FORTRAN (original) (raw)

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Language peer sets for FORTRAN:
United States↑
United States/1954↑
Designed 1954 ↑
1950s languages ↑
Second generation[↑](findlanguages3.prx?which=byera&when=Second generation)
Early Cold War[↑](findlanguages3.prx?which=byperiod&when=Early Cold War)
Genus Fortran I-III Variants ↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Fortran I-III Variants↑
Generation of Fortran I-III↑
Fortran family ↑
Fortran I-III Variants/1954↑
Generation of Fortran I-III/1954↑
Fortran family/1954↑
Fortran I-III Variants/United States↑
Generation of Fortran I-III/United States↑
Fortran family/United States↑
Numerical Scientific ↑
Numerical Scientific/1954↑
Numerical Scientific/us ↑

FORTRAN(ID:8/for047)

Backus et al high-level compiler

alternate simple view

Country: United States
Designed 1954
Published: 1954
Genus: Fortran I-III Variants
Sammet category: Numerical Scientific

for FORmula TRANslating

Design begun in 1954, compiler released April 1957. Based on Backus earlier work with Speedcoding, but involving other programmers from many institutions and organisations.

The first and still the most widely used language for numerical calculations.

Particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs.

Nonrecursive, efficient.

from BRL 1960 manifest
"Fortran (Automatic Formula Translation).
This is a program which allows expression of scientific problems in terms of
mathematical formulae, with the formulae completely acceptable to the
system. There is flexibility in the program allowing for expansion of the language
and provision for inclusion of a library of programs previously written."

Harlan Herrick invented GOTO
Roy Nutt invented FORMAT

Places

• IBM usI

People:

• John Backus
• Sheldon Best
• Richard Goldberg
• Lois Haibt
• Harlan Herrick
• Robert Nelson
• Roy Nutt
• David Sayre
• Peter Sheridan
• Irving Ziller

Hardware:

• [IBM 704](showhardware.prx?id=8&which=byhw&Name=IBM 704) IBM

Related languages

References:

1955

• Hopper (1955) Hopper, Grace "Automatic Coding for Digital Computers" pdf Extract: Introduction
  in the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana Stat (1955) the High Speed Computer Conference, Louisiana State University, 16 Feb. 1955, Remington Rand, Inc. 1955

1956

• [IBM] (1956) The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM (Programmer's Reference Manual), IBM Corp., 32-7026 (Oct., 1956).

1957

• New Yorker (1957) "The Talk of the Town" 5 January 1957 New Yorker Extract: PRINT 1 and FORTRAN Extract: An advertisement for programmers
• Backus, J. W. et al., (1957) Backus, J. W. et al., "The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System"
  in [JCC 11] (1957) [JCC 11] Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference, Los Angeles February 1957
• Backus, J. W. et al., (1957) Backus, J. W. et al., "The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System"
  in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. (1967) Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967.
• Bemer (1957) Bemer, R. W. "The Status of Automatic Programming for Scientific Problems" Abstract Extract: Summary Extract: IT, FORTRANSIT, SAP, SOAP, SOHIO
  in [Armour] (1957) "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Computer Applications Symposium" , Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 1957
• Gorn, Saul (1957) Gorn, Saul "Standardized Programming Methods and Universal Coding"Extract: Introduction
  in [ACM] (1957) [ACM] JACM 4(3) July 1957
• [IBM] (1957) Programmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704, IBM Corp., 32-0306-1 (1957). Extract: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
• [IBM] (1957) Programmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704, IBM Corp., 32-0306-1 (1957).

1958

• (1958) "Automatic Coding with FORTRAN" Computer Bulletin August 1958 Abstract
• Bemer (1958) [Bemer, RW] [State of ACM automatic coding library August 1958]
• [IBM] (1958) [IBM] "FORTRAN II for the IBM 704 Data Processing System (Reference Manual)" IBM Corp., C28-6000 (1958). Extract: General introduction: original FORTRAN Extract: General introduction: FORTRAN II
• [IBM] (1958) [IBM] Reference Manual, 709/7090 FORTRAN Programming System. IBM Form Number C28-6054-2. Extract: THE FORTRAN SYSTEM
• Backus, J. W. (1958) Backus, J. W. "Automatic programming: properties and performance of FORTRAN systems I and II"
  in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanisation (1958) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes. Teddington, Middlesex, England: The National Physical Laboratory, November 1958

1959

• Carr (1959) Carr, John W III; "Computer Programming" volume 2, chapter 2, pp115-121
  in Crabbe et al (1957) E. M. Crabbe, S. Ramo, and D. E. Wooldridge (eds.) "Handbook of Automation, Computation, and Control," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959.
• Carr, John W., III (1959) Carr, John W., III "Recursive subscripting compilers and list-type memories" pp4-6
  in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959
• Locks (1959) Locks, Mitchell O. "Automatic Programming for Automatic Computers" Journal of the American Statistical Association, 549(288) Dec 1959 pp744-754Extract: SOAP, RECO, X1 Extract: MATHMATIC, FORTRAN and UNICODE Extract: FLOW-MATIC and REPORT GENERATOR
• Sheridan (1959) Sheridan, Peter B "The Arithmetic Translator Compiler of the FORTRAN Automatic Coding System" Extract: Introduction
  in [ACM] (1959) [ACM] CACM 2(02) February 1959

1960

• Martin et al (1960) Martin, E. Wayne Jr.; Hall, Dale J. "Data Processing: Automation in Calculation" Review of Educational Research, Vol. 30, No. 5, The Methodology of Educational Research (Dec., 1960), 522-535. Abstract Extract: Compiler Systems

1961

• Ershov, A. P. (1961) Ershov, A. P. "Avtomatizacija programmirovanija sbor-nik perevodov" [Automatic programming. A collection of translations covering FORTRAN, UNICODE, SOAP, IT and ALGOL] Moscow 1961.
• Sammet, Jean E (1961) Sammet, Jean E "1960 Tower of Babel" diagram on the front of CACM January 1961 Picture: Cover of ACM Communications December 1961
  in [ACM] (1961) [ACM] CACM 4(01) (Jan 1961)
• Weik, Martin H. (1961) Weik, Martin H. "A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems" Rpt 1115, BRL, Maryland, 1961 Online copy at Computer History Museum

1962

• Knuth. Donald (1962) Knuth. Donald "History of writing compilers" Abstract
  in (1962) Invited papers

1964

• Rosen, Saul (1964) Rosen, Saul "Programming Systems and Languages: a historical Survey" (reprinted in Rosen, Saul (ed) Programming Systems & Languages. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967) Extract: FORTRAN languages Extract: Algol vs Fortran
  in [AFIPS JCC 25] (1964) [AFIPS JCC 25] Proceedings of the 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference SJCC 1964

1967

• Sammet, Jean E., (1967) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1967"
  in (1967) Computers & Automation 16(6) June 1967

1968

• Bemer, Robert W. (1968) Bemer, Robert W. "The PL/I Family Tree" Extract: Introduction Extract: Definition and Maintenance Extract: Introduction
  in (1968) PL/I Bulletin, Issue 6, March 1968

1969

• Rice, John K. and Rice, John R. (1969) Rice, John K. and Rice, John R. "Introduction to computer science" New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1969
• Sammet, Jean E. (1969) Sammet, Jean E. "Computer Languages - Principles and History" Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall 1969. p.130.

1971

• Bright, Herbert S. (1971) Bright, Herbert S. "FORTRAN comes to Westinghouse-Bettis, 1957"
  in (1971) Computers and Automation 20(11) November 1971
• Stock (1971) Stock, Karl F. "A listing of some programming languages and their users" in RZ-Informationen. Graz: Rechenzentrum Graz 1971 105 Abstract

1972

• Sammet, Jean E., (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Programming languages: history and future"
  in [ACM] (1972) [ACM] CACM 15(06) (June 1972)
• Sammet (1972) Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages 1972" 104
  in (1972) Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972

1973

• Elson, M. (1973) Elson, M. Concept of programming languages, Science Research Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973
• Sammet, Jean E. (1973) Sammet, Jean E. "Roster of Programming Languages for 1973" p147
  in (1974) ACM Computing Reviews 15(04) April 1974
• Stock and Stock (1973) Stock, Marylene and Stock, Karl F. "Bibliography of Programming Languages: Books, User Manuals and Articles from PLANKALKUL to PL/I" Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/Munchen 1973 245 Abstract

1976

• Backus, John (1976) Backus, John "Programming in America in the nineteen fifties - some personal impressions" pp125-135
  in Metropolis, N. (1980) Metropolis, N. et al., (eds.),A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Computing, June 10 15, 1976) Academic Press, New York, 1980
• (1976) The Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) Working Paper on 23 exisitng programming languages

1977

• Tharp, A. L. (1977) Tharp, A. L. "A comparison of COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I and SPITBOL"
  in (1977) Computer Languages 2(4)
• Tucker, Allen B., JR. (1977) Tucker, Allen B., JR. Programming languages. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1977

1978

• Backus, John (1978) Backus, John "The History of FORTRAN I, II and III"
  in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
• (1978) Bernard A.Galler The Fortran Language
  in [HOPL I] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
• Sammet, Jean E (1978) Sammet, Jean E "Roster of programming languages for 1976-77" pp56-85
  in [SIGPLAN] (1978) SIGPLAN Notices 13(11) Nov 1978

1979

• Ambler, A. (1979) Ambler, A. L. review of Waite (1979) Extract: Review
  in (1979) ACM Computing Reviews 20(08) August 1979
• Arisawa, Makoto and Iuchi, Minoru (1979) Arisawa, Makoto and Iuchi, Minoru "Fortran + Preprocessor = Utopia 84" Extract: Account
  in [SIGPLAN] (1979) SIGPLAN Notices 14(01) January 1979
• Waite, W. M. (1979) Waite, W. M. "Intermediate languages: current status"
  in [Proceedings] (1976) Portability of numerical software, (Workshop, Oak Brook, 111., June 21-23, 1976), Wayne Cowell (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977

1980

• Paskusz, G. (1980) Paskusz, G. F. review of Backus 1978 Abstract
  in (1980) ACM Computing Reviews 21(05) May 1980

1981

• Gnugnoli, G. (1981) Gnugnoli, G. review of Shaw et al SPE 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews June 1981 Abstract
• Morris, A. H. Jr. (1981) Morris, A. H. Jr. "Can Ada replace FORTRAN for numerical computation?"
  in [SIGPLAN] (1981) SIGPLAN Notices 16(12) December 1981
• Myers, Eugene W. Jr. and Osterweil, Leon J. (1981) Myers, Eugene W. Jr. and Osterweil, Leon J. "BIGMAC II: A FORTRAN language augmentation tool" Abstract
  in [Proceedings] (1981) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Engineering 1981, March 09-12, 1981, San Diego, California, United States
• Sammet, Jean E. (1981) Sammet, Jean E. "History of IBM's Technical Contributions to High Level Programming Languages" pp520ff
  in [IBM] (1981) IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5), September 1981 25th anniversary issue
• Shaw, Mary; Almes, Guy T.; Newcomer, Joseph M.; Re (1981) Shaw, Mary; Almes, Guy T.; Newcomer, Joseph M.; Reid, Brian K.; and Wulf, W. A. "A comparison of programming languages for software engineering" Software Practice and Experience 11(01) January 1981 pp1-52

1982

• Allen, F. (1982) Allen, F. and Schwartz, J. review of Sammet and Lee HOPL conference end banquet excerptsAbstract
  in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
• Berry, D. (1982) Berry, D. M. review of Backus 1978 in ACM Computing Reviews March 1982 Abstract
• Smillie, K W. (1982) Smillie, K W. review of Sammet 1981 in ACM Computing Reviews September 1982 Abstract
• Steel, T. (1982) Steel, T. B. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
  in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982
• Van Deusen, M. (1982) Van Deusen, M. review of Wexelblat 1982 Abstract
  in (1982) ACM Computing Reviews March 1982

1984

• Knuth, Donald E. (1984) Knuth, Donald E. "FORTRAN implementations" (letter)
  in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(1) January 1982 IEEE
• Rosenblatt, Bruce (1984) Rosenblatt, Bruce "The Successors to FORTRAN-Why Does FORTRAN Survive?"
  in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(1) January 1982 IEEE

2002

• (2002) Library of Congress Subject Headings F25

Resources

• Fortran Standards Committee
• NYT Story on Fortran Anniversary Search in:Google Google scholar World Cat Yahoo Overture Teoma Alta Vista All the web Voila DBLP Monash bib NZ IEEE ACM portal CiteSeer CSB ncstrl jstor Bookfinder