Derya Ozkul | University of Warwick (original) (raw)

Books by Derya Ozkul

Research paper thumbnail of The Alevis in Modern Turkey and the Diaspora Recognition, Mobilisation and Transformation

Research paper thumbnail of Social Transformation and Migration

This book examines theories and specific experiences of international migration and social transf... more This book examines theories and specific experiences of international migration and social transformation,
with special reference to the effects of neo-liberal globalization on four societies with vastly different
historical and cultural characteristics: South Korea, Australia, Turkey and Mexico. All of these countries
have undergone far-reaching changes linked to incorporation of their economics into global value chains
over the last decades. At the same time they have experienced new forms of immigration and emigration,
which are closely related to the interaction between global forces and national and local forms of
adaptation and resistance. Social Transformation and Migration conceptualizes migration not as the result
of change nor a cause of change, but as an integral component of these transformation processes.

Articles and Book Chapters by Derya Ozkul

Research paper thumbnail of UNHCR-state relations: transfer of authority over refugee status determination

Journal of Refugee Studies, 2024

In over 50 states, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) conducts refugee status ... more In over 50 states, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) conducts refugee status determination (RSD) but engages in various 'capacity building' initiatives to ultimately transfer or 'hand over' authority over RSD to states. In this article, we examine the recently concluded RSD-handover process in Turkey as a case study to analyse the power dynamics between UNHCR and states. Drawing on constructionist theories of international organizations and practice theory, we examine handovers as the interplay between UNHCR promoting RSD norms and practices and states' interpretation and adaptation of the latter. Based on desk-based research and interviews with UNHCR officials, we outline the RSD-handover in Turkey in three stages and show that both parties engage in ongoing negotiations within an evolving community of practice. Using a multifaceted theorization of authority, we argue that even if formally delegated authority over RSD is transferred, the broader authority and power relations operate in a co-constituted way between the two parties.

Research paper thumbnail of In memory of Stephen Castles: Studying migration as part of social transformation

International Migration, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of At the Cutting Edge of Migration and Refugee Studies: A Festschrift for Prof Stephen Castles

Journal of Intercultural Studies, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Governing Migration and Asylum Amid Covid-19 and Legal Precarity in Turkey

Middle East Law and Governance, 2022

Legal status and associated rights to access state services become even more important at times o... more Legal status and associated rights to access state services become even more important at times of crises like the Covid-19 pandemic. By reviewing legal amendments, central government and municipalities’ policies and policymakers’ statements, this article examines the example of Turkey, which is home to around 4 million undocumented migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. The Turkish state-provided Covid-19 treatment in the ‘emergency’ scope of healthcare for all residents irrespective of their legal status. However, structural problems left undocumented migrants and refugees faced with three significant obstacles. These obstacles were the requirement to test positive for Covid-19; the requirement to access primary healthcare to be referred to hospitals and to reside in the city of registration to access that primary healthcare; and the fear of losing employment, being evicted from housing or being deported by the authorities. Additionally, growing political uncertainty and a deteriorating economic situation have contributed to growing anti-migrant movements in the country. Not only have undocumented migrants and refugees had limited access to public health provisions, but they were also at greater risk of being considered to be a threat to public health and public security. The article concludes by showing that legal precarity brings even more vulnerability at times of crisis and by suggesting future areas of research.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. and Jarrous, R. (2021). How do refugees navigate the UNHCR's bureaucracy? The role of rumours in accessing humanitarian aid and resettlement. Third World Quarterly, 42:10, 2247-2264.

Third World Quarterly, 2021

In conflict situations, rapid changes can occur in the conditions in both host and home countries... more In conflict situations, rapid changes can occur in the conditions in both host and home countries. In the context of such uncertainty, how do refugees navigate the bureaucratic apparatus of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to obtain humanitarian aid and resettlement? We carried out fieldwork in 2019 in Lebanon and found the UNHCR’s bureaucracy to be a ‘black box’ for refugees in relation to the provision of information on humanitarian aid and resettlement. In this context of limited information, we found that rumours – widely considered to be uncertain truths – contributed to shaping participants’ understanding of the UNHCR’s decisions on the provision of aid and resettlement. In this article, we highlight the interpretive aspect of rumours and argue that refugees engage in interpretive labour as a result of the unequal relationship between themselves and the UNHCR’s opaque bureaucracy and provision of information. While refugees have to provide the UNHCR with detailed and highly personal information in interviews and household inspections, officers provide refugees with only generic responses, leading refugees to make their own interpretations of the bureaucratic decision-making processes. We conceptualise this interpretive labour as a collective process that contributes to generating rumours among refugee groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2020). Refugee recognition: not always sought, Forced Migration Review, 65.

Forced Migration Review, 2020

Some Syrian refugees in Lebanon have chosen not to register with UNHCR, believing -often with goo... more Some Syrian refugees in Lebanon have chosen not to register with UNHCR, believing -often with good reason -that refugee recognition will hinder their freedom and their family's access to humanitarian assistance.

Research paper thumbnail of Nalule, C. and Ozkul, D. (2020). Exploring RSD handover from UNHCR to States, Forced Migration Review, 65.

Forced Migration Review, 2020

Handing over responsibility for refugee status determination from UNHCR to States is a complicate... more Handing over responsibility for refugee status determination from UNHCR to States is a complicated process that is rarely speedy or smooth. A successful handover-and the ability to meet the overarching goal of providing adequate protection for refugees-depends on many factors.

Research paper thumbnail of Examen del traspaso de la DCR desde ACNUR a los Estados

Forced Migration Review, 2020

El traspaso de la responsabilidad de la determinación de la condición de refugiado desde ACNUR a ... more El traspaso de la responsabilidad de la determinación de la condición de refugiado desde ACNUR a los Estados es un proceso complicado que rara vez se lleva a cabo rápidamente y sin contratiempos. Su éxito-y la capacidad de cumplir con el objetivo principal de proporcionar una protección adecuada a los refugiados-depende de muchos factores. Son los Estados los principales responsables de los refugiados y, por tanto, de la determinación de la condición de refugiado (DCR), pero es ACNUR quien se encarga de llevarla a cabo cuando estos no están dispuestos o capacitados para hacerlo. En un periodo de 20 años (1998-2018), se ha producido alguna forma de traspaso de la DCR por parte de ACNUR en al menos 30 países 1. Además, en el marco del Pacto Mundial sobre los Refugiados, ACNUR ha establecido un Grupo de Apoyo a la Capacidad de Asilo para ayudar a más Estados a crear o desarrollar sus sistemas nacionales de DCR durante los próximos años. A pesar de esta tendencia tan evidente, no se ha llevado a cabo un examen sistemático de los traspasos para evaluar y comparar la calidad de la toma de decisiones y de la protección antes y después. La mayor parte de la bibliografía disponible sobre el tema se concentra en los propios informes de evaluación de ACNUR 2 que tienden a no evaluar las implicaciones de la toma de decisiones y de la protección de los refugiados de manera más general, y tampoco tienen en cuenta las opiniones de todos los actores relevantes, entre ellas las de los Gobiernos, las ONG y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y, lo que es más importante, las de los solicitantes de asilo y refugiados. Hay muy pocos estudios independientes sobre la materia. Nuestro proyecto de investigación titulado "Recognising Refugees" (Reconociendo a los Refugiados) 3 ha evaluado las prácticas llevadas a cabo en Kenia y Turquía, dos Estados a los que ACNUR les ha "traspasado" recientemente la DCR. Aunque los elementos distintivos que intervienen en los diferentes traspasos pueden variar y este breve artículo no puede ofrecer una visión general, sí estudia algunas de las cuestiones relativas a los traspasos y las analiza de cara a los procesos de transición que se están desplegando en ambos países. Pregunta 1: ¿Reducirá el traspaso de la DCR la carga financiera de ACNUR? Aunque los Gobiernos estén dispuestos a asumir la DCR, es posible que no estén tan preparados para asumir todos los costes asociados. Por ejemplo, desde 2014, cuando comenzó realmente el traspaso en Kenia, ACNUR ha estado financiando la mayor parte de las operaciones de la Secretaría de Asuntos sobre los Refugiados, incluidos el pago de los salarios y la formación de su personal, la instalación de la infraestructura necesaria y la transferencia de la base de datos de la DCR. Hasta la fecha, el Gobierno no ha incorporado a su nómina a la mayor parte del personal operativo de dicha Secretaría, sino que lo ha clasificado como personal de proyectos cuyos salarios paga ACNUR. Algunos de estos empleados confesaron que esta incertidumbre e inseguridad laboral afectaba a su compromiso con este trabajo y que siempre estaban buscando mejores oportunidades en otros lugares. Como consecuencia, el Gobierno estaría teniendo problemas para retener a estos trabajadores capacitados, lo que les obliga a seguir formando constantemente a nuevo personal. En Turquía, a pesar del traspaso oficial de la DCR en septiembre de 2018, el presupuesto de ACNUR destinado a la determinación de la condición de refugiado ha seguido aumentando. Según las estadísticas de esta organización, en 2018, sus gastos relacionados con la determinación de la condición de refugiado ascendieron a 341 808 dólares estadounidenses; tras la declaración oficial del traspaso de la DCR, esta cifra superó el millón de dólares en 2019; y, en 2020, su presupuesto para la DCR fue de más de 5 millones. Ello se debe a que, en 2018, ACNUR todavía tuvo que seguir trabajando en la revisión de 3470 expedientes de casos en proceso de evaluación, y asumió otras 2640 solicitudes más que debían ser procesadas según unos procedimientos combinados de DCR y de reasentamiento 4 .

Research paper thumbnail of El reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado: no siempre se busca

Forced Migration Review, 2020

El reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado: no siempre se busca Derya Ozkul Algunos refugiado... more El reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado: no siempre se busca Derya Ozkul Algunos refugiados sirios en el Líbano han optado por no inscribirse en el registro de ACNUR porque creen-a menudo con razón-que el reconocimiento de su condición de refugiados menoscabará su libertad y el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria de su familia. El camino hacia la determinación de la condición de refugiado suele estar lleno de obstáculos que incluyen muchas entrevistas y largas esperas. Cuando a los refugiados se les aplica el reconocimiento grupal, el proceso se vuelve relativamente más sencillo y puede ser más eficiente para todas las partes. Pero cuando el organismo que se encarga de dicho reconocimiento es ACNUR, puede haber desacuerdos entre la organización y el Gobierno, incluso sobre colectivos de refugiados concretos. En el Líbano, por ejemplo, ACNUR dotó a todos los solicitantes de asilo procedentes de Siria (excepto a los palestinos y a aquellos a los que pudieran aplicarse exclusiones) de certificados de refugiado tras una breve entrevista de selección. Pero, a medida que iba aumentando el número de refugiados sirios, las tensiones entre el Gobierno libanés y ACNUR se intensificaron y, en 2015, ordenó a la organización internacional que dejara de conceder el reconocimiento a todos los nacionales sirios. Como consecuencia, aquellos que no habían llegado al Líbano o no se habían inscrito en ACNUR antes de enero de 2015 no pudieron conseguir un certificado de refugiado. ACNUR empezó a expedir volantes de cita con un código de barras (shifra) a los sirios que se acercaban a sus instalaciones después de esa fecha. Dicha shifra permitía el acceso a la ayuda financiera y a otras formas de asistencia que ACNUR ofrecía a los refugiados reconocidos, pero no al certificado de refugiado. Como parte de nuestro proyecto de investigación sobre los aspectos jurídicos y políticos de los regímenes de reconocimiento de los refugiados también analizamos cuál era la percepción que los solicitantes de asilo y los refugiados tenían del proceso de reconocimiento y cómo tomaban sus decisiones sobre inscribirse o no en el registro ante las autoridades 1. Como dato interesante, hallamos que algunos sirios (incluso entre los que habían tenido la opción de obtener el reconocimiento antes de 2015) optaron por no acudir a ACNUR 2. En este artículo analizamos las tres razones principales para tomar esa decisión: la preocupación sobre cómo la condición de refugiado afecta el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria; el temor a compartir datos; y el miedo a no poder volver a Siria de visita. Admitimos que estos hallazgos se basan únicamente en las percepciones de los propios solicitantes de asilo y refugiados. El impacto del reconocimiento en el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria Ante el creciente número de refugiados sirios que llegaron después de 2012, ACNUR introdujo las "evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad" con las que asistían económicamente a los refugiados a partir de ciertos criterios de vulnerabilidad. Los refugiados en el Líbano nos dijeron que los responsables del campo de ACNUR les preguntaban muchas cosas: sobre su acceso a alimentos, sus condiciones de vida, empleo, cuestiones de salud y otros asuntos, y que no les quedaba claro qué criterios eran más importantes. Además, como no se publican datos concretos sobre cómo computan esas evaluaciones, los refugiados tenían que hacer sus propias interpretaciones y desarrollar estrategias encaminadas a maximizar su acceso a la asistencia. En las entrevistas, los representantes de ACNUR confesaron que la evaluación del grado de vulnerabilidad es diferente para cada mecanismo de protección. Pero ante la falta de información concreta, muchos refugiados sacaron sus propias conclusiones: que ACNUR ofrecía asistencia económica sobre todo a los hogares encabezados por mujeres, a las familias en las que no había ningún hombre en edad de trabajar y a las que tenían varios hijos o también alguno con discapacidad. Sin querer, esto provocó que muchos hombres refugiados no se molestaran en inscribirse. En nuestro trabajo de campo nos encontramos con muchas familias de refugiados que habían decidido no inscribir en el registro de ACNUR a los hombres en edad de trabajar porque consideraban que hacerlo reduciría sus posibilidades de recibir ayuda económica.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2019). 'Transnationalism' in SAGE Handbook of International Migration (ed.) New York: Sage.

SAGE Handbook of International Migration, 2019

Transnationalism emerged as a critique and a move away from the assimilationist paradigm to under... more Transnationalism emerged as a critique and a move away from the assimilationist paradigm to understand how migrants were changing, while they were also shaping their new countries and former homelands. While the assimilationist model was focusing on what was happening in the receiving country, the scholarship on transnationalism changed the lens towards migrants themselves and some of their simultaneous relationships in their place of residence, their former homeland as well as other places where they may have family members and friends. This chapter gives an overview of the literature; identifies different forms and scales of transnationalism and suggests future directions for transnational migration research.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2020). Participatory Research: Still a One-Sided Research Agenda. Migration Letters.

Migration Letters, 2020

Despite the prevalence of the term over the last two decades, scholars have not agreed on a defin... more Despite the prevalence of the term over the last two decades, scholars have not agreed on a definition of, or approach towards, participation, although critiques have emphasised that participation is not an equal process for all parties involved. By reviewing the literature and giving examples from fieldwork carried out in Lebanon, this article agrees with the common critique around participation and reflects over the limitations resulting from inherent power imbalances between researchers and participants and among community members. It also argues that the "glorification of methods" alone disguises the politics and the one-sided nature of participatory research and disregards the question of to what extent participants are involved in the construction of the methodology. This article suggests that-despite the pressure from funders to find out innovative methods-participatory researchers would benefit from understanding participants' own ways of conceptualising and investigating a phenomenon, in order to build their methodology. This article explores these questions, particularly in research with migrants and refugees.

Research paper thumbnail of El regreso de los refugiados sirios del Líbano

Forced Migration Review, 2019

El análisis de las prácticas de retorno en el Líbano revela los retos para un retorno voluntario,... more El análisis de las prácticas de retorno en el Líbano revela los retos para un retorno voluntario, seguro y digno. A medida que el régimen de Asad recupera el control en la mayor parte de Siria, los refugiados se ven sometidos a una presión cada vez mayor para que regresen de los países vecinos, incluido el Líbano. Sin embargo, el análisis del complejo panorama político y de las actuales prácticas de retorno muestra que queda mucho por hacer para asegurar que los sirios puedan regresar voluntariamente en condiciones seguras y dignas. Aunque el Líbano continuó con su política de exención de visados para los sirios en las etapas iniciales de la guerra, la tensión entre los partidos políticos y entre los sirios y la población local se intensificó rápidamente. En 2014, algunos municipios comenzaron a imponer toques de queda a los sirios; y el Líbano ha ido aplicando políticas de gestión de fronteras cada vez más estrictas. En enero de 2015, el Líbano puso fin a su política de exención de visados y ordenó al la Agencia de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) que dejara de censar a los refugiados sirios. Las Oficinas de Seguridad General del Gobierno (GSO, por sus siglas en inglés) continuaron permitiendo en gran medida que las mujeres y los niños obtuvieran permisos de residencia gratuitos si disponían de un certificado de refugiado expedido por el ACNUR, pero exigían a los hombres que firmaran un compromiso de no trabajar en el Líbano. Las GSO han empleado estas prácticas de manera desigual pero, en general, la única manera de que los hombres obtengan un permiso de residencia ha sido estar avalados por un representante libanés (kafeel). Solicitar un permiso de residencia a través de un representante que te avale tiene un coste de US$ 200 anuales por cada miembro de la familia mayor de 15 años 1. Las dificultades para obtener los papeles y para poder costear las tasas han empujado a la mayoría de los sirios residentes en el Líbano a la ilegalidad. El desplazamiento desde Siria ha alterado el multisectario sistema político del Líbano, por el que se rigen sus 18 comunidades diferentes. Los partidos políticos no han sido capaces de desarrollar una respuesta consensuada ni en relación con el conflicto de Siria ni con la elaboración de la política de asilo. Algunas facciones libanesas han subrayado que la presencia de refugiados sirios, en su mayoría suníes, modifica la demografía del Líbano y amenaza el frágil equilibrio del poder compartido entre musulmanes y cristianos. Tan pronto como el régimen de Asad parecía haber tomado la delantera en la guerra de Siria, algunos actores políticos clave del Líbano se apresuraron a exigir el retorno de los refugiados sirios y lo promovieron mediante la aplicación de medidas de contención más severas. Los ayuntamientos y las GSO empezaron a aplicar leyes más estrictas que han restringido considerablemente el acceso de los sirios al empleo y a la vivienda, y que han reducido sus oportunidades para lograr un medio de vida. Los partidos políticos libaneses coinciden en que los desplazados sirios deben regresar, pero no hay consenso acerca de qué actores deben facilitar el proceso ni de los tiempos y las condiciones en las que debería tener lugar. En los últimos años, una profunda división en cuanto a si el gobierno debería facilitar o no el retorno y normalizar sus vínculos con el régimen sirio ha paralizado las negociaciones sobre un plan unificado de retorno de los refugiados. Las posiciones contrapuestas son en gran medida consecuencia de las diversas agendas geopolíticas de los actores libaneses en relación con la guerra en Siria. Las partes que han vivido los levantamientos de 2011 como una oportunidad para desmantelar el régimen de Asad consideran que el hecho de coordinarse con el régimen para el retorno de los refugiados refuerza la posición de este, mientras que los actores libaneses que se han puesto de parte del régimen sirio perciben la coordinación con las autoridades sirias como una señal a la comunidad internacional de que el régimen ha recuperado efectivamente el control sobre su territorio. Los canales de retorno En medio de este clima, se han producido retornos a Siria a pequeña escala a través de diversos canales, facilitados por la proliferación de actores libaneses oficiales y extraoficiales. Los sirios pueden solicitar el retorno-pendiente de la aprobación del gobierno de

Research paper thumbnail of Fakhoury, T. and Ozkul, D. (2019). Syrian refugees' return from Lebanon. Forced Migration Review. 62.

Forced Migration Review, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2019). The Making of a Transnational Religion:  Alevi Movement in Germany and the World Alevi Union. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46 (2).

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2019

The literature on migrants’ religious movements generally sees them as backward and conservative ... more The literature on migrants’ religious movements generally sees them as backward and conservative movements that are resistant to change. On the contrary, this paper shows that transnational religious movements are shaped by interactions between origin and destination places’ political, legal, and social structures, and may take different pathways across time and place. Analysing the development of the Alevi diaspora movement in Germany and the recent efforts to establish the World Alevi Union, the article argues that both the (old and new) states and the (old and new) societies they live in, as well as broader paradigm changes and their agency, have a direct influence on the ways migrants’ daily life practices alter in time.

Research paper thumbnail of Eder, Mine; Özkul, Derya. (2016). ‘Special Issue on Precarious lives and Syrian refugees in Turkey: Guest Editors’ Introduction’, New Perspectives on Turkey, 54: 1-8.

New Perspectives on Turkey

This special issue aims to map out different dimensions of the economic, social, and political un... more This special issue aims to map out different dimensions of the economic, social, and political uncertainties, the precariousness, the insecurity, and the “other- ing” that migrants, particularly Syrian refugees, are currently facing in Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2015). Alevi 'Openings' and the Politicisation of the 'Alevi Issue' during the AKP rule. Turkish Studies 16 (1): 80-96.

This article reviews recent government efforts to address the “Alevi issue” and identify their su... more This article reviews recent government efforts to address the “Alevi issue” and identify their successes and failures. It demonstrates that the “Alevi openings” constituted paradoxical processes: tracing various components of the “openings” through news media, it shows that, on one hand, they enabled the “Alevi issue” to be brought to public attention. On the other hand, once Alevis were made more visible in public, non-sympathizers could mobilize their representation for their own ends. These empirical findings have profound theoretical implications. They prove that “discursive claims of democratization” at the state level do not necessarily result in democratic mechanisms, which can resolve the demands of a civil society. The author argues that what she calls the “tutelary secularism” in Turkey, in other words, the management and disciplining of religious groups, continues under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule. This model not only fails, but also produces new sources of conflict in Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Castles, S; Ozkul, D; Arias Cubas, M. (2015). ‘International migration in an era of neoliberal social transformation’ in S Castles, D Ozkul and M Arias Cubas (eds) Social Transformation and Migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, Derya. (2015). ‘Migration flows in Turkey’s neoliberal era: the case of Kumkapı, Istanbul’ in S Castles, D Ozkul and M Arias Cubas (eds) Social Transformation and Migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Research paper thumbnail of The Alevis in Modern Turkey and the Diaspora Recognition, Mobilisation and Transformation

Research paper thumbnail of Social Transformation and Migration

This book examines theories and specific experiences of international migration and social transf... more This book examines theories and specific experiences of international migration and social transformation,
with special reference to the effects of neo-liberal globalization on four societies with vastly different
historical and cultural characteristics: South Korea, Australia, Turkey and Mexico. All of these countries
have undergone far-reaching changes linked to incorporation of their economics into global value chains
over the last decades. At the same time they have experienced new forms of immigration and emigration,
which are closely related to the interaction between global forces and national and local forms of
adaptation and resistance. Social Transformation and Migration conceptualizes migration not as the result
of change nor a cause of change, but as an integral component of these transformation processes.

Research paper thumbnail of UNHCR-state relations: transfer of authority over refugee status determination

Journal of Refugee Studies, 2024

In over 50 states, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) conducts refugee status ... more In over 50 states, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) conducts refugee status determination (RSD) but engages in various 'capacity building' initiatives to ultimately transfer or 'hand over' authority over RSD to states. In this article, we examine the recently concluded RSD-handover process in Turkey as a case study to analyse the power dynamics between UNHCR and states. Drawing on constructionist theories of international organizations and practice theory, we examine handovers as the interplay between UNHCR promoting RSD norms and practices and states' interpretation and adaptation of the latter. Based on desk-based research and interviews with UNHCR officials, we outline the RSD-handover in Turkey in three stages and show that both parties engage in ongoing negotiations within an evolving community of practice. Using a multifaceted theorization of authority, we argue that even if formally delegated authority over RSD is transferred, the broader authority and power relations operate in a co-constituted way between the two parties.

Research paper thumbnail of In memory of Stephen Castles: Studying migration as part of social transformation

International Migration, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of At the Cutting Edge of Migration and Refugee Studies: A Festschrift for Prof Stephen Castles

Journal of Intercultural Studies, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Governing Migration and Asylum Amid Covid-19 and Legal Precarity in Turkey

Middle East Law and Governance, 2022

Legal status and associated rights to access state services become even more important at times o... more Legal status and associated rights to access state services become even more important at times of crises like the Covid-19 pandemic. By reviewing legal amendments, central government and municipalities’ policies and policymakers’ statements, this article examines the example of Turkey, which is home to around 4 million undocumented migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. The Turkish state-provided Covid-19 treatment in the ‘emergency’ scope of healthcare for all residents irrespective of their legal status. However, structural problems left undocumented migrants and refugees faced with three significant obstacles. These obstacles were the requirement to test positive for Covid-19; the requirement to access primary healthcare to be referred to hospitals and to reside in the city of registration to access that primary healthcare; and the fear of losing employment, being evicted from housing or being deported by the authorities. Additionally, growing political uncertainty and a deteriorating economic situation have contributed to growing anti-migrant movements in the country. Not only have undocumented migrants and refugees had limited access to public health provisions, but they were also at greater risk of being considered to be a threat to public health and public security. The article concludes by showing that legal precarity brings even more vulnerability at times of crisis and by suggesting future areas of research.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. and Jarrous, R. (2021). How do refugees navigate the UNHCR's bureaucracy? The role of rumours in accessing humanitarian aid and resettlement. Third World Quarterly, 42:10, 2247-2264.

Third World Quarterly, 2021

In conflict situations, rapid changes can occur in the conditions in both host and home countries... more In conflict situations, rapid changes can occur in the conditions in both host and home countries. In the context of such uncertainty, how do refugees navigate the bureaucratic apparatus of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to obtain humanitarian aid and resettlement? We carried out fieldwork in 2019 in Lebanon and found the UNHCR’s bureaucracy to be a ‘black box’ for refugees in relation to the provision of information on humanitarian aid and resettlement. In this context of limited information, we found that rumours – widely considered to be uncertain truths – contributed to shaping participants’ understanding of the UNHCR’s decisions on the provision of aid and resettlement. In this article, we highlight the interpretive aspect of rumours and argue that refugees engage in interpretive labour as a result of the unequal relationship between themselves and the UNHCR’s opaque bureaucracy and provision of information. While refugees have to provide the UNHCR with detailed and highly personal information in interviews and household inspections, officers provide refugees with only generic responses, leading refugees to make their own interpretations of the bureaucratic decision-making processes. We conceptualise this interpretive labour as a collective process that contributes to generating rumours among refugee groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2020). Refugee recognition: not always sought, Forced Migration Review, 65.

Forced Migration Review, 2020

Some Syrian refugees in Lebanon have chosen not to register with UNHCR, believing -often with goo... more Some Syrian refugees in Lebanon have chosen not to register with UNHCR, believing -often with good reason -that refugee recognition will hinder their freedom and their family's access to humanitarian assistance.

Research paper thumbnail of Nalule, C. and Ozkul, D. (2020). Exploring RSD handover from UNHCR to States, Forced Migration Review, 65.

Forced Migration Review, 2020

Handing over responsibility for refugee status determination from UNHCR to States is a complicate... more Handing over responsibility for refugee status determination from UNHCR to States is a complicated process that is rarely speedy or smooth. A successful handover-and the ability to meet the overarching goal of providing adequate protection for refugees-depends on many factors.

Research paper thumbnail of Examen del traspaso de la DCR desde ACNUR a los Estados

Forced Migration Review, 2020

El traspaso de la responsabilidad de la determinación de la condición de refugiado desde ACNUR a ... more El traspaso de la responsabilidad de la determinación de la condición de refugiado desde ACNUR a los Estados es un proceso complicado que rara vez se lleva a cabo rápidamente y sin contratiempos. Su éxito-y la capacidad de cumplir con el objetivo principal de proporcionar una protección adecuada a los refugiados-depende de muchos factores. Son los Estados los principales responsables de los refugiados y, por tanto, de la determinación de la condición de refugiado (DCR), pero es ACNUR quien se encarga de llevarla a cabo cuando estos no están dispuestos o capacitados para hacerlo. En un periodo de 20 años (1998-2018), se ha producido alguna forma de traspaso de la DCR por parte de ACNUR en al menos 30 países 1. Además, en el marco del Pacto Mundial sobre los Refugiados, ACNUR ha establecido un Grupo de Apoyo a la Capacidad de Asilo para ayudar a más Estados a crear o desarrollar sus sistemas nacionales de DCR durante los próximos años. A pesar de esta tendencia tan evidente, no se ha llevado a cabo un examen sistemático de los traspasos para evaluar y comparar la calidad de la toma de decisiones y de la protección antes y después. La mayor parte de la bibliografía disponible sobre el tema se concentra en los propios informes de evaluación de ACNUR 2 que tienden a no evaluar las implicaciones de la toma de decisiones y de la protección de los refugiados de manera más general, y tampoco tienen en cuenta las opiniones de todos los actores relevantes, entre ellas las de los Gobiernos, las ONG y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y, lo que es más importante, las de los solicitantes de asilo y refugiados. Hay muy pocos estudios independientes sobre la materia. Nuestro proyecto de investigación titulado "Recognising Refugees" (Reconociendo a los Refugiados) 3 ha evaluado las prácticas llevadas a cabo en Kenia y Turquía, dos Estados a los que ACNUR les ha "traspasado" recientemente la DCR. Aunque los elementos distintivos que intervienen en los diferentes traspasos pueden variar y este breve artículo no puede ofrecer una visión general, sí estudia algunas de las cuestiones relativas a los traspasos y las analiza de cara a los procesos de transición que se están desplegando en ambos países. Pregunta 1: ¿Reducirá el traspaso de la DCR la carga financiera de ACNUR? Aunque los Gobiernos estén dispuestos a asumir la DCR, es posible que no estén tan preparados para asumir todos los costes asociados. Por ejemplo, desde 2014, cuando comenzó realmente el traspaso en Kenia, ACNUR ha estado financiando la mayor parte de las operaciones de la Secretaría de Asuntos sobre los Refugiados, incluidos el pago de los salarios y la formación de su personal, la instalación de la infraestructura necesaria y la transferencia de la base de datos de la DCR. Hasta la fecha, el Gobierno no ha incorporado a su nómina a la mayor parte del personal operativo de dicha Secretaría, sino que lo ha clasificado como personal de proyectos cuyos salarios paga ACNUR. Algunos de estos empleados confesaron que esta incertidumbre e inseguridad laboral afectaba a su compromiso con este trabajo y que siempre estaban buscando mejores oportunidades en otros lugares. Como consecuencia, el Gobierno estaría teniendo problemas para retener a estos trabajadores capacitados, lo que les obliga a seguir formando constantemente a nuevo personal. En Turquía, a pesar del traspaso oficial de la DCR en septiembre de 2018, el presupuesto de ACNUR destinado a la determinación de la condición de refugiado ha seguido aumentando. Según las estadísticas de esta organización, en 2018, sus gastos relacionados con la determinación de la condición de refugiado ascendieron a 341 808 dólares estadounidenses; tras la declaración oficial del traspaso de la DCR, esta cifra superó el millón de dólares en 2019; y, en 2020, su presupuesto para la DCR fue de más de 5 millones. Ello se debe a que, en 2018, ACNUR todavía tuvo que seguir trabajando en la revisión de 3470 expedientes de casos en proceso de evaluación, y asumió otras 2640 solicitudes más que debían ser procesadas según unos procedimientos combinados de DCR y de reasentamiento 4 .

Research paper thumbnail of El reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado: no siempre se busca

Forced Migration Review, 2020

El reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado: no siempre se busca Derya Ozkul Algunos refugiado... more El reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado: no siempre se busca Derya Ozkul Algunos refugiados sirios en el Líbano han optado por no inscribirse en el registro de ACNUR porque creen-a menudo con razón-que el reconocimiento de su condición de refugiados menoscabará su libertad y el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria de su familia. El camino hacia la determinación de la condición de refugiado suele estar lleno de obstáculos que incluyen muchas entrevistas y largas esperas. Cuando a los refugiados se les aplica el reconocimiento grupal, el proceso se vuelve relativamente más sencillo y puede ser más eficiente para todas las partes. Pero cuando el organismo que se encarga de dicho reconocimiento es ACNUR, puede haber desacuerdos entre la organización y el Gobierno, incluso sobre colectivos de refugiados concretos. En el Líbano, por ejemplo, ACNUR dotó a todos los solicitantes de asilo procedentes de Siria (excepto a los palestinos y a aquellos a los que pudieran aplicarse exclusiones) de certificados de refugiado tras una breve entrevista de selección. Pero, a medida que iba aumentando el número de refugiados sirios, las tensiones entre el Gobierno libanés y ACNUR se intensificaron y, en 2015, ordenó a la organización internacional que dejara de conceder el reconocimiento a todos los nacionales sirios. Como consecuencia, aquellos que no habían llegado al Líbano o no se habían inscrito en ACNUR antes de enero de 2015 no pudieron conseguir un certificado de refugiado. ACNUR empezó a expedir volantes de cita con un código de barras (shifra) a los sirios que se acercaban a sus instalaciones después de esa fecha. Dicha shifra permitía el acceso a la ayuda financiera y a otras formas de asistencia que ACNUR ofrecía a los refugiados reconocidos, pero no al certificado de refugiado. Como parte de nuestro proyecto de investigación sobre los aspectos jurídicos y políticos de los regímenes de reconocimiento de los refugiados también analizamos cuál era la percepción que los solicitantes de asilo y los refugiados tenían del proceso de reconocimiento y cómo tomaban sus decisiones sobre inscribirse o no en el registro ante las autoridades 1. Como dato interesante, hallamos que algunos sirios (incluso entre los que habían tenido la opción de obtener el reconocimiento antes de 2015) optaron por no acudir a ACNUR 2. En este artículo analizamos las tres razones principales para tomar esa decisión: la preocupación sobre cómo la condición de refugiado afecta el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria; el temor a compartir datos; y el miedo a no poder volver a Siria de visita. Admitimos que estos hallazgos se basan únicamente en las percepciones de los propios solicitantes de asilo y refugiados. El impacto del reconocimiento en el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria Ante el creciente número de refugiados sirios que llegaron después de 2012, ACNUR introdujo las "evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad" con las que asistían económicamente a los refugiados a partir de ciertos criterios de vulnerabilidad. Los refugiados en el Líbano nos dijeron que los responsables del campo de ACNUR les preguntaban muchas cosas: sobre su acceso a alimentos, sus condiciones de vida, empleo, cuestiones de salud y otros asuntos, y que no les quedaba claro qué criterios eran más importantes. Además, como no se publican datos concretos sobre cómo computan esas evaluaciones, los refugiados tenían que hacer sus propias interpretaciones y desarrollar estrategias encaminadas a maximizar su acceso a la asistencia. En las entrevistas, los representantes de ACNUR confesaron que la evaluación del grado de vulnerabilidad es diferente para cada mecanismo de protección. Pero ante la falta de información concreta, muchos refugiados sacaron sus propias conclusiones: que ACNUR ofrecía asistencia económica sobre todo a los hogares encabezados por mujeres, a las familias en las que no había ningún hombre en edad de trabajar y a las que tenían varios hijos o también alguno con discapacidad. Sin querer, esto provocó que muchos hombres refugiados no se molestaran en inscribirse. En nuestro trabajo de campo nos encontramos con muchas familias de refugiados que habían decidido no inscribir en el registro de ACNUR a los hombres en edad de trabajar porque consideraban que hacerlo reduciría sus posibilidades de recibir ayuda económica.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2019). 'Transnationalism' in SAGE Handbook of International Migration (ed.) New York: Sage.

SAGE Handbook of International Migration, 2019

Transnationalism emerged as a critique and a move away from the assimilationist paradigm to under... more Transnationalism emerged as a critique and a move away from the assimilationist paradigm to understand how migrants were changing, while they were also shaping their new countries and former homelands. While the assimilationist model was focusing on what was happening in the receiving country, the scholarship on transnationalism changed the lens towards migrants themselves and some of their simultaneous relationships in their place of residence, their former homeland as well as other places where they may have family members and friends. This chapter gives an overview of the literature; identifies different forms and scales of transnationalism and suggests future directions for transnational migration research.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2020). Participatory Research: Still a One-Sided Research Agenda. Migration Letters.

Migration Letters, 2020

Despite the prevalence of the term over the last two decades, scholars have not agreed on a defin... more Despite the prevalence of the term over the last two decades, scholars have not agreed on a definition of, or approach towards, participation, although critiques have emphasised that participation is not an equal process for all parties involved. By reviewing the literature and giving examples from fieldwork carried out in Lebanon, this article agrees with the common critique around participation and reflects over the limitations resulting from inherent power imbalances between researchers and participants and among community members. It also argues that the "glorification of methods" alone disguises the politics and the one-sided nature of participatory research and disregards the question of to what extent participants are involved in the construction of the methodology. This article suggests that-despite the pressure from funders to find out innovative methods-participatory researchers would benefit from understanding participants' own ways of conceptualising and investigating a phenomenon, in order to build their methodology. This article explores these questions, particularly in research with migrants and refugees.

Research paper thumbnail of El regreso de los refugiados sirios del Líbano

Forced Migration Review, 2019

El análisis de las prácticas de retorno en el Líbano revela los retos para un retorno voluntario,... more El análisis de las prácticas de retorno en el Líbano revela los retos para un retorno voluntario, seguro y digno. A medida que el régimen de Asad recupera el control en la mayor parte de Siria, los refugiados se ven sometidos a una presión cada vez mayor para que regresen de los países vecinos, incluido el Líbano. Sin embargo, el análisis del complejo panorama político y de las actuales prácticas de retorno muestra que queda mucho por hacer para asegurar que los sirios puedan regresar voluntariamente en condiciones seguras y dignas. Aunque el Líbano continuó con su política de exención de visados para los sirios en las etapas iniciales de la guerra, la tensión entre los partidos políticos y entre los sirios y la población local se intensificó rápidamente. En 2014, algunos municipios comenzaron a imponer toques de queda a los sirios; y el Líbano ha ido aplicando políticas de gestión de fronteras cada vez más estrictas. En enero de 2015, el Líbano puso fin a su política de exención de visados y ordenó al la Agencia de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) que dejara de censar a los refugiados sirios. Las Oficinas de Seguridad General del Gobierno (GSO, por sus siglas en inglés) continuaron permitiendo en gran medida que las mujeres y los niños obtuvieran permisos de residencia gratuitos si disponían de un certificado de refugiado expedido por el ACNUR, pero exigían a los hombres que firmaran un compromiso de no trabajar en el Líbano. Las GSO han empleado estas prácticas de manera desigual pero, en general, la única manera de que los hombres obtengan un permiso de residencia ha sido estar avalados por un representante libanés (kafeel). Solicitar un permiso de residencia a través de un representante que te avale tiene un coste de US$ 200 anuales por cada miembro de la familia mayor de 15 años 1. Las dificultades para obtener los papeles y para poder costear las tasas han empujado a la mayoría de los sirios residentes en el Líbano a la ilegalidad. El desplazamiento desde Siria ha alterado el multisectario sistema político del Líbano, por el que se rigen sus 18 comunidades diferentes. Los partidos políticos no han sido capaces de desarrollar una respuesta consensuada ni en relación con el conflicto de Siria ni con la elaboración de la política de asilo. Algunas facciones libanesas han subrayado que la presencia de refugiados sirios, en su mayoría suníes, modifica la demografía del Líbano y amenaza el frágil equilibrio del poder compartido entre musulmanes y cristianos. Tan pronto como el régimen de Asad parecía haber tomado la delantera en la guerra de Siria, algunos actores políticos clave del Líbano se apresuraron a exigir el retorno de los refugiados sirios y lo promovieron mediante la aplicación de medidas de contención más severas. Los ayuntamientos y las GSO empezaron a aplicar leyes más estrictas que han restringido considerablemente el acceso de los sirios al empleo y a la vivienda, y que han reducido sus oportunidades para lograr un medio de vida. Los partidos políticos libaneses coinciden en que los desplazados sirios deben regresar, pero no hay consenso acerca de qué actores deben facilitar el proceso ni de los tiempos y las condiciones en las que debería tener lugar. En los últimos años, una profunda división en cuanto a si el gobierno debería facilitar o no el retorno y normalizar sus vínculos con el régimen sirio ha paralizado las negociaciones sobre un plan unificado de retorno de los refugiados. Las posiciones contrapuestas son en gran medida consecuencia de las diversas agendas geopolíticas de los actores libaneses en relación con la guerra en Siria. Las partes que han vivido los levantamientos de 2011 como una oportunidad para desmantelar el régimen de Asad consideran que el hecho de coordinarse con el régimen para el retorno de los refugiados refuerza la posición de este, mientras que los actores libaneses que se han puesto de parte del régimen sirio perciben la coordinación con las autoridades sirias como una señal a la comunidad internacional de que el régimen ha recuperado efectivamente el control sobre su territorio. Los canales de retorno En medio de este clima, se han producido retornos a Siria a pequeña escala a través de diversos canales, facilitados por la proliferación de actores libaneses oficiales y extraoficiales. Los sirios pueden solicitar el retorno-pendiente de la aprobación del gobierno de

Research paper thumbnail of Fakhoury, T. and Ozkul, D. (2019). Syrian refugees' return from Lebanon. Forced Migration Review. 62.

Forced Migration Review, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2019). The Making of a Transnational Religion:  Alevi Movement in Germany and the World Alevi Union. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46 (2).

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2019

The literature on migrants’ religious movements generally sees them as backward and conservative ... more The literature on migrants’ religious movements generally sees them as backward and conservative movements that are resistant to change. On the contrary, this paper shows that transnational religious movements are shaped by interactions between origin and destination places’ political, legal, and social structures, and may take different pathways across time and place. Analysing the development of the Alevi diaspora movement in Germany and the recent efforts to establish the World Alevi Union, the article argues that both the (old and new) states and the (old and new) societies they live in, as well as broader paradigm changes and their agency, have a direct influence on the ways migrants’ daily life practices alter in time.

Research paper thumbnail of Eder, Mine; Özkul, Derya. (2016). ‘Special Issue on Precarious lives and Syrian refugees in Turkey: Guest Editors’ Introduction’, New Perspectives on Turkey, 54: 1-8.

New Perspectives on Turkey

This special issue aims to map out different dimensions of the economic, social, and political un... more This special issue aims to map out different dimensions of the economic, social, and political uncertainties, the precariousness, the insecurity, and the “other- ing” that migrants, particularly Syrian refugees, are currently facing in Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2015). Alevi 'Openings' and the Politicisation of the 'Alevi Issue' during the AKP rule. Turkish Studies 16 (1): 80-96.

This article reviews recent government efforts to address the “Alevi issue” and identify their su... more This article reviews recent government efforts to address the “Alevi issue” and identify their successes and failures. It demonstrates that the “Alevi openings” constituted paradoxical processes: tracing various components of the “openings” through news media, it shows that, on one hand, they enabled the “Alevi issue” to be brought to public attention. On the other hand, once Alevis were made more visible in public, non-sympathizers could mobilize their representation for their own ends. These empirical findings have profound theoretical implications. They prove that “discursive claims of democratization” at the state level do not necessarily result in democratic mechanisms, which can resolve the demands of a civil society. The author argues that what she calls the “tutelary secularism” in Turkey, in other words, the management and disciplining of religious groups, continues under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule. This model not only fails, but also produces new sources of conflict in Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Castles, S; Ozkul, D; Arias Cubas, M. (2015). ‘International migration in an era of neoliberal social transformation’ in S Castles, D Ozkul and M Arias Cubas (eds) Social Transformation and Migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, Derya. (2015). ‘Migration flows in Turkey’s neoliberal era: the case of Kumkapı, Istanbul’ in S Castles, D Ozkul and M Arias Cubas (eds) Social Transformation and Migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, Derya. (2015). ‘Australie’ in Gildas Simon (ed) Dictionnaire des Migrations Internationales: Approche Géohistorique. Paris: Armand Colin.

Research paper thumbnail of Castles, S., Vasta, E., Ozkul, D. (2014). Australia: A Classical Immigration Country in Transition. In James F Hollifield, Philip L Martin, Pia M Orrenius (Eds.), Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, (pp. 128-150). Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2023). Refugee Recognition Regime Country Profile: Lebanon

Lebanon is one of the most important countries to understand the dynamics of the refugee recognit... more Lebanon is one of the most important countries to understand the dynamics of the refugee recognition regime. It has received a large number of displaced people, and since the arrival of Syrians, it has been the highest per capita refugee-hosting country in the world. It is, therefore, crucial to understand how displaced persons are received, how their asylum applications are assessed, and how their protection needs are met in the country. This report describes Lebanon’s refugee recognition regime and assesses UNHCR’s quality of recognition process and the quality of protection for asylum seekers and refugees. It provides an overview of existing legislation and brings together original insights from legal aid organisations, UNHCR staff, and asylum seekers and refugees. The report, outlined in seven sections, first gives an overview of the existing literature and then explains the methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. and Nalule, C. (2023). Recognising Refugees: A Review of the Literature and Approaches (1990-2020)

In a world with widespread conflict and persecution, and asylum policies of varying restrictivene... more In a world with widespread conflict and persecution, and asylum policies of varying restrictiveness, it is crucial to understand the processes protection seekers are subjected to when they seek refuge in another country. These processes have profound impacts. In general, refugee status brings with it crucial rights, in some contexts putting refugees on a pathway to permanent residency. Even in those countries, where rights are not so easily endowed, at least some protection is offered from refoulement1 and some basic rights.2 There are many routes to being recognised as a refugee, most commonly through formal refugee status determination (RSD). In the RefMig project, we take a purposefully broader understanding of refugee recognition, developing the concept of the refugee recognition regime, which encompasses individual RSD, but also the alternatives to it, including various forms of group recognition. Although the recognition processes and their outcomes are hugely impactful, the scholarship falls short of providing a systematic, global examination about their workings. This gap in scholarship has many explanations, including a general failure or disinterest in studying processes in the Global South, where most refugees reside. Moreover, there are inherent challenges to studying any form of bureaucratic decision-making. Despite the ‘black box’ nature of the process, scholars from various disciplines have explored at least some aspects of refugee recognition practices. This literature review focuses on research carried out on refugee recognition practices since the 1980s, with a particular emphasis on the years from 1990 to 2020.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2023). Automating Immigration and Asylum: The Uses of New Technologies in Migration and Asylum Governance in Europe

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2021). Suriyeli Mültecilerin Geri Dönüşü: Uluslararası Camiadaki Tartışmalar ve Lübnan Örneği. Istanbul: ISTANPOL.

ISTANPOL, 2021

Suriye’de yaşanan çatışmaların onuncu senesine girerken, Suriyelilerin geri dönüşü konusu, Türkiy... more Suriye’de yaşanan çatışmaların onuncu senesine girerken, Suriyelilerin geri dönüşü konusu, Türkiye siyasetinde giderek daha fazla tartışılmaya başlandı. Aslında bu konu, özellikle 2018 yılından itibaren, Suriye Devlet Başkanı Beşar Asad’ın gücünü geri kazanmasıyla ve çatışmaların kısmen sona ermesiyle birlikte, hem uluslararası camiada hem de çok sayıda Suriyelinin yaşadığı komşu ülkelerde bir süredir gündemdeydi. Bu analizde Dr. Derya Özkul, geri dönüş konusunun hem uluslararası camiada, hem de Türkiye’den sonra en çok Suriyeli barındıran Lübnan’da nasıl tartışıldığını inceliyor.

https://www.istanpol.org/post/suriyeli-mültecilerin-geri-dönüşü-uluslararası-camiadaki-tartışmalar-ve-lübnan-örneği

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2020). COVID-19 Salgını Süreci ve Sonrası için Göçmen, Sığınmacı ve Mültecilere Yönelik Politika Önerileri. Istanbul: ISTANPOL.

Derya Ozkul, 2020

COVID-19 salgın süreci, tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de gelir düzeyi en düşük, metrekare ba... more COVID-19 salgın süreci, tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de gelir düzeyi en düşük, metrekare başına düşen hane sayısı en kalabalık ve ‘evden çalışma’ önerilerine uyamayan, sahada çalışmak durumunda kalan sağlık çalışanlarını ve üretimi devam ettiren mavi yakalı işçileri etkilemiştir. Bu kesimin içinde düzensiz göçmenler, sığınmacılar ve mülteciler, çalışma ve barınma koşulları nedeniyle en riskli gruplardan birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu politika raporunda Dr. Derya Özkul, COVID-19 salgını boyunca düzensiz göçmenler, sığınmacılar ve mültecilerin yaşadıkları sorunlar temelinde, Türkiye'deki durum ve dünyadaki örneklerden hareketle alınması gereken önlemleri ve mevcut politika seçeneklerini tartışıyor.

Research paper thumbnail of Syrian and Iraqi Refugee Settlement in Australia

This is the first background report of a three-year project, which looks at the Syrian and Iraqi ... more This is the first background report of a three-year project, which looks at the Syrian and Iraqi refugee settlement outcomes in Australia, with a focus on English language competency, education and employment using a policy network analysis with a place-based focus, locating the family unit at the centre of our analysis. The three-year study of 200 recently arrived refugee families—150 from Syria and Iraq and 50 from Afghanistan (as a control group)—employs a mixed-method approach including face-to-face interviews, a survey, and documentary analysis. In addition to drawing on and placing the SCR families at the centre of our analysis, the project will also draw on the insights of key stakeholders in the field, including policymakers, NGO representatives, employers and educators along with our national and international partner insights in order to shape national and international best practice. The project is funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC)-Linkage Grant and industry partners in Australia including Access Community Services, AMES Australia, Multicultural Development Association (MDA) and Settlement Services International (SSI) who provide valuable input in interviewee recruitment and research outputs. Best practices will be identified through collaboration with these industry partners in Australia and researchers in Canada, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, and the UK. The focus of this first report is on the key characteristics of the recently arrived Syrian-Iraqi conflict refugees, the Afghani refugee control group and the main policy prescriptions employed to assist with their needs post settlement in the three main States of settlement in Australia: New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld) and Victoria (Vic). The aim of this report, therefore, is to provide a descriptive context for the current study while also detailing the convergence and divergence in policy prescriptions facilitating the settlement of this intake into the aforementioned states.

Research paper thumbnail of Castles, S., Vasta, E. and Ozkul, D. (2012). ‘The Internal Dynamics of Migration Processes and their Consequences for Australian Government Migration Policies’, Sydney: University of Sydney.

Research paper thumbnail of Castles, S., Arias, M., Koleth, E., Kim, C., Ozkul, D. and Williamson, R. (2011). ‘Karl Polanyi and Understanding Social Transformation’, Social Transformation and International Migration in the 21st Century Working Paper No 1, Sydney: University of Sydney.

Castles, S., Arias, M., Koleth, E., Kim, C., Ozkul, D. and Williamson, R. (2011). ‘Karl Polanyi and Understanding Social Transformation’, Social Transformation and International Migration in the 21st Century Working Paper No 1, Sydney: University of Sydney.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. (2011). ‘Circular Migration Schemes: Renewed Interests in Destination Countries’, CARIM Best Participant Essays Series AS 2011/61, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute.

"Abstract: This article looks at the emergence of the concept of circular migration in the Eu... more "Abstract:

This article looks at the emergence of the concept of circular migration in the European Union (EU) and makes three main arguments. First, it argues that circular migration as a concept is not a new phenomenon but that if the circular migration schemes (CMSs) are implemented in a strictly controlled manner, they can lead to even more unexpected results than those of previous guest-worker programmes. As the old temporary guest-worker programmes proved that temporary migration was not a temporary issue, the presently discussed legislation on CMSs can illustrate that migrants cannot be forcibly circulated, without creating new allegiances and new sub/supra national identities that would eventually alter the very foundations of the national states. Second, looking at the developmental discourse of the legislative debates, the article argues that instead of a triple-win situation, CMSs conceal the further securitisation of the EU’s borders, which, in turn can transform national governments’ authority over the longer term. This is related to the third and final argument. The very emergence of these schemes evinces the change in time and space configurations in the contemporary world, which illustrates the liberal paradox faced by national states. Instead of limiting the discussion on whether or not to launch the CMSs, this article ultimately elaborates on structural changes that facilitate their emergence and finally on their implications that should be considered in a broader sense.

Résumé:

Cette analyse s’attache à définir les contours du concept de migration circulaire au sein de l’Union européenne (UE), et à dresser un argumentaire divisé en trois sections. D’une part, l’étude part du postulat que la migration circulaire définie comme concept n’est pas un phénomène nouveau et que la mise en oeuvre des schémas de la migration circulaire (SMC) sous un contrôle strict serait de nature à conduire à des résultats beaucoup moins prévisibles que ceux ressortant des précédents programmes de travailleurs invités. Ces anciens programmes de travailleurs invités temporaires ont bien attesté que la migration temporaire ne relevait pas d’une question temporaire : les débats législatifs en cours autour de l’adoption d’une réglementation ès SMC révèlent que les migrants ne peuvent être contraints à circuler, sans précisément générer de nouvelles allégeances et de nouvelles identités sous- et supranationales de nature à altérer substantiellement les bases des Etats nationaux. D’autre part, et au regard des principaux arguments ressortant des débats législatifs, cet article argumente que, au lieu de tracer les contours d’un jeu à triple somme positive, les SMC se proposent d’assurer de facto une plus grande sécurisation des frontières de l’UE ce qui, en retour, pourrait amener à alimenter une controverse quant à l’autorité des gouvernements nationaux et ce, sur un long terme. Cette question est étroitement liée au troisième et dernier argument. En effet, l’émergence de ces schémas manifeste un changement profond et substantiel dans la configuration du temps et de l’espace du monde actuel, ce qui atteste, en retour, du paradoxe libéral au sein duquel sont versés les Etats nationaux. La présente analyse se propose d’aller au-delà du débat entourant l’opportunité ou non de dresser des SMC et se penche, en dernier lieu, à la fois sur les changements structurels de nature à faciliter précisément leur émergence, et sur leurs implications largement entendues."

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. 2012. The Politics of European Citizenship: Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights & Migration Policy, Peo Hansen and Sandy Brian Hager (Berghahn Books, 2010), Journal of European Social Policy, 22 (3), 332-333.

Research paper thumbnail of Ozkul, D. 2011. Beyond a Border: The Causes and Consequences of Contemporary Immigration, Thomas Faist and Peter Kivisto (SAGE/Pine Forge Press, 2010), Journal of Sociology, 47 (2), 222-223.

Journal of Sociology, Jan 1, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of "Like Handing My Whole Life Over": The German Federal Administrative Court's Landmark Ruling on Mobile Phone Data Extraction in Asylum Procedures

On 16 February 2023, the German Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) ruled that the practice of ... more On 16 February 2023, the German Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) ruled that the practice of regularly analysing data carriers, including mobile phones, by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) when registering asylum applicants is illegal (BVerwG 1 C 19.21). The judgement arrives after the Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte's (GFF) efforts to reveal this practice's details and take legal action against its use in the asylum procedure. In this post, we briefly overview this practice and analyse this judgement and its implications. We argue that although this judgement represents an important victory for asylum seekers' and refugees' data protection and privacy, some controversial aspects of this practice still require clarification.

Research paper thumbnail of Access to Education for Syrian Refugee Children Living in Lebanon

Available at: http://politeknik.de/p10839/ in English

Research paper thumbnail of Response to the Commentary by Elena Caneva on Transnational Migration Research

Research paper thumbnail of Workshop on  Social Transformation and International Migration in Turkey, Boğaziçi University, 8-9 January 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Call for Papers for an International Workshop on Social Transformation and International Migration in Turkey, Boğaziçi University, 8-9 January 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Alevi Agency in Changing Political Contexts

Edinburgh University Press eBooks, Feb 3, 2022

This chapter introduces the main concerns of this book – that is, the agency Alevis display when ... more This chapter introduces the main concerns of this book – that is, the agency Alevis display when facing discrimination in Turkey and their struggles for recognition and representation in political and social spheres in Turkey and in the diaspora, as well as how these struggles change Alevi rituals, representation, and authority. This first chapter introduces significant changes in the political landscape in Turkey and its consequences for Alevi recognition. The analysis of these issues needs to be explored in relation to Alevis’ agency in navigating, resisting and/or changing political structures.

Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Beyond a Border: the Causes and Consequences of Contemporary Immigration

Journal of Sociology, Jun 1, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Asylum Matters: On the Front Line of Administrative Decision-Making

International Journal of Refugee Law, Mar 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Transnationalism

SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Alevi Movement in Germany and Australia: Towards a Transnational Movement

Edinburgh University Press eBooks, Feb 3, 2022

This chapter explores how the changing immigration and diversity policies of Germany and Australi... more This chapter explores how the changing immigration and diversity policies of Germany and Australia – two countries with different historical traditions towards migrants – have influenced the community formation of Alevi migrants. Through a longitudinal study from the 1960s to 2020, the chapter shows that despite different political and legal environments, Alevis in both countries have largely followed a similar path. While they first started organizing with other migrants to work on their labor rights, they later established their own cultural organizations, and more recently religious/faith-based centers. The author argues that the Alevi movement’s changing dynamics should be examined in parallel with changes in national political structures, growing radical Islamist movements and prejudices against Muslims in Western countries, as well as the rise in Islamist politics and discrimination towards Alevis in Turkey.

Research paper thumbnail of Using collaborative peer engagement to bring a decolonising lens to teaching practice

Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: The Politics of European Citizenship: Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights & Migration Policy

Journal of European Social Policy, Jun 28, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of The making of a transnational religion: Alevi movement in Germany and the World Alevi union

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Jan 28, 2019

The literature on migrants' religious movements generally see them as backward and conservative m... more The literature on migrants' religious movements generally see them as backward and conservative movements that are resistant to change. On the contrary, this paper shows that transnational religious movements are shaped by interactions between origin and destination places' political, legal, and social structures, and may take different pathways across time and place. Analysing the development of the Alevi diaspora movement in Germany and the recent efforts to establish the World Alevi Union, the article argues that both the (old and new) states and the (old and new) societies they live in, as well as broader paradigm changes and their agency have a direct influence on the ways migrants' daily life practices alter in time.

Research paper thumbnail of ‘But You Try to Dig the Hole; Why?’: A Review of the Hearing

Journal of Refugee Studies

Research paper thumbnail of In memory of Stephen Castles: Studying migration as part of social transformation

Research paper thumbnail of Alevi Agency in Changing Political Contexts

The Alevis in Modern Turkey and the Diaspora

This chapter introduces the main concerns of this book – that is, the agency Alevis display when ... more This chapter introduces the main concerns of this book – that is, the agency Alevis display when facing discrimination in Turkey and their struggles for recognition and representation in political and social spheres in Turkey and in the diaspora, as well as how these struggles change Alevi rituals, representation, and authority. This first chapter introduces significant changes in the political landscape in Turkey and its consequences for Alevi recognition. The analysis of these issues needs to be explored in relation to Alevis’ agency in navigating, resisting and/or changing political structures.

Research paper thumbnail of Asylum Matters: On the Front Line of Administrative Decision-Making

International Journal of Refugee Law

Research paper thumbnail of 8 the Alevi Movement in Germany and Australia: Towards a Transnational Movement

The Alevis in Modern Turkey and the Diaspora

Research paper thumbnail of 1 Alevi Agency in Changing Political Contexts

The Alevis in Modern Turkey and the Diaspora

Research paper thumbnail of Using collaborative peer engagement to bring a decolonising lens to teaching practice

TASA 2019, 2019

The oral mucosa is constantly contaminated by a large number of microorganisms that may cause dis... more The oral mucosa is constantly contaminated by a large number of microorganisms that may cause diseases such as periodontitis and caries. The present paper aims to study the effectiveness of the antimicrobial effect of combined use of antibacterial drugs (AD) and low-intensity laser radiation (LLR) on S. aureus S. salivarius isolated from the oral cavity. The study included 20 individuals with dental caries, 20 individuals with periodontitis and 10 without any signs of dental disease. The material for the microbacterial study was collected from surfaces of the teeth, oral cavity with dental caries and periodontal pockets. The intensity of bacterial isolation was estimated by two factors: the frequency of isolation and percentage of other aerobic microorganisms. The obtained data demonstrated that the use of several antibacterial drugs had a different impact on the strains of S. salivarius and S. aureus, depending on the source of their collection. The collected isolates were used to determine the effect of a 5 minute laser radiation combined with antibacterial drugs. The simultaneous use of antibacterial therapy and laser radiation showed an increase in the therapeutic effect of all investigated antibiotics followed by the inhibition of the growth presentations in S. aureus and S. salivarius. The application of photodynamic therapy, e.g. LLR, combined with antibacterial drugs allowed to achieve a complete inhibition of the microbial growth.

Research paper thumbnail of Refugee recognition: not always sought

Forced migration review, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Disrupting whiteness in the classroom: Early stages of a collaborative investigation

Dr Kim McLeod will discuss how a team of teachers is undertaking a collaborative examination of t... more Dr Kim McLeod will discuss how a team of teachers is undertaking a collaborative examination of the lived experience of classroom teaching and learning, in order to explore what it means to decolonise teaching in practice.

Research paper thumbnail of TASA 2012 Conference: University of Queensland, Brisbane, 26-29 November 2012 Conference Proceedings

Proceedings of 'Emerging and Enduring Inequalities', the Australian Sociological Associat... more Proceedings of 'Emerging and Enduring Inequalities', the Australian Sociological Association Annual Conference, held in St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, from 26 to 29 November 2012. The conference theme is “Emerging and Enduring Inequalities”. Some of the themes covered are themes of Crime and Governance, Cultural Sociology, Environment and Society, Families, Relationships, Gender and Health

Research paper thumbnail of Special Issue: Precarious lives and Syrian refugees in Turkey

New Perspectives on Turkey, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging and enduring inequalities : Refereed conference proceedings of the Australian sociological association (TASA)2012 annual conference