Robert W Alexander | University of Washington (original) (raw)

Papers by Robert W Alexander

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2013

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide background on methods of acquiring autolog... more Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide background on methods of acquiring autologous adipose tissue as a tissue graft and a source of adult progenitor cells for use in cosmetic plastic surgery; to discuss the background and mechanisms of action of closed syringe vacuum lipoaspiration, with emphasis on accessing adipose tissues for use in aesthetic, structural reconstruction and regenerative applications; and to explain a proven protocol for acquiring high-quality autologous fat grafts with use of closed syringe, disposable, microcannula systems. Materials and Methods: An explanation is provided for the components of and the advantages of using the super Luer-lock and microcannulas system with standard Luer syringes. Equipment selection is described, and a sequential explanation is presented for conducting minimally traumatic lipoaspiration in small volumes, including use of blunt injection cannulas to reduce risk of embolism. Results: Thousands of autologous fat graf...

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2001

Introduction: Adipose tissue is readily available for autotransplantation. Over many years, the p... more Introduction: Adipose tissue is readily available for autotransplantation. Over many years, the popularity of fat transplantation surgery has waxed and waned as a result of relatively inconsistent and unpredictable survival. Many factors influence the success of autologous fat tissue grafts, some of which can be controlled by the surgeon. Examples include the use of minimally traumatic cannulae, low pressure suction, careful handling of graft tissues, and aseptic techniques. There is emerging evidence that fat grafts may be made more reliable and consistent by careful selection of donor sites and by influencing certain healing mechanisms that control cellular recruitment, migration, and differentiation at the recipient site. Materials and Methods: This paper presents an innovative technique that provides a means to isolate autologous platelet rich plasma for use with autologous fat for the purposes of enhanced tissue augmentation. Results: The apparent concentration and greater quan...

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 1999

This paper is the result of the organized efforts of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery's L... more This paper is the result of the organized efforts of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery's Liposuction Practices Task Force, the primary organization providing information, research and training in liposuction. The task force commissioned the world's largest professional services firm, Arthur Andersen, to conduct an independent survey of AACS membership during the summer of 1998. The survey's focus includes liposuction practitioners, their training, practice standards, and complications. Collaborative preparation,

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2006

Objectives: Autologous fat theoretically provides one of the most ideal mediums for soft-tissue a... more Objectives: Autologous fat theoretically provides one of the most ideal mediums for soft-tissue augmentation and reconstruction, although its clinical applications have been marked with skepticism because of its documented unreliable survival. Over the years, numerous unsuccessful efforts have set forth to elucidate modifications in the application process of autologous fat grafts to allow the medium greater clinical predictability. This study aims to investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on autologous fat grafts when used in conjunction with each other in soft tissue augmentation and reconstruction. Study Design: Retrospective review, over a 30-month period, of consecutive patients with results greater than 6 months in duration. Methods: This study is based on clinical experiences representing 2033 grafts in 448 consecutive patients using PRP additives and in the previous 132 patients who had syringe harvest without use of PRP. All PRP isolates were harvested via th...

In veterinary medicine, there are options available for both small and large animal practitioners... more In veterinary medicine, there are options available for both small and large animal practitioners to utilize autologous adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (AD-SCs) to promote healing for injuries and degenerative joint disease' • By provision of a living bioscaffolding to encourage stem cell adherence—proliferation, the additional cell availability can be further enhanced with addition of high-density platelet-rich plasma (HDPRP). • The potential of stem/stromal cells, coupled with important inflammatory promotion (HDPRP), is recognized as safe and efficacious in both open wound surgical care and guided placement. • The ability to prepare a site for skin graft by placement of AD-SCs in recalcitrant full-thickness wounds speeds the healing and recuperation of small and large defects in animals. • AD-SCs are of significant value in musculoskeletal tissue injury or disease because there is gradual depletion of native stem/stromal cells in chronic injury or degenerative states. • Mu...

New England Journal of Medicine, 1986

Regenerative Medicine and Plastic Surgery, 2019

Cellular and biocellular uses of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in plastic and reconstructive... more Cellular and biocellular uses of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in plastic and reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine have relatively recently come to forefront of the practice of medicine and surgery as a therapeutic option. The concept of “Healing Yourself with Your Own Tissues and Cells” is rapidly resulting in a paradigm shift in patient care for a very wide variety of clinical applications and patient needs. Simply put, the ability to identify and acquire important reparative cell populations and concentrate them has become of significant importance. Offering a proactive means of using the patient’s own tissues and cells is providing a major complement to traditional medication applications. Local and systemic delivery has been greatly advanced with point-of-care abilities to do such isolations and concentrations. As cellular options are evolving in studies, and better recognized in clinical trials for safety and efficacy, the day of “customized” effective therapies will be reported and expanded.

Autologous fat grafting: use of closed syringe microcannula system for enhanced autologous struct... more Autologous fat grafting: use of closed syringe microcannula system for enhanced autologous structural grafting

*Correspondence: Robert W Alexander, Department of Surgery, University of Washington (Seattle) Sc... more *Correspondence: Robert W Alexander, Department of Surgery, University of Washington (Seattle) School of Medicine & Dentistry, 715 Main Street, Suite B, MT 59870, Stevensville, USA, E-mail: rwamd@cybernet1.com Received Date: 07 May 2018 Accepted Date: 15 May 2018 Published Date: 18 May 2018 Citation: Alexander RW. Bio Cellular Regenerative Repair of Traumatic Full Thickness Tear of Abdominal Wall Rectus Musculature Using Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction. Clin Surg. 2018; 3: 1972. Copyright © 2018 Robert W Alexander. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Clinical Image Published: 18 May, 2018

International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal, 2017

As example, we present use of the PIXYL software in a case of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a frequent... more As example, we present use of the PIXYL software in a case of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a frequently occurring inflammatory, demyelinating, and autoimmune disorder of the CNS. 1-3 Specifically, white matter tracts are involved, including cerebral, infra-tentorial, and spinal cord area. Lesions, referred to as "plaques" are often visible on MRI (with and without contrast), and pose a challenge to diagnosis, interpret, or track effects of medications or cellular-based therapies 4,5 (Figure 1) (Figure 2). MRI has revolutionized the diagnosis and monitoring of such patients. Its sensitivity and interpretations are enhanced with use of contrast media, making early evaluations in patient's even with a single episode of neurologic impairment who do not meet the clinical criteria for diagnosis. 6 Use of 3-dimensional (3-D), T2* weighted, gradientecho ((T2*GRE) and white matter-attenuated, turbo-field-echo (TFE) sequences at 7T field strength is very effective at recording most cortical lesions. 7 MRI contrast use helps identify variations reflecting alterations in brain iron and myelin. 8,9 Figure 1 Clinical Trial Outline of Treatment.

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2007

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 1999

50<:' , : .JOO:r : 30','" : 10..... : 10 ';' " ~ 0"", ... more 50<:' , : .JOO:r : 30','" : 10..... : 10 ';' " ~ 0"", . By Specia lty Who ad ministe rs the Anes thes ia '? Liposuction: Practitioner Profile This paper is the result of the organized efforts of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery's Liposuction Practices Task Force, the primary organization providing information, research and training in liposuction. The task force commissioned the world's largest professional services firm, Arthur Andersen, to conduct an independent survey ofAACS membership during the summer of 1998. The survey's focus includes liposuction practitioners, their training, practice standards, and complications. Collaborative preparation, writing and review of this paper was conducted by task force chairs Richard L. Dolsky, MD and Robert F. Jackson, MD, and taskforce members Robert W Alexander, MD, DMD, Guillermo D. Castillo, MD, Claude H. Crockett, Jr., MD, Richard G. Glogau, MD, C. William Hanke, MD, Jeffrey A. Klein, MD, Edward B. Lack, MD, Marc S. Leventhal, MD, Steven E. Nathanson, MD, and Howard A. Tobin, MD.

evergreenmedicalcentre.com

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 2011

Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020

A coronavirus (nCoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic, beginning in Wuhan, China. Patient’s acqu... more A coronavirus (nCoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic, beginning in Wuhan, China. Patient’s acquiring viral infection (COVID-19) which is often featured by elevation of temperature (>100.3 F°), cough, severe fatigue, and a variety of symptoms mimicking the flu and pneumonias. This gradually may extend to a progressive and serious respiratory failure with associated ARDS-like status and severe pneumonias with residual scarring of the interstitial areas of the lung alveoli, resulting in acute life-threatening, and permanent compromised gas exchange. Those that survive with controlled ventilation (low tidal volumes), medical induced coma, and prone positioning, are often left with reduction in pulmonary function abilities. This paper reviews some pertinent knowledge and advances in understanding of the pulmonary injuries and long-term damage of the COVID-19 patients, and reports a study to ameliorate such damage with use of cSVF for those who successfully recover. There now exist...

Background: With rapid growth of experiences and techniques in the field of Biocellular Regenerat... more Background: With rapid growth of experiences and techniques in the field of Biocellular Regenerative Medicine, clinical scientists and biotechnical advancements constantly seek to understand and optimize uses of the multipotent heterogeneous cellular populations found in adipose tissue complex. The value of including the living, native bioscaffolding within the adipose tissues has likewise gained importance associated with the biologically trophic effects and cellular attachment capabilities believed to positively influence undifferentiated stromal cells in the native sites and biocellular grafts placed. These bonds are felt necessary for cellular activation, proliferation, and contributing to an auto-amplification system within the processes of homeostasis, regeneration, and repair in a “site specific” manner. Appreciation of uses of biologicals (such as platelet-rich and bone marrow concentrates) has grown, and felt to provide a trophic influence on a variety of sites and applicat...

Journal of Stem Cells Research, Development & Therapy

Paper presents an overview of cellular and biocellular uses of both cellular Stromal Vascular Fac... more Paper presents an overview of cellular and biocellular uses of both cellular Stromal Vascular Faction (cSVF) elements and evolving applications of tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction (tSVF) component in repair and regeneration. Use of autologous stem/stromal components in human homeostasis and healing has shaped an evolving paradigm shift in many disciplines of Medicine & Surgery. Mass production or patentability of a patient's own cell and stromal elements is a very unlikely possibility, making the use of these element supported by pharmaceutical companies unavailable. As a very heterogenous mixture of cells in the cSVF, some actual stem/stromal cell mix offer unique uses which are complimented in the actual multipotent cells and their supportive cells felt to be important in optimizing their functions. Appreciation that the paracrine secretive factors play an integral role in the regenerative milieu, have led to examination of signaling via exosomal & micro vesicle communications. Discussion of terms, who are providing these services, and the realm of applications evolving is discussed. Appreciation of the contribution of "biologicals" (in this context, meaning platelet-rich plasma concentrates) to enhance the repair and regenerative uses of stem/

Prolotherapy is a proven technique for resolving musculoskeletal pain, but can have limitations i... more Prolotherapy is a proven technique for resolving musculoskeletal pain, but can have limitations if tissue damage is too severe. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Prolotherapy o�耀ers a physiologic tool in some of those cases, but this too may fail. One explanation for de�耀cient repair is when undi�耀erentiated adult stem repair cells are inadequate in number or cannot be stimulated within the damaged tissue site. With improved understanding of tissue healing and regeneration, stem cell Prolotherapy is gaining signi�耀cant clinical importance and potential. Using Prolotherapy technique, with ultrasound guidance, placement of a living biosca�耀old of autologous adipose (fat) tissue and its mesenchymal stem/stromal cell population, mixed with critically important high-density PRP (de�耀ned as a minimum concentration of >4 times circulating baseline platelet levels), provides enhanced musculoskeletal healing, shifting the clinical paradigm. The protocol described within this paper for stem cell ...

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2013

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide background on methods of acquiring autolog... more Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide background on methods of acquiring autologous adipose tissue as a tissue graft and a source of adult progenitor cells for use in cosmetic plastic surgery; to discuss the background and mechanisms of action of closed syringe vacuum lipoaspiration, with emphasis on accessing adipose tissues for use in aesthetic, structural reconstruction and regenerative applications; and to explain a proven protocol for acquiring high-quality autologous fat grafts with use of closed syringe, disposable, microcannula systems. Materials and Methods: An explanation is provided for the components of and the advantages of using the super Luer-lock and microcannulas system with standard Luer syringes. Equipment selection is described, and a sequential explanation is presented for conducting minimally traumatic lipoaspiration in small volumes, including use of blunt injection cannulas to reduce risk of embolism. Results: Thousands of autologous fat graf...

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2001

Introduction: Adipose tissue is readily available for autotransplantation. Over many years, the p... more Introduction: Adipose tissue is readily available for autotransplantation. Over many years, the popularity of fat transplantation surgery has waxed and waned as a result of relatively inconsistent and unpredictable survival. Many factors influence the success of autologous fat tissue grafts, some of which can be controlled by the surgeon. Examples include the use of minimally traumatic cannulae, low pressure suction, careful handling of graft tissues, and aseptic techniques. There is emerging evidence that fat grafts may be made more reliable and consistent by careful selection of donor sites and by influencing certain healing mechanisms that control cellular recruitment, migration, and differentiation at the recipient site. Materials and Methods: This paper presents an innovative technique that provides a means to isolate autologous platelet rich plasma for use with autologous fat for the purposes of enhanced tissue augmentation. Results: The apparent concentration and greater quan...

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 1999

This paper is the result of the organized efforts of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery's L... more This paper is the result of the organized efforts of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery's Liposuction Practices Task Force, the primary organization providing information, research and training in liposuction. The task force commissioned the world's largest professional services firm, Arthur Andersen, to conduct an independent survey of AACS membership during the summer of 1998. The survey's focus includes liposuction practitioners, their training, practice standards, and complications. Collaborative preparation,

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2006

Objectives: Autologous fat theoretically provides one of the most ideal mediums for soft-tissue a... more Objectives: Autologous fat theoretically provides one of the most ideal mediums for soft-tissue augmentation and reconstruction, although its clinical applications have been marked with skepticism because of its documented unreliable survival. Over the years, numerous unsuccessful efforts have set forth to elucidate modifications in the application process of autologous fat grafts to allow the medium greater clinical predictability. This study aims to investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on autologous fat grafts when used in conjunction with each other in soft tissue augmentation and reconstruction. Study Design: Retrospective review, over a 30-month period, of consecutive patients with results greater than 6 months in duration. Methods: This study is based on clinical experiences representing 2033 grafts in 448 consecutive patients using PRP additives and in the previous 132 patients who had syringe harvest without use of PRP. All PRP isolates were harvested via th...

In veterinary medicine, there are options available for both small and large animal practitioners... more In veterinary medicine, there are options available for both small and large animal practitioners to utilize autologous adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (AD-SCs) to promote healing for injuries and degenerative joint disease' • By provision of a living bioscaffolding to encourage stem cell adherence—proliferation, the additional cell availability can be further enhanced with addition of high-density platelet-rich plasma (HDPRP). • The potential of stem/stromal cells, coupled with important inflammatory promotion (HDPRP), is recognized as safe and efficacious in both open wound surgical care and guided placement. • The ability to prepare a site for skin graft by placement of AD-SCs in recalcitrant full-thickness wounds speeds the healing and recuperation of small and large defects in animals. • AD-SCs are of significant value in musculoskeletal tissue injury or disease because there is gradual depletion of native stem/stromal cells in chronic injury or degenerative states. • Mu...

New England Journal of Medicine, 1986

Regenerative Medicine and Plastic Surgery, 2019

Cellular and biocellular uses of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in plastic and reconstructive... more Cellular and biocellular uses of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in plastic and reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine have relatively recently come to forefront of the practice of medicine and surgery as a therapeutic option. The concept of “Healing Yourself with Your Own Tissues and Cells” is rapidly resulting in a paradigm shift in patient care for a very wide variety of clinical applications and patient needs. Simply put, the ability to identify and acquire important reparative cell populations and concentrate them has become of significant importance. Offering a proactive means of using the patient’s own tissues and cells is providing a major complement to traditional medication applications. Local and systemic delivery has been greatly advanced with point-of-care abilities to do such isolations and concentrations. As cellular options are evolving in studies, and better recognized in clinical trials for safety and efficacy, the day of “customized” effective therapies will be reported and expanded.

Autologous fat grafting: use of closed syringe microcannula system for enhanced autologous struct... more Autologous fat grafting: use of closed syringe microcannula system for enhanced autologous structural grafting

*Correspondence: Robert W Alexander, Department of Surgery, University of Washington (Seattle) Sc... more *Correspondence: Robert W Alexander, Department of Surgery, University of Washington (Seattle) School of Medicine & Dentistry, 715 Main Street, Suite B, MT 59870, Stevensville, USA, E-mail: rwamd@cybernet1.com Received Date: 07 May 2018 Accepted Date: 15 May 2018 Published Date: 18 May 2018 Citation: Alexander RW. Bio Cellular Regenerative Repair of Traumatic Full Thickness Tear of Abdominal Wall Rectus Musculature Using Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction. Clin Surg. 2018; 3: 1972. Copyright © 2018 Robert W Alexander. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Clinical Image Published: 18 May, 2018

International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal, 2017

As example, we present use of the PIXYL software in a case of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a frequent... more As example, we present use of the PIXYL software in a case of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a frequently occurring inflammatory, demyelinating, and autoimmune disorder of the CNS. 1-3 Specifically, white matter tracts are involved, including cerebral, infra-tentorial, and spinal cord area. Lesions, referred to as "plaques" are often visible on MRI (with and without contrast), and pose a challenge to diagnosis, interpret, or track effects of medications or cellular-based therapies 4,5 (Figure 1) (Figure 2). MRI has revolutionized the diagnosis and monitoring of such patients. Its sensitivity and interpretations are enhanced with use of contrast media, making early evaluations in patient's even with a single episode of neurologic impairment who do not meet the clinical criteria for diagnosis. 6 Use of 3-dimensional (3-D), T2* weighted, gradientecho ((T2*GRE) and white matter-attenuated, turbo-field-echo (TFE) sequences at 7T field strength is very effective at recording most cortical lesions. 7 MRI contrast use helps identify variations reflecting alterations in brain iron and myelin. 8,9 Figure 1 Clinical Trial Outline of Treatment.

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 2007

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, 1999

50<:' , : .JOO:r : 30','" : 10..... : 10 ';' " ~ 0"", ... more 50<:' , : .JOO:r : 30','" : 10..... : 10 ';' " ~ 0"", . By Specia lty Who ad ministe rs the Anes thes ia '? Liposuction: Practitioner Profile This paper is the result of the organized efforts of the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery's Liposuction Practices Task Force, the primary organization providing information, research and training in liposuction. The task force commissioned the world's largest professional services firm, Arthur Andersen, to conduct an independent survey ofAACS membership during the summer of 1998. The survey's focus includes liposuction practitioners, their training, practice standards, and complications. Collaborative preparation, writing and review of this paper was conducted by task force chairs Richard L. Dolsky, MD and Robert F. Jackson, MD, and taskforce members Robert W Alexander, MD, DMD, Guillermo D. Castillo, MD, Claude H. Crockett, Jr., MD, Richard G. Glogau, MD, C. William Hanke, MD, Jeffrey A. Klein, MD, Edward B. Lack, MD, Marc S. Leventhal, MD, Steven E. Nathanson, MD, and Howard A. Tobin, MD.

evergreenmedicalcentre.com

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 2011

Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020

A coronavirus (nCoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic, beginning in Wuhan, China. Patient’s acqu... more A coronavirus (nCoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic, beginning in Wuhan, China. Patient’s acquiring viral infection (COVID-19) which is often featured by elevation of temperature (>100.3 F°), cough, severe fatigue, and a variety of symptoms mimicking the flu and pneumonias. This gradually may extend to a progressive and serious respiratory failure with associated ARDS-like status and severe pneumonias with residual scarring of the interstitial areas of the lung alveoli, resulting in acute life-threatening, and permanent compromised gas exchange. Those that survive with controlled ventilation (low tidal volumes), medical induced coma, and prone positioning, are often left with reduction in pulmonary function abilities. This paper reviews some pertinent knowledge and advances in understanding of the pulmonary injuries and long-term damage of the COVID-19 patients, and reports a study to ameliorate such damage with use of cSVF for those who successfully recover. There now exist...

Background: With rapid growth of experiences and techniques in the field of Biocellular Regenerat... more Background: With rapid growth of experiences and techniques in the field of Biocellular Regenerative Medicine, clinical scientists and biotechnical advancements constantly seek to understand and optimize uses of the multipotent heterogeneous cellular populations found in adipose tissue complex. The value of including the living, native bioscaffolding within the adipose tissues has likewise gained importance associated with the biologically trophic effects and cellular attachment capabilities believed to positively influence undifferentiated stromal cells in the native sites and biocellular grafts placed. These bonds are felt necessary for cellular activation, proliferation, and contributing to an auto-amplification system within the processes of homeostasis, regeneration, and repair in a “site specific” manner. Appreciation of uses of biologicals (such as platelet-rich and bone marrow concentrates) has grown, and felt to provide a trophic influence on a variety of sites and applicat...

Journal of Stem Cells Research, Development & Therapy

Paper presents an overview of cellular and biocellular uses of both cellular Stromal Vascular Fac... more Paper presents an overview of cellular and biocellular uses of both cellular Stromal Vascular Faction (cSVF) elements and evolving applications of tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction (tSVF) component in repair and regeneration. Use of autologous stem/stromal components in human homeostasis and healing has shaped an evolving paradigm shift in many disciplines of Medicine & Surgery. Mass production or patentability of a patient's own cell and stromal elements is a very unlikely possibility, making the use of these element supported by pharmaceutical companies unavailable. As a very heterogenous mixture of cells in the cSVF, some actual stem/stromal cell mix offer unique uses which are complimented in the actual multipotent cells and their supportive cells felt to be important in optimizing their functions. Appreciation that the paracrine secretive factors play an integral role in the regenerative milieu, have led to examination of signaling via exosomal & micro vesicle communications. Discussion of terms, who are providing these services, and the realm of applications evolving is discussed. Appreciation of the contribution of "biologicals" (in this context, meaning platelet-rich plasma concentrates) to enhance the repair and regenerative uses of stem/

Prolotherapy is a proven technique for resolving musculoskeletal pain, but can have limitations i... more Prolotherapy is a proven technique for resolving musculoskeletal pain, but can have limitations if tissue damage is too severe. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Prolotherapy o�耀ers a physiologic tool in some of those cases, but this too may fail. One explanation for de�耀cient repair is when undi�耀erentiated adult stem repair cells are inadequate in number or cannot be stimulated within the damaged tissue site. With improved understanding of tissue healing and regeneration, stem cell Prolotherapy is gaining signi�耀cant clinical importance and potential. Using Prolotherapy technique, with ultrasound guidance, placement of a living biosca�耀old of autologous adipose (fat) tissue and its mesenchymal stem/stromal cell population, mixed with critically important high-density PRP (de�耀ned as a minimum concentration of >4 times circulating baseline platelet levels), provides enhanced musculoskeletal healing, shifting the clinical paradigm. The protocol described within this paper for stem cell ...

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery