social Services, Inc}{., 509 U.S. 43, 57 (1993)" \\s "Reno v. Catholic Social Services" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ Although partially grounded in Article III, }{\ul Philadelphia Federation of Teachers v. Ridge}{ , 150 F.3d 319, 323 n.3 (3d Cir. 1998),}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Philadelphia Federation of Teachers v. Ridge}{, 150 F.3d 319 (3d Cir. 1998)" \\s "Philadelphia Federation of Teachers" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ ripeness is a flexible doctrine that should not be applied mechanically, }{\ul Sierra Club v. Yeutter}{, 911 F.2d 1405, 1417 (10th Cir.1990).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Sierra Club v. Yeutter}{, 911 F.2d 1405 (10th Cir.1990)." \\s "Yeutter" \\ c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ Application of the ripeness doctrine is often context-specific, depending on the underlying claims asserted by the plaintiff. }{\ulw See id}{.;}{\ulw see also}{ }{\ul Ameron, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}{ , 809 F.2d 979, 987 (3d Cir. 1986).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Ameron, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}{, 809 F.2d 979, 987 (3d Cir. 1986)." \\s "Ameron" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ \par In First Amendment contexts, ripeness analysis is relaxed out of concern for possible chilling effects on free expression. }{\ul I}{\ulw d}{.; }{\ul New Mexicans for Bill Richardson v. Gonzales}{, 64 F.3d 1495, 1499 (10th Cir. 1995);}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul New Mexicans for Bill Richardson v. Gonzales}{, 64 F.3d 1495, 1499 (10th Cir. 1995)" \\s "New Mexicans for Richardson" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ }{\ul Planned Parenthood}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Planned Parenthood of Central New Jersey v. Farmer}{, 220 F.3d 127 (3d Cir. 2000)." \\s "Planned Parenthood" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{\ul Ass\rquote n of Chicago Area v. Kempiners}{, 700 F.2d 1115, 1122 (7th Cir. 1983)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Planned Parenthood Ass\rquote n of Chicago Area v. Kempiners}{, 700 F.2d 1115, 1122 (7th Cir. 1983)" \\s "Kempiners" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (\ldblquote Requirements of ripeness are less strictly construed in the first amendment context due to the chilling effect on protected expression which delay might produce\rdblquote ) (separate opinion by Cudahy, J.); 13A Charles Wright, et al., }{\scaps Federal Practice and Procedure}{ \u167\'a4 3532.3 at 159 (2d ed. 1983)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "Charles Wright, et al., }{\scaps Federal Practice and Procedure}{ \u167\'a4 3532.3 (2d ed. 1983)" \\s "Wright & MIller" \\c 3 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (\ldblquote First Amendment rights of free exp ression and association are particularly apt to be found ripe for immediate protection, because of the fear of irretrievable loss. In a wide variety of settings, courts have found First Amendment claims ripe, often commenting directly on the special need to protect against any inhibiting chill.\rdblquote ). \par The Third Circuit generally applies the three-part test of }{\ul Step-Saver Data Sys., Inc. v. Wyse Tech.}{, 912 F.2d 643, 647 (3d Cir. 1990)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Step-Saver Data Sys., Inc. v. Wyse Tech.}{, 912 F.2d 643, 647 (3d Cir. 1990)" \\s "Step-Saver" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{, to assess ripeness in pre-enforcement challenges. }{\ul See}{ }{\ul Philadelphia Federation of Teachers}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Philadelphia Federation of Teachers" }}{\fldrslt }}{ , 150 F.3d at 323 n.4. Under }{\ulw Step-Saver}{, the plaintiff must show that (1) the parties have adverse legal interests, (2) the court can render a judgment that conclusively alters the parties\rquote legal relationship, and (3) the judgment would have some practical effect or utility. }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1463. Plaintiffs easily satisfy each factor. \par }\pard\plain \s3\li720\ri720\sb360\sa120\keepn\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550010}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550512}A. The Parties\rquote Interests Are Adverse Because the DMCA Arguably Reaches the Speech of Plaintiffs and Other Scientists and the Government Has Not Disavowed Prosecution{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550010}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550512} \par }\pard\plain \fi720\sl480\slmult0\keep\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {The first }{\ulw Step-Saver}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ulw TA \\s "Step-Saver" }}{\fldrslt }}{ factor requires that the defendant \ldblquote be so situated that the parties have adverse legal interests.\rdblquote }{\ul Step-Saver}{, 912 F.2d at 648 (quoting Wright & Miller, \u167\'a4 2757, at 582-83 (2d. ed. 1983)). In this case, the Plaintiffs \rquote legal interests are adverse to the interests of the government because the DMCA threatens Plaintiffs\rquote First Amendment rights, and the government has not disavowed enforcement of the statute. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{ , 40 F.3d at 1458 (declaratory action claiming that law forbidding discrimination on basis of sexual orientation violated pastor\rquote s First Amendment rights was ripe where he alleged intent to engage in protected conduct and the state refused to waive prosecution). \par }\pard \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {The government contends that no adversity of interests exists because it has neither prosecuted Plaintiffs nor threatened them with prosecution. But \ldblquote it is not necessary that [a party] first expose himself to actual arrest or prosecution to be entitled to challenge a statute that he claims deters the exercise of his constitutional rights.\rdblquote }{\ul Steffel v. Thompson}{ , 415 U.S. 452, 459 (1974).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Steffel v. Thompson}{, 415 U.S. 452 (1974)." \\s "Steffel" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ Such a rule would force a person either to forgo protected activity or risk liability. }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1468; }{\ul Planned Parenthood of Central New Jersey v. Farmer}{, 220 F.3d 127, 148 (3d Cir. 2000).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "Planned Parenthood" }}{\fldrslt }}{ \par Nor, contrary to the government\rquote s assertion, is actual threat of prosecution required. Courts frequently permit preenforcement challenges to allegedly unconstitutional laws, even where the government has made no threat or taken any action against the plaintiffs. }{\ulw See, e.g., Reno v. ACLU}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ulw TA \\s "Reno v. ACLU" }}{\fldrslt }}{\ulw , }{ 521 U.S. at 861 (preenforcement challenge filed day law was signed by President); }{\ul Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat\rquote l Union}{, 442 U.S. 289, 301-02 (1979)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat\rquote l Union}{ , 442 U.S. 289 (1979)" \\s "Babbitt" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (sufficient adversity despite lack of government threat or history of enforcement); }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{ , 40 F.3d at 1463 (challenge ripe despite lack of any threat or other indication that government would enforce statute); }{\ul Planned Parenthood}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Planned Parenthood" }}{\fldrslt }}{ , 220 F.3d at 131 (preenforcement challenge found ripe although filed on day law was to go into effect); }{\ul ACLU v. Reno}{, 31 F.Supp.2d 473, 477 (E.D. Pa. 1999)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul ACLU v. Reno}{, 31 F.Supp.2d 473 (E.D. Pa. 1999)" \\ s "31 F.Supp.2d" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (preenforcement challenge filed before law went into effect), }{\ulw aff\rquote d}{, 217 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2000),}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "ACLU v. Reno, 217 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2000)" \\s "217 F.3d" \\c 1 } }{\fldrslt }}{ }{\ul cert. granted sub nom.}{ }{\ul Ashcroft v. ACLU}{, 121 S. Ct. 1997 (2001); }{\ul ACLU v. Johnson}{, 194 F.3d 1149, 1154-55 (10th Cir. 1999)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul ACLU v. Johnson}{, 194 F.3d 1149 (10th Cir. 1999)" \\ s "ACLU v. Johnson" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (same). \par To establish adversity, Plaintiffs need only show that they face a \ldblquote credible threat of prosecution.\rdblquote }{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ The phrase \ldblquote credible threat of prosecution\rdblquote is somewhat misleading because a \ldblquote credible threat\rdblquote can exist without any specific threat having been made. The phrase is probably best understood to refer to the possibility of prosecution, not the veracity of a threat to prosecute. }}}{ }{\ul See}{ }{\ul Reno}{, 31 F.Supp.2d}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\ s "31 F.Supp.2d" }}{\fldrslt }}{ at 479-81 (preenforcement challenge to Internet \ldblquote harmful to minors\rdblquote statute ripe because plaintiffs offered sexual content that could be prohibited on \ldblquote not unreasonable\rdblquote interpretation of the statute and thus plaintiffs could potentially face prosecution); }{\ul aff\rquote d}{, }{\ul Reno}{, 217 F.3d}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "217 F.3d" }}{\fldrslt }}{ at 171 (approving justiciability analysis). \par \ldblquote This standard\endash encapsulated in the phrase\endash \lquote credible threat of prosecution\rquote \endash is quite forgiving.\rdblquote }{\ul Reno}{, 31 F.Supp.2d}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "31 F.Supp.2d" }}{\fldrslt }}{ at 479-80 (}{ \ul quoting}{ }{\ul New Hampshire Right to Life Political Action Comm. v. Gardner}{, 99 F.3d 8, 14 (1}{\up8 st}{ Cir. 1996);}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul New Hampshire Right to Life Political Action Comm. v. Gardner}{, 99 F.3d 8(1}{\up8 st}{ Cir. 1996);" \\s "New Hampshire Right to Life" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ }{\ulw see}{ }{\ul Babbitt}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Babbitt" }}{\fldrslt }}{, 442 U.S. at 302 (permitting First Amendment challenge where fear of prosecution not \ldblquote imaginary or wholly speculative\rdblquote ). Under this standard, courts will presume that a credible threat exists if the statute, on its face, arguably restricts rights of free expression. \ldblquote [W]hen dealing with pre-enforcement challenges to recently enacted (or, at least, non-moribund) statutes that facially restrict expressive activity by the class to which the plaintiff belongs, courts }{\ul will assume}{ a credible threat of }{\ul prosecution in the absence of compelling contrary evidence.}{\rdblquote }{\ul Reno}{, 31 F.Supp.2d at 480 (}{\ulw quoting}{ }{\ul New Hampshire Right to Life}{ , 99 F.3d at 15 (emphasis added)). This presumption reflects the judicial recognition that even in the absence of express government action, a reasonable fear of possible prosecution may significantly chill constitutionally protected behavior. }{\ul See }{ }{\ul New Hampshire Right to Life}{, 99 F.3d at 13.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ The credible threat standard for First Amendment cases does not require that the law \ldblquote single out\rdblquote the plaintiffs, as suggested by the government\rquote s reliance on }{\ul Navegar v. United States}{, 103 F.3d 994 (D.C. Cir. 1997).} {\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Navegar v. United States}{, 103 F.3d 994 (D.C. Cir. 1997)." \\s "Navegar" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ The statute in }{\ulw Navegar}{ did not potentially threaten First Amendment rights, while the DMCA facially restricts expressive activity by the class to which Plaintiffs belong: thos e who research and publish in the areas of computer and information security. Moreover, given that DMCA-based threats may come from private parties as well as the government, and that the private Defendants\rquote threat actually injured the individual Plaintiffs, there is nothing premature about this action.}}}{\ul \par }{Plaintiffs have established a credible threat of prosecution under the DMCA. Both their past conduct and their intended, future conduct are facially restricted by the DMCA. As set forth in extensive detail in the record, Plaintiffs filed this action after the private Defendants threatened to sue under the DMCA to stop publication of a paper at a scientific conference. Thus, they have faced actual threats of suit from private partie s based on the DMCA. Furthermore, they are in the process of taking similar actions now and fully intend to continue their work, including further research and publications on the very SDMI technologies at issue in this case, because these activities are e ssential to what they do as scientists (}{\ul see}{ section B, }{\ulw infra}{). They could not avoid these activities and remain in their chosen fields of research. \par The government argues that Plaintiffs do not face a credible threat of prosecution because their activities fall outside the DMCA\rquote s prohibitions. Gov. Br. at 17 (the DMCA does not reach Plaintiffs\rquote activities because \ldblquote Plaintiffs \rquote purpose is not to circumvent any access control measures, but rather to study, and to assist others in }{\ulw bolstering}{, those access controls.\rdblquote ) Although the government acknowledges that the DMCA could cover publications \ldblquote that describe in detail how to go about circumventing a particular technology,\rdblquote it reads the DMCA to exclude Plaintiffs\rquote papers }{\ulw and}{ computer programs}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ }{\ulw See}{ discussion of Scott Craver\rquote s allegations, Gov. Br. at 17.}}}{ because \ldblquote the Plaintiffs are scientists attempting to study access control technologies. \rdblquote }{\ulw Id}{. at 17 n.5. In effect, the government (at least for the purpose of this litigation) reads a \ldblquote legitimate scientific purpose\rdblquote exception into the DMCA.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \fi720\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ If adopted by this Court, the government\rquote s interpretation could alleviate a good deal of the DMCA \rquote s current chilling effects. Sections 1201(a)(2)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "1201(a)(2)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ and 1201(b)(1)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "1201(b)(1)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ could be read to exclude the publications of scientific papers and computer programs by reading a \ldblquote scientific purpose\rdblquote exemption into each of the disjunctive factors listed in those sections: \par \par (A) is primarily designed or produced for the purposes of circumventing . . . \par (B) has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent . . . \par (C) is marketed . . . for use in circumventing . . . \par \par }\pard \fi720\nowidctlpar\adjustright {The government\rquote s interpretation has some support in the legislative history. }{\ulw See}{ Report of the House Comm. on Commerce, H.R. Rep. No. 105-551, at 11 (1998)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\ l "Report of the House Comm. on Commerce, H.R. Rep. No. 105-551 (1998)" \\s "House Commerce Comm. Report" \\c 3 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (\uc1\u167\'a41201(a)(2)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "1201(a)(2)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ aimed at \ldblquote black boxes\rdblquote expressly intended to facilitate \ldblquote circumvention\rdblquote ). However, the relevant point is that no such interpretation exists in any reported opinion that would insulate Plaintiffs in this case, and as Plaintiffs hav e argued, the statute itself is so vague that many other readings are equally possible. Thus, as things currently stand, Plaintiffs face a very real and credible possibility of liability under the statute. \par }}}{\cf6 \par }{For present purposes, however, the point is that the DMCA can reasonably be read to reach scientific speech. The DMCA makes it unlawful for }{\ulw any}{ person to \ldblquote manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that: is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title . . . [or] has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other tha n to circumvent [such measure] . . .or is marketed by that person or another [to circumvent such measures].\rdblquote }{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ The statute has parallel provisions in \uc1\u167\'a41201(b)(1)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "1201(b)(1)" }}{\fldrslt }}{,}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \uc1\u167\'a41201(b)(1)," \\s "\u167\'a41201(b)(1)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ which proscribes the distribution of technologies primarily designed to circumvent measures that protect the rights of copyright owners (as opposed to protecting access). The same analysis applies to those provisions.}}}{ \u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)} {\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)." \\s "1201(a)(2)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{.}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)." \\s "\u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ Circumventing techn ological measures, as defined in \u167\'a4 1201(a)(3)(A}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(a)(3)(A)" \\s "\u167\'a4 1201(a)(3)(A)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{),}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ Section 1201(a)(3)(A) reads \ldblquote to \lquote circumvent a technological measure\rquote [in \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(a)] means to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological measure, without the authority of the copyright owner.\rdblquote The corresponding provision in \u167\'a4 1201(b)(2)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(b)(2)" \\s "\u167\'a4 1201(b)(2)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ defines the circumvention of \ldblquote protection afforded by a technological measure . . . [as] avoiding, bypassing, removing, deactivating, or otherwise impairing a technological measure.\rdblquote \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(b)(2)(A).}}}{ is precisely what Plaintiffs do in the normal course of their work. They attack (i.e., \ldblquote circumvent\rdblquote ) protections on computer and information systems to both test the strengths of those systems and develop stronger, more secure systems.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ }{\ulw See}{ Felten Decl. \uc1\u182\'a6\u182\'a6 96-99; Craver Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 9-11; Craver Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 4-5, 22; Liu Decl. \u182\'a6 9; Wu Decl. \u182\'a6 7; Dean Decl. \u182\'a6 22; Appel Decl. \u182 \'a6\u182\'a6 3-6; Blaze Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 2, 9-11; Lazowska Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6\~4-6; Schneier \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 9-10; Spafford Decl. \u182\'a6 21; Anderson Decl. \u182\'a6 14. }}}{ And as scientists, they normally publish their results.}{ \cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ }{\ulw See}{ Craver Decl. \uc1\u182\'a6 29; Blaze Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 13, 15-18; Schneier Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 13-15; Wagner Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 18-22. }{\ulw See generally}{ Lazowska Decl. \uc1\u182\'a6\u182\'a6 7-18.}}}{ Besides programs like Scott Craver\rquote s \ldblquote tinywarp.c,\rdblquote which actually circumvent, scientific and academic pa pers can be thought of as \ldblquote primarily designed\rdblquote for the purpose of circumvention because, as noted by the government, papers may contain sufficient detail to show how to circumvent technological controls. In fact, that is what scientific articles are meant to do. \par A central tenet of the scientific method is replicability of results; scientific publication is intended to enable others to try experiments and verify the conclusions. Thus, a scientist publishing an article that explains the vulnerabilities of a technological protection measure in effect says to his or her colleagues, \ldblquote this is how I attacked (i.e., circumvented) this technology; try it yourself.\rdblquote }{\ulw See}{ Craver Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 5, 10; }{\ulw see also}{ Lazowska Decl. \u182\'a6 8. And much theoretical research that can give useful information on how to attack systems may have limited, or no, commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent technological measures. }{\ulw See}{ Lazowska Decl. \u182\'a6\~23; cf. Dwork Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 11-14(examples of theoretical research). Thus, the prohibition in \u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "\u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ (and 1201(b)(1)} {\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \u167\'a4 1201(b)(1)." \\s "1201(b)(1)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{) can be read\emdash as the private Defendants have\emdash to cover the publication of scientific papers and computer programs that are \ldblquote prima rily designed or produced\rdblquote to attack the security of systems or \ldblquote have limited commercially significant purpose or use\rdblquote other than to attack systems.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ None of the \uc1\u167\'a4 1201 exemptions expressly provides a safe harbor for the dissemination or general publication of papers or computer programs for legitimate scientific purposes. The encryption and security testing exemptions in \u167\'a4 1201(g)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(g)" \\s "\u167\'a4 1201(g)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ and \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(j)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(j)" \\s "\u167\'a4 1201(j)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ , respectively, provide limited exemptions for certain acts of circumvention (i.e., acts covered under \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(a)(1)),}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(a)(1)" \\s "1201(a)(1))," \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ and even more limited exemptions for acts of dissemination covered under \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "\uc1\u167\'a4 1201(a)(2)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ , but neither exempts general publication in, for example, scientific journals or on a scientist\rquote s website that would otherwise violate \uc1\u167\'a41201(a)(2).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "1201(a)(2)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ Moreover, neither exemption applies to acts of dissemination covered under \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(b)(1).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "1201(b)(1)" }}{\fldrslt }}{ The reverse engineering exemption in \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(f) is also of no help since it only applies for the purpose of enabling interoperability. }{\ulw See}{ \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(f)(2).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "17 U.S.C. \uc1\u167\'a4 1201(f)(2)." \\s "1201(f)(2)" \\c 2 }}{\fldrslt }}{ }}}{ \par The government\rquote s argument that the DMCA cannot be read to cover scientific and academic speech is, therefore, simply wrong. The DMCA, on its face, can be reasonably read to reach Plaintiff\rquote s speech, and as recognized by the court in }{\ul Reno}{, 31 F.Supp.2d}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "31 F.Supp.2d" }}{\fldrslt }}{ at 480-81, a saving construction of an arguably vague or ambiguous statute offered in litigation cannot defeat jurisdiction. In }{\ulw Reno}{ , the government contested the plaintiffs\rquote standing on the ground that the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) did not reach the plaintiffs\rquote speech \ldblquote because the material on their Web site is not \lquote harmful to minors,\rquote and the plaintiffs are not \lquote engaged in the business\rquote of distributing harmful to minors materials under the statute.\rdblquote 31 F.Supp.2d at 480. The court rejected this argument because the statute could arguably be read to reach their conduct. }{\ulw See id}{. at 480-81. \ldblquote The plaintiffs offer an interpretation of the statute which is not unreasonable, and if their interpretation of COPA\rquote s definition of \lquote harmful to minors\rquote is correct, they could potentially face prosecution for that content on their Web sites.\rdblquote }{\ulw Id}{. at 481; }{\ulw accord }{\ul New Mexicans for Richardson}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "New Mexicans for Richardson" }}{\fldrslt }}{ , 64 F.3d at 1502 (rejecting state\rquote s construction of vague election finance statute to exclude plaintiffs\rquote activities in finding case ripe).}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid { \cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ Followed to its logical conclusion, the government\rquote s argument that a plaintiff faces no credible threat of prosecution if a vague law could be construed to exclude the plaintiff\rquote s conduct would prevent all preenforcement challenges to laws that are susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.}}}{ \par Equally important, the government\rquote s reading is at odds with the interpretation shared by the private Defendants. In threatening to sue Prof. Felten and his colleagues, the private Defendants plainly read the DMCA to cover scientific publication \emdash a reading that counsels for Princeton and Rice universities took very seriously. }{\ul See}{ Ende Decl. \u182\'a6 6; Zansitis Decl. \u182\'a6 6; }{\ul see}{ }{\ul also}{ Wagner Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 63-64 (researcher advised by UC-Berkeley legal counsel that publication of academic paper relating to copy-protection systems might subject authors to civil liability). \par Accordingly, the DMCA\rquote s susceptibility to different interpretations and the Defendants\rquote widely divergent interpretations of the DMCA support the conclusion that this case is ripe. }{\ul New Mexicans for Richardson}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "New Mexicans for Richardson" }}{\fldrslt }}{, 64 F.3d at 1503 (\ldblquote It is generally accepted that the arguable vagueness [or overbreadth] of a statute militates in favor of finding an otherwise premature controversy to be ripe\rdblquote ). The reason is obvious: vague or overbroad laws may chill protected expression, }{\ulw see}{ }{\ul Baggett v. Bullitt}{, 377 U.S. 360, 372 (1964),}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Baggett v. Bullitt}{, 377 U.S. 360 (1964)" \\s "Baggett" \\c 1 } }{\fldrslt }}{ and can lead to self-censorship, a danger that \ldblquote can be realized without an actual prosecution.\rdblquote }{\ul American Booksellers}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "American Booksellers" }}{\fldrslt }}{, 484 U.S. at 393. Thus, \ldblquote the extent of the chill upon First Amendment rights indicated by vague or overbroad statutes is the most significant factor in determining whether an otherwise premature or abstract facial attack . . . is ripe for decision.\rdblquote }{\ul New Mexicans for Richardson}{, 64 F.3d at 1503 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). \par }\pard \fi720\sl480\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {Application of the DMCA to the Plaintiffs\rquote speech and the reach of the statute have already chilled Plaintiffs \rquote speech. The government argu es, of course, that the Plaintiffs were not chilled because they eventually presented and published the SDMI paper at the August 2000 USENIX conference and because Prof. Wu published her dissertation on her website. Prof. Wu\rquote s dissertation may be publicly available at Princeton University library, but her choice was to have her entire dissertation available on her website, and she was chilled by the private Defendants\rquote threats into removing Chapter 10. }{\ulw See}{ Wu Decl. \u182\'a6 3. The government forgets that the publication of the SDMI paper at the USENIX conference occurred only because the private Defendants expressly authorized Plaintiffs\rquote publication, and that Plaintiffs\rquote presentation occurred nearly four months after they were prepared to present a paper at the In formation Hiding Workshop conference in April. Delay in the exercise of First Amendment rights is itself an example of chill and sufficient to constitute an irreparable injury. }{\ul See}{ }{\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3 Elrod v. Burns}{\i\expnd0\expndtw-3 ,}{ \expnd0\expndtw-3 427 U.S. 347, 373 (1976)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3 Elrod v. Burns}{\i\expnd0\expndtw-3 ,}{\expnd0\expndtw-3 427 U.S. 347 (1976)}{" \\s "Elrod" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{\expnd0\expndtw-3 (plurality opinion).}{ \par }\pard \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {The Plaintiffs continue to suffer concrete current and ongoing harm. (}{\ul See}{ Factual Background, }{\ulw supra}{ .) Prof. Felten will decline an invitation from }{\ul Scientific American}{ to write an article describing the role, nature, and applications of information hiding technologies, including the SDMI technologies, \ldblquote unless the attendant risk of a DMCA suit or prosecution against me is removed, either by a ruling of this Court or by suitable assurances from the Defendants.\rdblquote Felten Decl. \u182\'a6 139. Prof. Wu and Prof. Liu have signed a contract with Springer-Verlag to publish a revised version of Prof. Wu\rquote s dissertation; February 15, 2002, is the delivery date of the manuscript, and if they go forward with the book, they want to submit a manuscript that contains changes to Chapter 10, but will not unless there is some favorable resolution of potential DMCA problems. Wu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 3; Liu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 3. Prof. Liu is currently in Paris giving academic talks. Liu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 4 . He would like to talk about the SDMI challenge, but because of his exposure to liability under the DMCA, he will limit his presentations and answers to any questions to material in the papers filed under seal. }{\ulw Id}{. \par Prof. Wallach refused to write an article on the history of copyright protection measures for publication. Wallach Decl. \u182\'a6 24. Although Mr. Craver presented the SDMI paper at the August 15 USENIX conference on behalf of all of the authors, he did not publish the programs they used to attack the SDMI technologies on the Web or give out the Web address during his presentation \emdash normal practice among researchers and what Mr. Craver would have done but for the DMCA. Craver Supp Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 9-10. Mr. Craver\rquote s dissertation project is progressing slowly because of the DMCA. }{\ulw See id}{. \u182\'a6\u182 \'a6 27-19. In fact, the design he settled on for the program for his dissertation project was \ldblquote motivated solely by the DMCA.\rdblquote }{\ulw Id}{. \u182\'a6 26. \par Given the wide variety of activities the Plaintiffs are currently engaged in and the reach of the DMCA, the clear presumption is that Plaintiffs face a credible threat of prosecution. And there is no \ldblquote compelling evidence to the contrary. \rdblquote Notwithstanding its proffered interpretation, the government has not disavowed any intention to enforce the DMCA. The failure to disavow prosecution by itself is an important indicator, and sometimes conclusive, of a credible threat of prosecution. }{\ul See}{ }{\ul Babbitt}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Babbitt" }}{\fldrslt }}{ , 442 U.S. at 302 (finding relevant government\rquote s failure to disavow enforcement); }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1463 (failure of state to disavow intent to prosecute sufficient to create adversity between the parties); }{\ul Pic-A-State v. Reno}{, 76 F.3d 1294, 1299 (3d Cir. 1996);}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Pic-A-State v. Reno}{, 76 F.3d 1294 (3d Cir. 1996)" \\s "Pic-A-State" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ }{\ul LSO, Ltd. v. Stroh}{, 205 F.3d 1146, 1155 (9th Cir. 2000).} {\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul LSO, Ltd. v. Stroh}{, 205 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2000)." \\s "LSO" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ \par }\pard\plain \s3\li720\ri720\sb360\sa120\keepn\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550011}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550513}B. The Record Contains More Than Sufficient Facts for this Court To Grant Conclusive Relief {\*\bkmkend _Toc528550011}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550513} \par }\pard\plain \s20\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\tab The second }{\ulw Step-Saver}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ulw TA \\s "Step-Saver" }}{\fldrslt }}{ factor asks whether the court can grant conclusive relief to alter the legal relationship between the parties, }{\ul Armstrong}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Armstrong World Indus., Inc. v. Adams}{, 961 F.2d 405 (3d Cir. 1992)" \\s "Armstrong" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{\ul World Industries, Inc. v. Adams}{, 961 F.2d 405, 421 (3d Cir. 1992), or whether a decision at the present time would be no \ldblquote more than an advisory opinion based upon a hypothetical set of facts.\rdblquote }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1468. Part of the conclusiveness inquiry, therefore, asks whether further factual development is necessary for the court to render a decision. }{\ul Travelers Insurance Co. v. Obusek}{ , 72 F.3d 1148, 1155 (3d Cir. 1995).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Travelers Insurance Co. v. Obusek}{, 72 F.3d 1148 (3d Cir. 1995)." \\s "Travelers" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ \par }\pard \s20\fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\adjustright {The importance of factual specificity varies according to the issues presented by the claims. }{\ulw See id}{.; }{\ulw see also}{ }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1468. \ldblquote When the question presented [by a particular claim] is \lquote predominantly legal,\rquote a factual record is not as important as in fact-sensitive areas.\rdblquote }{\ul Pic-A-State}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Pic-A-State" }}{\fldrslt }}{ , 76 F.3d at 1300. In this action, Plaintiffs raise three major claims against the Defendants: that DMCA violates the First Amendment on its face; that, as applied, DMCA violates Plaintiffs\rquote First Amendment rights; and that Congress exceeded its constitutional powers in enacting the DMCA.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\tab }{\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{Plaintiffs also claim that the \ldblquote click-through\rdblquote license to which they agreed at the outset of the private Defendants\rquote \ldblquote SDMI Public Challenge\rdblquote does not bar their academic publication.}}}{ None of these requires significant further factual development. Thus, there is no benefit to delaying resolution of the underlying issues, especially when failure to resolve these issues generates self-censorship. \par Relief can now be granted on Plaintiffs\rquote First Amendment facial challenge. Am. Compl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 95- 102. This claim, by definition, is predominantly legal because it is not dependent on application of the law to a specific set of facts. } {\ulw See}{ }{\ul Pic-A-State}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Pic-A-State" }}{\fldrslt }}{, 76 F.3d at 1300; }{\ulw see also}{ }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1468-69. First Amendment facial challenges are especially important be cause they implicate the rights of third parties as well as of Plaintiffs. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement}{, 505 U.S. 123, 129-30 (1992).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement}{ , 505 U.S. 123 (1992)." \\s "Forsyth County" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ Thus, courts have allowed such facial challenges before the law has gone into effect and, thus }{\i a fortiori}{, in the absence of any concrete factual setting. }{\ulw See, e.g., Reno, } {31 F.Supp.2d}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\s "31 F.Supp.2d" }}{\fldrslt }}{ at 481; }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1469 (\ldblquote To th e extent . . . that the court concluded that a facial challenge to a statute that seeks to proscribe otherwise protected First Amendment conduct such as oral advocacy and boycott is not ripe until a concrete factual situation is before the court, . . .. w e disagree\rdblquote ) (citation omitted) (rejecting }{\ul Voluntary Ass\rquote n of Religious Leaders v. Waihee}{, 800 F.Supp. 882 (D. Haw. 1992)). \par To the extent that a concrete factual setting can help resolve a facial challenge, it is present here. The potential reach and application of the DMCA to scientific speech is fully illustrated by the private Defendants\rquote threats against the Plaintiffs in April 2001. Moreover, (1) the likely publication of Prof. Wu and Prof. Liu\rquote s book, (2) Scott Craver\rquote s program that is part of his dis sertation project and the program he wrote that defeated SDMI Technology F, (3) Prof. Liu\rquote s intended research on SDMI technologies, (4) Prof. Wallach\rquote s invitation to write an article for the IEEE; and (5) Prof. Felten\rquote s invitation to write an article for }{\ul Scientific American}{ present additional, concrete settings that illuminate Plaintiffs\rquote facial challenge. \par Additionally, the record provides more than sufficient factual detail to support Plaintiffs\rquote claim that ongoing projects and future publications related to the SDMI Challenge either fall outside the scope of the DMCA, Am. Compl.\u182\'a6\u182\'a6 87-94, or in the alternative, are protected by the First Amendment against any application of the DMCA, Am. Compl.\u182\'a6 103. Even under the heightened scrutiny supposedly required by the government\rquote s principal case, }{\ul United Public Workers v. Mitchell}{, 330 U.S. 75 (1947}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul United Public Workers v. Mitchell}{, 330 U.S. 75 (1947)" \\s "Mitchell" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{),}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{The government\rquote s near-exclusive reliance on }{\ul Mitchell}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Mitchell" }}{\fldrslt }}{ is misplaced. Chemerinsky notes that \ldblquote }{\ul United Public Workers v. Mitchell}{ is difficult to reconcile with the many cases holding that a case is ripe when a person is forced to choose between forgoing possibly constitutionally protected conduct or facing significant sanctions.\rdblquote }{ \scaps Federal Jurisdiction}{\field{\*\fldinst {\scaps TA \\s "Federal Jurisdiction" }}{\fldrslt }}{ at 104-05. Wright & Miller describe it as a case that \ldblquote deserves to be . . . gently distinguished into oblivion.\rdblquote 13A }{\scaps Federal Practice and Procedure}{, \uc1\u167\'a4 3532.4}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "13A }{\scaps Federal Practice and Procedure}{, \uc1\u167\'a4 3532.4" \\s "Federal Practice and Procedure, \u167\'a4 3532.4" \\c 3 }}{\fldrslt }}{. The ca se has been called into doubt ever since }{\ul United States Civil Service Comm\rquote n v. National Assoc. of Letter Carriers}{, 413 U.S. 548 (1973),}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul United States Civil Service Comm\rquote n v. National Assoc. of Letter Carriers}{, 413 U.S. 548 (1973)" \\s "Letter Carriers" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ in which the Supreme Court permitted a challenge on allegations hardly more specific than those rejected in }{\ul Mitchell}{. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Image Carrier Corp. v. Beame}{, 567 F.2d 1197, 1202 (2d Cir. 1977).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Image Carrier Corp. v. Beame}{, 567 F.2d 1197 (2d Cir. 1977)" \\s "Image Carrier" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}}}{ the Plaintiffs have submitted sufficient facts to describe their projects in detail. \par Mr. Craver has submitted source code for the program the individual Plaintiffs used to attack SDMI Technology F. }{\ul See}{ Craver Supp. Decl. Exhibit 1 (filed under seal). No one can say that this program is too \ldblquote hypothetical,\rdblquote \ldblquote speculative,\rdblquote or \ldblquote lacking in detail\rdblquote to constitute a specific dispute between the parties. And while Mr. Craver has not completed the program he is writing for his dissertation project on \ldblquote forensic analysis\rdblquote of digital music, it defeats the point of preenforcement review for him to be required to complete it before the legality of his actions can be adjudicated. Craver Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 20-26; Craver Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 \u182\'a6 24-25 (describing program that detects watermarks or other information hidden within digitized music). \par The other projects are likewise sufficiently described to avoid any ripeness problem. Prof. Felten describes the }{\ul Scientific American}{ article he would write in great detail. Felten Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 4-6. The controversy over Prof. Wu and Prof. Liu\rquote s book centers on the chapter of Prof. Wu\rquote s dissertation that specifically addresses the Plaintiffs\rquote attacks on SDMI technologies. The book chapter will not be identical to Chapter 10 of Prof. Wu\rquote s dissertation, but it should not be necessary for them to have a complete, final copy to hav e their claim resolved when it is based on an already published dissertation.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\fi720\sa240\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{ The government appears to echo the private Defendants \rquote point that Plaintiffs\rquote future publications cannot be evaluated before they are completely written. }{\ulw See}{ Gov. Br. at 22. No such specificity is required even under }{\ulw Mitchell}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ulw TA \\s "Mitchell" } }{\fldrslt }}{, and if it were, }{\ul Letter Carriers}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Letter Carriers" }}{\fldrslt }}{ and other cases decided by the Supreme Court cannot be explained. }{\ulw See, e.g.}{, }{\ul Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago}{ , 365 U.S. 43, 46-47 (1961)}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago}{, 365 U.S. 43 (1961)" \\s "Times Film" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ (reaching decision on the merits concerning film \ldblquote Don Juan,\rdblquote although \ldblquote there [was] not a word in the record as to the nature and content of [the film]\rdblquote ). Indeed, when a statute is so vague, First Amendment law requires that the law be adjudicated on its face. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Bd. of Airport Comm \rquote rs v. Jews for Jesus, Inc}{\i .}{, 482 U.S. 569, 575-576 (1987).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Bd. of Airport Comm\rquote rs v. Jews for Jesus, Inc}{\i .}{, 482 U.S. 569 (1987)." \\s "Jews for Jesus" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}}}{ \par The detail supplied by Prof. Liu concerning the kind of research he would like to carry out on SDMI and related technologies and the detail supplied by Prof. Wallach about the article he did not write are more than }{\ul Mitchell}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Mitchell" }}{\fldrslt }}{ demands. Prof. Liu describes his research as \par }\pard \s20\li720\ri720\widctlpar\adjustright { \par address[ing] such issues as: i) the general properties of the kinds of technologies we examined during the public challenge, ii) whether thes e particular technologies are special cases of more general, more powerful technologies, iii) the fundamental limitations of a particular technology, iv) the number of bits of information that can be reliably embedded using a particular technology, or v) the robustness of the technologies under intentional and unintentional attacks. \par }\pard \s20\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\adjustright {Liu Decl. \u182\'a6 26. Prof. Wallach describes his article as one that \ldblquote would trace the history of copyright protection measures beginning some thirty years ago and through the SDMI c hallenge. . . .[,which] would include details about the systems and ways that they were defeated, including details about the technologies involved in the SDMI challenge.\rdblquote Wallach Decl. \u182\'a6 24. \par }\pard\plain \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {These projects are sufficiently detailed to survive }{\ulw Mitchell}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ulw TA \\ s "Mitchell" }}{\fldrslt }}{ and present a live controversy as to Plaintiffs\rquote First Amendment claim. \par }\pard\plain \s20\fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {Finally, Plaintiffs\rquote claim that Congress exceed its Constitutional powers, Am. Compl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 110 - 114, involves the resolution of purely legal issues. Did Congress have the power to enact the DMCA under the Intellectual Property Clause, U.S. Const. Art. I, \u167\'a4 8, cl. 8, when the DMCA bans technologies regardless of whether they are actually used to gain access to, or infringe copyright in, a copyrighted work? If not, coul d Congress validly bypass the Patent and Copyright Clause and enact the DMCA under its Commerce Clause or Necessary and Proper Clause powers? These questions involve no factual development whatsoever, and therefore present no ripeness issue. \par }\pard\plain \s3\li720\ri720\sb360\sa120\keepn\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550012}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550514}C. A Favorab le Decision By This Court Would Have Significant Practical Utility for the Plaintiffs and Others{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550012}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550514} \par }\pard\plain \sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {\tab The final }{\ulw Step-Saver}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ulw TA \\s "Step-Saver" }}{\fldrslt }}{ factor asks \ldblquote whether the parties\rquote plans of action are likely to be affected by a declaratory judgment\rdblquote and focuses on the practical effects of a judgment on the parties. }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{, 40 F.3d at 1469-70. \ldblquote The Declaratory Judgments Act was enacted \lquote to clarify the legal relationships so that plaintiffs (and possibly defendants) could make responsible decisions about the future.\rquote \rdblquote }{\ul Travelers Ins.}{, 72 F.3d at 1155 (quoting }{ \ul Step-Saver}{, 912 F.2d at 650). \par }\pard \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {Plaintiffs\rquote present and near-future projects, and their ability to make \ldblquote responsible decisions, \rdblquote will be immediately and directly affected by a decision. If the Plaintiffs receive a ruling in their favor, Prof. Felten will write an article on the SDMI challenge for }{\ul Scientific American}{; Mr. Craver will publish his \ldblquote tinywarp.c\rdblquote program. Prof. Liu will be able to converse freely with his colleagues, Liu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 4, and choose to conduct research on SDMI and related technologies on the basis of what he believes would be scientifically interesting or useful rather on what research creates the greatest risk of exposure under the DMCA, }{\ulw see}{ Liu Decl. \u182 \'a6 26. The other Plaintiffs would be also free to engage in the research of their choice and publish and discuss what they believe is of scientific interest. \par Without some resolution of their potential liability under the DMCA, Prof. Felten will refrain from publishing his article. Mr. Craver will not publish \ldblquote tinywarp.c\rdblquote and will have to proceed on his dissertation project without knowing what he can publish. Professors Wu and Liu will not submit a manuscript that contains anything other than \ldblquote immaterial, grammatical\rdblquote changes to Chapter 10. }{\ulw See }{ RIAA Br. In Support of Its Motion to Dismiss; Wu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 3; Liu Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6 3. Professors Liu, Felten, Wu and Wallach, each of whom have teaching and advisory roles, will remain uncertain how to advise students who may be in terested in studying areas that may place the students at risk under the DMCA. }{\ulw See. e.g}{., Liu Decl. \u182\'a6 28; Felten Decl. \u182\'a6 118. \par }\pard \sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {\tab Since Plaintiffs raise a First Amendment facial challenge, the effect of the DMCA on scientists and scientific organizations not before the Court is also relevant. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Presbytery of New Jersey}{ , 40 F.3d at 1470. Scientists, other than the Plaintiffs, in encryption research and information hiding have been chilled by the DMCA. }{\ulw See}{ Wagner Decl. \u182\'a6 66; Ferguson Decl. \u182\'a6 8; Spafford Decl. \u182\'a6 15; Blaze \u182\'a6 21. There is a fear that scientists will choose other fields of research. McHugh Decl. \u182\'a6 11. One prominent researcher does \ldblquote not think [he] will ever conduct research involving copy protection again\rdblquote after his experience submitting a paper showing the vulnerability of a copy protection system for controlling digital video transmissions. }{\ulw See}{ Wagner Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 55, 67; }{\ulw see generally}{ \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 55-67. \ldblquote After spending much time worrying about the DMCA, I have concluded that I cannot afford to work in any area that exposes me to such risks. The costs are simply too high: I spent more time speaking with lawyers than I spent on the scientific research itself. And I cannot in good conscience advise students in my research group to work in areas that would exp ose them to unknown legal risks.\rdblquote }{\ulw Id}{. \u182\'a6 66. If the DMCA prohibited the circumvention of firewalls (i.e., network access controls), Prof. Wagner would have to abandon half of the security research he does. }{\ulw Id}{. \u182\'a6 71. \par \tab Many scientists and researchers have expressed serious concerns that the DMCA\rquote s effect on encryption and information hiding may result in less research and therefore less secure systems for the public. }{\ulw See}{ Blaze Decl. \u182\'a6 19; Lazowska Decl. \u182\'a6 21; Schneier Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 22-23. \ldblquote The robust and healthy adv ance of the sciences of cryptography and computer security are critical to our electronic future. If we are to turn computers and computer networks into serious business and social tools, we need strong security systems. The only way to build strong secu rity systems is through open design and peer review. The only way to facilitate peer review is to allow unfettered access to security systems for analysis, and unimpeded allowances to publish results: both positive and negative.\rdblquote Id. \u182\'a6 23. }{\ulw See also}{ Spafford Decl. \u182\'a6 15 (because of the DMCA, researchers studying ways of protecting against viruses and other malicious code, \ldblquote including myself, have limited or altogether stopped development and distribution of forensic tools . . .\rdblquote ); }{\ulw see generally}{ }{\ulw id}{. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 11-15.}{\cs17\up6\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s18\widctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\tab }{\cs17\up6\super \chftn }{The cloud over \ldblquote information hiding\rdblquote is especially ironic given that it has apparent national security implications. }{\ulw See}{ Spafford Decl. \uc1\u182\'a6\u182\'a6 18-19. Congress may not have intended this result, but it is a reminder that \ldblquote governmental regulation of the conte nt of speech is more likely to interfere with the free exchange of ideas than to encourage it. The interest in encouraging freedom of expression in a democratic society outweighs any theoretical but unproven benefit of censorship.\rdblquote }{\ul Reno v. ACLU}{\field{\*\fldinst {\ul TA \\s "Reno v. ACLU" }}{\fldrslt }}{, 521 U.S. at 885. \par }}}{ \par \tab The two fields at greatest risk are encryption (cryptography) and information hiding (steganography) because these fields study the underlying technologies that are used for copyright control measures. The DMCA can reach all analytic encryption research ( i.e., encryption research on existing security systems), }{\ulw see}{ Felten, Decl. \u182\'a6 106, and may \ldblquote eviscerate\rdblquote the field of information hiding, Craver Supp. Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 19, 22. \par \tab Because of the DMCA, the United States may lose its stature as the center of security research. Foreign researchers have curtailed their visits to the United States, Lazowska Decl. \u182\'a6 27, and scientific organizations have altered their plans to hold conferences U.S. }{\ul See}{ Reiter Decl. \u182\'a6 10; Anderson Decl. \u182\'a6 12. Some have considered changing thei r plans to visit, and others have called for a boycott of conferences in the U.S. }{\ulw See, e.g.,}{ Anderson Decl. \u182\'a6\u182\'a6 13, 15; Cox Decl. \u182\'a6 7. \ldblquote Research will continue in other countries where the laws do not mirror the provisions of the DMCA that restrict publicati on . . . As a result, the locus of research in this critical area will move outside the United States, posing additional threat to the U.S.\rdblquote Anderson Decl. \u182\'a6 18. \par }\pard \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright {A statute that \ldblquote interferes with the way a plaintiff would normally conduct his affairs\rdblquote is esp ecially appropriate for preenforcement review. }{\ulw See}{ }{\ul Int\rquote l Society for Krishna Consciousness of Atlanta v. Eaves}{, 601 F.2d 809, 819 (5th Cir. 1979).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Int\rquote l Society for Krishna Consciousness of Atlanta v. Eaves}{, 601 F.2d 809 (5th Cir. 1979)." \\s "Eaves" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ The record amply shows that potential liability under the DMCA interferes with the professional work of the Plaintiffs and other scientists and threatens their First Amendment rights. Laws that threaten speech must be \ldblquote protected not only against heavy-handed frontal attack, but also from being stifled by more subtle governmental interference.\rdblquote }{\ul Bates v. Little Rock}{, 361 U.S. 516, 523 (1960).}{\field{\*\fldinst { TA \\l "}{\ul Bates v. Little Rock}{ , 361 U.S. 516 (1960)." \\s "Bates" \\c 1 }}{\fldrslt }}{ A favorable ruling by this Court wou ld resolve the chill and uncertainty among other scientists, researchers and scientific organizations who have been chilled or are uncertain of their potential liability under the DMCA. \par }\pard \sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright { \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc\sa240\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \caps\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550013}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc528550515}CONCLUSION{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550013}{\*\bkmkend _Toc528550515} \par }\pard\plain \fi720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright \cgrid {For the forgoing reasons, the government\rquote s motion to dism iss for lack of jurisdiction should be denied. \par }\pard \sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\adjustright { \par }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright { \par \par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright { \par }\pard \nowidctlpar\adjustright {__________________________\tab \tab \tab \tab ____________________________ \par Grayson Barber \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Frank L. Corrado. \par 68 Locust Lane\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Rossi, Barry, Corrado & Grassi \par Princeton, New Jersey 08540\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 2700 Pacific Avenue \par (609) 921-0391\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Wildwood, NJ 08260 \par }\pard \fi720\li5040\nowidctlpar\adjustright {(609) 729-1333 \par }\pard \nowidctlpar\adjustright { \par \par \par Gino Scarselli\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Lee Tien \par 664 Allison Drive\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Electronic Frontier Foundation \par Richmond Heights, Ohio 44143\tab \tab \tab \tab 454 Shotwell Street \par (216) 291-8601\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab San Francisco, CA 94110 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (415) 436-9333 x102 \par James S. Tyre \par 10736 Jefferson Blvd., #512\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Attorneys for Plaintiffs \par Culver City, CA 90230 \par (310) 839-4114 \par }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright { \par }}