Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding (original) (raw)
My Ph.D. Thesis - What's it all about?
( or 'Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys')
By Ian A. Inman B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc., Ph.D. (better still, please just call me "Ian" as I don't like all this formal stuff!!!)
My Ph.D. Thesis - what's it all about?
So why have I placed my Ph.D. Thesis on the Internet? I think the easy answer to that is I have this huge volume of work with lots of information and the purpose of a Ph.D. Thesis is to carry out an experimental programme with the specific aim of adding something new and original to the knowledge database. Since I passed my oral exam (vive) on 3rd March 2004, it dawned on me that the information is just sitting there gathering dust, so I though why not put it somewhere other researchers can make use of it. Also, people doing a similar document can get a look at it, see how it's structured and probably pick up a few hints for their own work. So here it is - if you're a non-academic, this is probably where you switch off and return to my main page.
To make things a little easier to follow, I've grouped all the related files into three self-explanatory sections:
- [ The thesis](#The thesis)
- [ Extra bits that were withdrawn](#Extra bits)
- [ Associated papers](#Associated papers)
The thesis
The abstract, which will tell you what the thesis is all about, is in HTML format, so it's easy to download and read. However, in order to put the rest of the information in an easy to download format as possible, I've converted all the information to Adobe PDF format - you can download the Adobe Reader program (completely free courtesy of Adobe) from here.
By the way, I've disabled copying, pasting and printing to protect copyright, so if you're working in a related field and want an unprotected copy from which you can quote or use information, an electronic or paperback version can be purchased from the following website for a nominal fee. The paperback version of the thesis was 29.95andthedownloadableelectronicversion,29.95 and the downloadable electronic version, 29.95andthedownloadableelectronicversion,15.00, the last time I looked:
I know this sound a little mean, but at least this way people can obtain copies without having to wait for me to get back to them. Before you ask, no I don't see any of the money unless a minimum quantity are sold and then it's virtually just loose change. Any money I receive is going to be donated to an animal refuge near where I live (for reference, Bryson's Animal Refuge in Eighton Banks near Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, England).
To summarise, my thesis is about what happens if you slide two metals (Superalloys such as Nimonic 80A and Incoloy MA956 as 'samples' against Stellite 6 and Incoloy 800HT as 'counterfaces' or opposing surfaces) against each other at varying conditions of speed (0.314 m.s-1 and 0.905 m.s-1) and temperature (room temperature to 750�C). Potential applications for this information are aerospace (though the Superalloys used are a little 'heavy' for this purpose), power generation and (as emulated during the test programme) car piston valve-on-value seat wear.
Click on the links following to access the relevant sections - with the exception of the Abstract (which is HTML), the PDF files will open in separate windows. PLEASE NOTE DOWNLOAD TIMES FOR A SLOW LINK CAN BE LONG - IF NOTHING SEEMS TO BE HAPPENING (WITH NO INDICATION OF A BROKEN LINK), PLEASE BE PATIENT - especially if you're still using dial-up.
| Abstract (HTML) A brief overview and summary of the wear studies conducted. |
|---|
| Contents (PDF) |
| Introduction, Literature Review, Introduction to Current Investigation, Methodology (PDF) Basic friction theory, adhesion, abrasion, third body wear, glaze (compacted oxide) formation during high temperature sliding wear, the Superalloy materials (Stellite 6, Incoloy 800HT, Nimonic 80A, Incoloy MA956) used in current investigation, wear of alloys with second phase and relevance to current investigation (i.e. carbides within Stellite 6, or oxide dispersion phases in Incoloy MA956). |
| Results (PDF) - Wear, Characterisation and Related Data Effects of wear at sliding speeds of 0.314 m.s-1 and 0.905 m.s-1 between room temperature and 750�C after 4,522 m (and 13,032 m at 0.905 m.s-1) for Nimonic 80A and Incoloy MA956 as sample materials, when slid against either Stellite 6 or Incoloy 800HT as counterface materials. In depth studies include: Examination of the Nimonic 80A versus Stellite 6 sliding system at varying distances up to 4,522 m at 0.314 m.s-1 and temperatures of 510�C and 750�C, also reversal of sample and counterface and replacement of Nimonic 80A as a sample material with Nickel 200TM (effectively taking chromium out of the way). Nimonic 80A versus Incoloy 800HT and Incoloy MA956 versus Incoloy 800HT, with reciprocation switched off at 0.314 m.s-1 and 510�C. Nano-scale studies, including nano-hardness, TEM studies and STM. Note that the downloading of this file will take a while if you have a slow internet connection. |
| Discussion of results (PDF) Discussion of the data and information collected and the use of it to create mini-wear maps for each combination. Also discussion of nano-data with respect to glaze formation. |
| Conclusions / Summary (PDF) Even this section is sizeable and requires a reasonable supply of coffee - effectively a summary of all the above if you don't have time to go through all the information. |
| Suggestions for Further Work (PDF) Suggestions for extensions to nano-scale work, plus possibly adding controlled amounts of aluminium to Incoloy MA956 to study diffusion effects and testing of pure metals and alloy compositions without minor alloying components, to ascertain the exact effect of each individual alloying component. |
| References and Appendix 1(PDF) The "References" section, as suggested by the title, lists other work referred to in the theses. "Appendix 1" (added unofficially in early 2006) also lists journal articles directly related to the research (some of it published after the thesis), plus closely related publications by other authors. There's also an e-mail link included for anyone wanting to contact me (beefnetuk@yahoo.co.uk)!!! |
If anyone wished to refer to this thesis in their own work, the reference should take the following format:
[1] I.A. Inman – “Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys”, Ph.D. Thesis, Northumbria University (2003).
Oh, one more thing to add...
I've also included a list of errata and minor revisions of the thesis (typographical corrections in each case), so depending on the version you have (submission document - V1.00, 'Dissertation.com' version - V1.01 or latest revision - V1.02), you know where any errors are and why I made any corrections. I've kept this as a separate document from the main thesis for the sake of clarity. Unlike the other documents above, it is printable.
The extra bits that were withdrawn
As with any thesis, there are always bits that are removed or left out to stop the thesis getting too big and unwieldy - my little effort (at 20 pages for contents and abstract, plus 345 pages for the actual thesis and two extra pages for the later added "Appendix 1") was no exception. So here's some of the best bits that were taken out (again, clicking 'Back' on your browser will return you to here)...
| Extra_5215 (PDF) - A little extra on the incremental sliding distance tests I did - various distances up to 4,522 m - with the Nimonic 80A versus Stellitie 6 wear combination, with comments on extra testing at room temperature and 630�C added to that covered in the thesis at 510�C and 750�C. |
|---|
| Extra_53 (PDF) - Reversal of sample and counterface work carried out for the Incoloy MA956 versus Stellite 6 combination at 0.314 m.s-1 and 510�C, adding to that carried out in the main thesis for Nimonic 80A versus Stellite 6. |
References to this should be done as follows:
[1] I.A. Inman – Unpublished Work, Northumbria University (2003).
Two other files you might want to know about are:
| High Temperature ‘Like‑on‑like’ Sliding of Nimonic 80A under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention (PDF) - Complements the Nimonic 80A versus Stellite 6 sliding wear studies, looking at the sliding wear of Nimonic 80A against itself ('like-on-like' sliding, meaning both sample and counterface are Nimonic 80A) at 750�C and sliding speeds of 0.314, 0.405, 0.484, 0.654 and 0.905 m.s-1, over a distance of 4,522 m. The objective is to alter the chemistry of the oxides generated by taking away the Stellite 6 counterface (especially at lower sliding speed) and see how this affects 'glaze' formation. I'm not sending this to a journal, as the necessary characterisation work needed to turn it into a full paper hasn't been completed. However, if you wish to take a look, go right ahead. By the way, I've not disabled printing of this document if you want to sit and read it properly. References to this should take the following form: [1] I.A. Inman – "High Temperature ‘Like‑on‑like’ Sliding of Nimonic 80A under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention", Unpublished Work, Northumbria University (2003). |
|---|
| Development of a Simple ‘Temperature versus Sliding Speed’ Wear Map for the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Dissimilar Metallic Interfaces II (PDF) - Additional wear map work done with more sliding speeds - 0.314, 0.405, 0.484, 0.654 and 0.905 m.s-1 over 4,522 m - at 630�C, 690�C and 750�C for the Nimonic 80A versus Stellite 6 combination. This document adds to the wear map work detailed in the main thesis and the papers following, especially that entitled “_Development of a Simple ‘Temperature versus Sliding Speed’ Wear Map for the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Dissimilar Metallic Interfaces_”. See the list of papers [following](#Associated papers) for more information. The information in this new file supersedes the information held in the original and now withdrawn file 'Extra_524_615' (note that the filename has changed to 'extra_wear_map.pdf'). Also, if you want to have a good look at it, printing is not disabled with this document either. This document was originally forwarded to 'Wear', however, it has not been accepted to date for publication. If this changes, the paper will be removed from here and will then be accessible from the Science Direct website (possibly in a modified form). Unless the status of the paper changes, references to it should take the following form: [1] I.A. Inman, P.S. Datta, J.S. Burnell‑Gray, A.W. Wilson – "Development of a Simple ‘Temperature versus Sliding Speed’ Wear Map for the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Dissimilar Metallic Interfaces II", Unpublished Work, Northumbria University (2007). |
Associated papers
The papers listed following are based on the practical work for the main thesis. Using the thesis as the core work, the data builds on it and takes the theory a little further. For example, the wear maps mentioned are only fully developed in the papers written following the thesis and the effect of oxide chemistry on 'glaze' formation is only properly considered in the two most recent papers.
| Year | Author/s | Title/Description | Type | Link to journal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | I.A. Inman, P.S. Datta, J.S. Burnell‑Gray, A.W. Wilson | "Development of a Simple ‘Temperature versus Sliding Speed’ Wear Map for the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Dissimilar Metallic Interfaces II" | Paper | Unpublished, Northumbria University (2007). Click here for a description. |
| 2006 | I.A. Inman, S.R. Rose, P.K. Datta | “Studies of High Temperature Sliding Wear of Metallic Dissimilar Interfaces II: Incoloy MA956 versus Stellite 6” | Paper | Tribology International 39 (2006) 1361-1375 |
| 2006 | I.A. Inman, S.R. Rose, P.K. Datta | “Development of a Simple ‘Temperature versus Sliding Speed’ Wear Map for the Sliding Wear Behaviour of Dissimilar Metallic Interfaces” | Paper | Wear 260 (2006) 919-932 |
| 2005 | I.A. Inman, P.K. Datta, H.L. Du, Q Luo, S. Piergalski | “Studies of high temperature sliding wear of metallic dissimilar interfaces” | Paper | Tribology International 38 (2005) 812-823 |
| 2005 | **H.L. Du, P.K. Datta, I. Inman,**E. Kuzmann, K. S�vegh, T. Marek, A. V�rtes | “Investigations of microstructures and defect structures in wear affected region created on Nimonic 80A during high temperature wear” | Paper | Tribology Letters Vol. 18, No. 3, March 2005, 393-402 |
| 2004 | I.A. Inman, H.L. Du in conjunction with University of Birmingham | “The effects of pre-oxidation on the high temperature wear of g‑TiAl” | Paper | To be published. |
| 2003 | I.A. Inman | "High Temperature ‘Like‑on‑like’ Sliding of Nimonic 80A under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention" | Short report | Unpublished, Northumbria University (2003). Click here for a description. |
| 2003 | H.L. Du, P.K. Datta, I.A. Inman, R. Geurts, C. K�bel | “Microscopy of wear affected surface produced during sliding of Nimonic 80A against Stellite 6 at 20oC” | Paper | Materials Science and Engineering A357 (2003) 412-422 |
| 2003 | I.A. Inman, S. Datta, H.L. Du,J.S. Burnell‑Gray, Q. Luo, S. Piergalski | “Microscopy of glazed layers formed during high temperature sliding wear at 750�C” | Paper | Wear - Wear 254 (2003) 461-467 |
References to the above should be done as 'authors' then 'title' then (from the last column on the right) 'journal information'. Cutting and pasting in that order should give you a complete reference.
'Wear'. 'Tribology International' and 'Materials Science and Engineering A' are all accessible via the 'Science Direct' website run by Elsevier - a simple author search should get you to the papers. 'Tribology Letters' is accessible via the 'Springer' website, which is not easy to navigate around - find the appropriate edition of the journal first then search only that edition. Sorry I can't provide direct links - I did try, but the links didn't work.
By now, you'll be just about falling asleep with all this boring stuff, so this is where I'll sign off, call it a day and get on with the rest of my (wear / thesis free) life. If you're not asleep and want to know more, there's always e-mail. Yes, it's a Yahoo e-mail address, because there's no way I'm going to be silly enough to put my main e-mail address online and find it swamped with spam (i.e. I'm using the Yahoo address as a filter). That's happened a few times with some very strange, weird and sometimes amusing material making it to my inbox (I don't need a stock broker, I don't want to help someone move money out of a West African bank account, I don't want a business partner in China, I don't need a Viagra substitute and I definitely don't need a penis enlargement!!!). I'll e-mail from my proper address to any genuine people out there who want to contact me.
Many regards and all the best,
Ian A. Inman